Cited by 728Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.

Mowrer, O. H.·1939·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/h0054288

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The Principles of Psychology
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“It has frequently been shown that fearful emotion is more likely to compromise adaptive functioning in people who tend to exhibit avoidant responding (Mowrer 1939, 1960).”
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“…1923 [20]; Winter 1926 [19]; Jacobson 1929 [36]; Pell 1933 [18]; Richard on 1936 [25]; Klein 1938 [37]; MacFarlane 1938 [38]; Jacobson 1938 [21]; Mowrer 1939 [39]; Coriat 194 [7]; Cronbach 1951 [40]; Shoben 1954 [23]; Freids n 1958 [41]; Wolpe 1958 [42]; Frankl 1962 [22]; Geer 1965 [43]; Corah…”
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“x Mowrer, O. H. (1939). A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Stampfl chose early two-factor avoidance theory (Mowrer, 1939) as the infra-human analogue for the acquisition and maintenance of phobic or avoidance behavior.”
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“Avoidance, on the other hand, helps people to reduce emotional distress induced by socially threatening stimuli (Hofmann & Hay, 2018; Mowrer, 1939; Salters-Pedneault et al., 2004).”
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“Thus, emotions such as anxiety could be a motivator for humans, as anxiety reduction could reinforce desired behavior (Mowrer 1938, 1939).”
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Evolution, behavior systems, and “self-control”: The fit between organism and test environment
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“[14] ERP therapy is based on Mowrer’s two-factor theory on fear and avoidance.[22] In OCD, various situations can trigger anxiety-provoking obsessions in affected patients.”
Method
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“The rationale for these experiments was provided by Mowrer’s interpretation of Freud’s theory of anxiety (Mowrer, 1939).”
Method
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“Therefore, the performance of an employee can be affected by many factors such as colours around, lights combination and sitting arrangement [7].”
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“…maintenance; indeed, CBT involving ERP in particular is largely agnostic as to why someone’s OCD symptoms began, since it has already been well established that compulsions and other forms of avoidance behavior play a crucial role in maintaining fear regardless of how or when it started [26–28].”
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“…1957, 1961, 1962; Sidman et al., 1957) challenged prevailing theories of avoidance that emphasized fear/anxiety and drive reduction (Freud, 1936; Mowrer, 1939, 1951; Miller, 1951) and helped lay the footing for more in-depth investigations of avoidance specifically and negative reinforcement…”
Background
Conceptual advances in the cognitive neuroscience of learning: Implications for relational frame theory
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Authors: Mowrer, O. H.
Corresponding author: Mowrer, O. H.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1939-11
Volume: 46
Issue: 6
Pages: 553-565
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/h0054288
OpenAlex: W2155754133
Cited by: 728
References: 8
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 6.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: anxiety, reinforcement, operant conditioning

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A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.

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