Cited by 728Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.

Mowrer, O. H.·1939·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/h0054288

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“4H, trial x group , F (5,80) = 0.50, p = 0.77; main effect of group: F [1, 16] = 0.0085, p = 0.93), as well as extinction retrieval ( trial x group , F [2, 32] = 1.79, p = 0.18; main effect of group: F [1, 16] = 0.31, p = 0.58).”
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“It has been considered that anxiety disorders, like phobia, can be acquired through Pavlovian fear conditioning when an initially neutral stimulus (e.g. mouse) is paired with a fear evoking event (e.g. intense pain), resulting in a conditioned fear response to the CS [1] [2].”
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“Anxiety has long been an essential variable of research and has had a fruitful history, tracing back to the classic study by Mowrer (1939) who argued that anxiety was acquired through a process of learning, and more particularly, through conditioning.”
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“Humans, on the other hand, tend to be “less realistic,” as they are more likely to engage in efforts to reduce “emotional discomfort” by learning to avoid it, which, paradoxically, makes them more susceptible to enduring fears (Mowrer 1939, 558).”
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“38 fear theory (Mowrer, 1939, 1947) and its subsequent extension to the area of psychopathology (Eysenck, 1976; Levis, 1985; Stampfl and Levis, 1967, 1969) has generated promising treatment models covering a wide range of symptomatology.”
Motivation and function
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“Considering the observation that classical conditioning procedures have traditionally formed the basis of operations intended to produce experimental anxiety (Mowrer 1939; Schoenfeld 1950; Millenson and Leslie 1974) and given the widespread use of HR measures as a physiological index of anxiety (Notterman et al.”
Background
Time-out as a determinant of rate of response and rate of avoidance
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“In Mowrer’s two-factor theory (Mowrer, 1939, 1960), fears or phobias are thought to be initially acquired through classical conditioning, and then maintained through operant conditioning.”
Background
Psychophysiological responses of older adults to an anxiety -evoking stimulus
Lau, A. W. (2000) · doi:10.33915/etd.1202 · Cited by 3
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“Prior studies have initially used ‘anxiety’ instead of ‘fear’ (Mowrer, 1939) and researchers did not differentiate between the terms (Menzies & Clarke, 1995; Rachman, 1977).”
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“In avoidance research, both affective states and the knowledge about the omission of the avoided event have been identified as important determinants (Eder & Dignath, 2014; Krypotos et al., 2015; Lovibond, 2006; Mowrer, 1939; Seligman & Johnston, 1973).”
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“…response induced by the olfactory cortex of mice in immediate response to the detection of predator odour (Kondoh et al., 1 3 2016), or anxiety, which occurs as a premonitory response and motivates organisms to prepare and adapt in advance of a potentially harmful occurrence (Mowrer, 1939).”
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“A child may be accustomed to sit appropriately at the desk after the teacher’s instruction, thereby understanding teacher’s instruction as signal to sit appropriately (Mowrer 1939; Powell et al.”
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Role of the intrinsic modulatory systems in somesthesis
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“…Vervliet & Indekeu, 2015) and from prior research on animal and human conditioning (e.g. Mineka, 1979), suggest a functional independence between anxiety and avoidance that challenges the classical two-factor view that conditioned fear is necessary to motivate avoidance behavior (Mowrer, 1939).”
"A New Instrument for Assessment of Emotion Regulation: The Emotion Regulation Interview-Revised Form"
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“Together with escape, avoidance is the most relevant defensive behaviour for people with fears and phobias (Mowrer, 1939; Rachman, 1976).”
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Authors: Mowrer, O. H.
Corresponding author: Mowrer, O. H.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1939-11
Volume: 46
Issue: 6
Pages: 553-565
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/h0054288
OpenAlex: W2155754133
Cited by: 728
References: 8
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 6.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: anxiety, reinforcement, operant conditioning

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A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.

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