Cited by 728Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.

Mowrer, O. H.·1939·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/h0054288

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Preparatory set (expectancy) - some methods of measurement.
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Recent advances in some concepts of conditioning.
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Time-Specific Fear Acts as a Non-Photic Entraining Stimulus of Circadian Rhythms in Rats
Pellman, B. A., Kim, E., Reilly, M. A., Kashima, J., Motch, O., de la Iglesia, H. O., & Kim, J. J. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14916 · Cited by 36
Working toward the big reinforcer: Integration
Logue, A. W. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00054182 · Cited by 35
An experimental analysis of delayed posttraumatic stress
Saigh, P. A. (1984) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90130-x · Cited by 34
On the careful use of ecological models
Caraco, T. B. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00053991 · Cited by 34
Assessment of patients with direct conditioned and indirect cognitive reported origin of dental fear
Berggren, U., Carlsson, S. G., Hägglin, C., Hakeberg, M., & Samsonowitz, V. (1997) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00203.x · Cited by 33
The "discovery" of social behaviorism and social learning theory, 1870-1980.
Woodward, W. R. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.37.4.396 · Cited by 33
Qualitative characteristics in the learning process associated with anxiety.
Ausubel, D. P., Schiff, H. M., & Goldman, M. (1953) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060343 · Cited by 33
Learning history in fear of blushing
Mulkens, S., & Bögels, S. M. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00022-4 · Cited by 32
“In 1939, the two-stage theory of fear and avoidance was introduced by Mowrer (1939), and has become known as the conditioning theory.”
Background
What Cognitions Differentiate Panic Disorder from Other Anxiety Disorders?
Foa, E. B. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73543-1_14 · Cited by 32
Pain and fear are different motivations
Fonberg, E. (1980) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00005033 · Cited by 32
Stress and Coping among Pregnant Adolescents
de Anda, D., Darroch, P., Davidson, M., Gilly, J., Javidi, M., Jefford, S., Komorowski, R., & Morejon-Schrobsdorf, A. (1992) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/074355489271007 · Cited by 31
Persistence of fear-reducing behavior: Relevance for the conditioning theory of neurosis.
McAllister, W. R., McAllister, D. E., Scoles, M. T., & Hampton, S. R. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.4.365 · Cited by 33
Stimulus generalization as a function of clinical anxiety.
Rosenbaum, G. (1956) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044290 · Cited by 31
Cognitions in prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Hagenaars, M. A., van Minnen, A., & de Rooij, M. (2010) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 29
Emotion
Mandler, G. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012601730-4/50010-x · Cited by 28
Post-training re-exposure to fear conditioned stimuli enhances memory consolidation and biases rats toward the use of dorsolateral striatum-dependent response learning
Leong, K.-C., Goodman, J., & Packard, M. G. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.022 · Cited by 27
The importance of safety signals in animal handling and training
McGreevy, P. D., Henshall, C., Starling, M. J., McLean, A. N., & Boakes, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.006 · Cited by 33
From the laboratory to the clinic (and back again): How experiments have informed cognitive–behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder
Gagné, J., Kelly‐Turner, K., & Radomsky, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808718810030 · Cited by 27
“1037/h0054288 Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior.”
INCREASED REINFORCEMENT WHEN TIMEOUT FROM AVOIDANCE INCLUDES ACCESS TO A SAFE PLACE1
Baron, A., DeWaard, R. J., & Lipson, J. (1977) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1977.27-479 · Cited by 27
A psychoeducational and support group for obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and their significant others
Tynes, L. L., Salins, C., Skiba, W., & Winstead, D. K. (1992) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(92)90030-t · Cited by 27
The nonextinction of fear: operation bootstrap
Bolles, R. C. (1979) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00061677 · Cited by 27
On the functions relating delay, reinforcer value, and behavior
Mazur, J., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00054091 · Cited by 26
Behavioral Theories of Anxiety Disorders
Delprato, D. J., & McGlynn, F. D. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4694-4_1 · Cited by 26
On anxiety and phobia
Williams, S. L. (1987) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(87)90006-5 · Cited by 26
The self-report version of the LSAS-CA: Psychometric properties of the French version in a non-clinical adolescent sample
Schmits, E., Heeren, A., & Quertemont, E. (2014) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.al · Cited by 25
Interoceptive awareness and unaware fear conditioning: Are subliminal conditioning effects influenced by the manipulation of visceral self-perception?
