The Intervention Selection Bias: An Underrecognized Confound in Intervention Research.

Larzelere, Robert E.; Kuhn, Brett R.; Johnson, Byron

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.289

Cited by 144Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsEvaluation and Performance Assessment

The Intervention Selection Bias: An Underrecognized Confound in Intervention Research.

Larzelere, Robert E., Kuhn, Brett R., Johnson, Byron·2004·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.289

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Abstract

Selection bias can be the most important threat to internal validity in intervention research, but is often insufficiently recognized and controlled. The bias is illustrated in research on parental interventions (punishment, homework assistance); medical interventions (hospitalization); and psychological interventions for suicide risk, sex offending, and juvenile delinquency. The intervention selection bias is most adequately controlled in randomized studies or strong quasi-experimental designs, although recent statistical innovations can enhance weaker designs. The most important points are to increase awareness of the intervention selection bias and to systematically evaluate plausible alternative explanations of data before making causal conclusions.

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There is selection bias in who gets spanked: children with more behavior problems elicit more discipline generally and spanking in particular.
“there is selection bias in who gets spanked—children with more behavior problems elicit more discipline generally and spanking in particular (Larzelere, Kuhn, & Johnson, 2004).”
From Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. (2016) · cites this paper as Larzelere, Kuhn, & Johnson, 2004

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Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 207 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

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Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses.
Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000191 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
“Baumrind, Larzelere, and Cowan (2002) reanalyzed the data from Gershoff (2002), separating out what they deemed harsh or potentially abusive forms of physical punishment.”
Background
Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health.
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Effects of Preschool Parents' Power Assertive Patterns and Practices on Adolescent Development
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Self-citation
The Effects of Preschool Education
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Parent Discipline Practices in an International Sample: Associations With Child Behaviors and Moderation by Perceived Normativeness
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A General Framework for the Evaluation of Clinical Trial Quality
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Comparing Child Outcomes of Physical Punishment and Alternative Disciplinary Tactics: A Meta-Analysis
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Self-citation
Preschool Education and Its Lasting Effects: Research and Policy Implications
Barnett, W. S. (2008) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Prevention of Child Behavior Problems Through Universal Implementation of a Group Behavioral Family Intervention
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Stimulant Medication and Substance Use Outcomes
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“The potential role of intervention selection bias (eg, children with more severe ADHD would be more likely to receive medication treatment) is likely relevant.(44) Given that medication treatment may be biased toward more severe cases,(45) the present findings may indeed represent a protective effect if the group trea…”
Background
MORE HARM THAN GOOD: A SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE INTENDED AND UNINTENDED EFFECTS OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT ON CHILDREN.
Gershoff, E. T. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Treatment of Psychopathy: A Review of Empirical Findings.
Harris, G. T., & Rice, M. E. (2006) · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Few Preschool Boys and Girls with ADHD are Well-Adjusted During Adolescence
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The strength of the causal evidence against physical punishment of children and its implications for parents, psychologists, and policymakers.
Gershoff, E. T., Goodman, G. S., Miller‐Perrin, C., Holden, G. W., Jackson, Y., & Kazdin, A. E. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000327 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The case against corporal punishment of children: Converging evidence from social science research and international human rights law and implications for U.S. public policy.
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Statistical Models for Causation
Freedman, D. A. (2006) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x06293771 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
An Intervention for Mental Health Literacy and Resilience in Organized Sports
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The state of educational intervention research as viewed through the lens of literacy intervention
Pressley, M. G., Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (2006) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709905x66035 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Few Girls With Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Show Positive Adjustment During Adolescence
Owens, E. B., Hinshaw, S. P., Lee, S. S., & Lahey, B. B. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802575313 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
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Reducing psychopathic violence: A review of the treatment literature
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Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Young Children With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Freeman, J. B., Choate-Summers, M. L., Moore, P. S., Garcia, A. M., Sapyta, J. J., Leonard, H. L., & Franklin, M. E. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.015 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Stimulant Treatment in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Moderates Adolescent Academic Outcome
Powers, R. L., Marks, D. J., Miller, C. J., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2008.021 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
When Are Sexual Difficulties Distressing for Women? The Selective Protective Value of Intimate Relationships
Stephenson, K. R., & Meston, C. M. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01958.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Study Quality Assessment in Systematic Reviews of Research on Intervention Effects
Wells, K., & Littell, J. H. (2008) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731508317278 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Veggie Rx: an outcome evaluation of a healthy food incentive programme
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Strengthening Causal Estimates for Links Between Spanking and Children’s Externalizing Behavior Problems
Gershoff, E. T., Sattler, K. M. P., & Ansari, A. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617729816 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Strategies for Strengthening Causal Inferences in Cross Cultural Research
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Authors: Larzelere, R. E., Kuhn, B. R., & Johnson, B.
Affiliations: University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
ORCID: Larzelere, Robert E.
Kuhn, Brett R.
Johnson, Byron
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2004-03
Volume: 130
Issue: 2
Pages: 289-303
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.289
OpenAlex: W2125639870
Cited by: 144
References: 207
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 5.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
Keywords: confounding, internal validity, parental intervention, punishment, homework help, medical interventions, hospitalization, psychological intervention, suicide risk, sexual offending, juvenile delinquency, randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental design, causal inference
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Humans, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, Psychotherapy, Punishment, Research Design, Social Support, Suicide, Attempted, Parenting

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The Intervention Selection Bias: An Underrecognized Confound in Intervention Research.

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