Raes, A. K., & Raedt, R. D. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.05.009 · Cited by 26
“Moreover, (very) early studies of Mowrer (1939) already indicated that the power of the UR affects the strength of the conditioned response.”
Placebo and nocebo effects and operant pain-related avoidance learning
Janssens, T., Meulders, A., Cuyvers, B., Colloca, L., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000748 · Cited by 24
Irrational beliefs in the articulated thoughts of college students with social anxiety
Davison, G. C., & Zighelboim, V. (1987) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/bf01073815 · Cited by 25
“This equation of cognition with self-talk is part of the legacy of mediational behaviorism, which can be traced back to metatheoretical progenitors like Mowrer (1939), and Dollard and Miller (1950). The relationship, however, is undoubtedly much more complex.”
Background
On the difference between pain and fear
Gray, J. A. (1980) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00005045 · Cited by 25
ANXIETY
D, J. R. M. (1949) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1949.02310170002001 · Cited by 25
Continuing implications of the early evidence against the drive-reduction hypothesis of the behavioral effects of drugs
McMillan, D. E., & Katz, J. L. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1185-0 · Cited by 24
“Mowrer (1939) suggested that the temporal pairing of the tone and the shock gave rise to fear or anxiety, so that on subsequent pairings the occurrence of the tone elicits the fear drive.”
Background
A RAT CHAMBER AND ELECTRODE PROCEDURE FOR AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING1
Azrin, N. H., Hopwood, J. H., & Powell, J. (1967) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-291 · Cited by 24
Schools of Psychotherapy and the Beginnings of a Scientific Approach
Boswell, J. F., Sharpless, B. A., Greenberg, L. S., Heatherington, L., Huppert, J. D., Barber, J. P., Goldfried, M. R., & Castonguay, L. G. (2010) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366884.013.0006 · Cited by 24
Knowledge and competency standards for specialized cognitive behavior therapy for adult obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sookman, D., Phillips, K. A., Anholt, G. E., Bhar, S. S., Bream, V., Challacombe, F. L., Coughtrey, A. E., Craske, M. G., Foa, E. B., Gagné, J.-P., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113752 · Cited by 23
A neuropsychiatric review of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: etiology and efficacious treatments
Lewin, A. B., Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Goodman, W. K., & Murphy, T. K. (2006) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.a810 · Cited by 22
“Behavioral accounts of the etiology of OCD are based on two stages (Mowrer 1939, 1960): (1) acquisition of fear and avoidance via classical conditioning, and (2) maintenance via operant conditioning (Dollard and Miller 1950; Franklin and Foa 2002).”
Evolutionary Mechanisms of Fear and Anxiety
Hofmann, S. G., Moscovitch, D. A., & Heinrichs, N. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.16.3.317.52519 · Cited by 22
“Mowrer (1939) hypothesized that fears are acquired through repeated presentations of a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus—CS) and a pain-producing or fear-eliciting stimulus (unconditioned stimulus—UCS).”
Background
An Overview of Clinical and Research Issues in Obsessional-Compulsive Disorders
Rachman, S. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0542-0_1 · Cited by 22
Theoretical Implications of the Neurotic Paradox as a Problem in Behavior Theory: An Experimental Resolution
Stampfl, T. G. (1987) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392426 · Cited by 22
“…have played an important role in the development of significant applied and conceptual advances in the etiology and treatment of human psychopathological conditions (Dollard & Miller, 1950; Kalish, 1981; Mowrer, 1939; Skinner, 1953, 1954; Stampfl & Levis, 1967; Ullmann & Krasner, 1965).”
Background
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and the Phobias
Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_6 · Cited by 22
Pavlovian safety learning: An integrative theoretical review
Laing, P. A. F., Vervliet, B., Dunsmoor, J. E., & Harrison, B. J. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02559-4 · Cited by 27
“Mowrer’s two-factor model sought to explain agoraphobic avoidance behaviors exhibited by anxiety patients (Mowrer, 1939, 1940, 1947).”
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Sturgis, E. T. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3008-4_7 · Cited by 21
A brief history of connectionism and its psychological implications
Walker, S. F. (1990) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/bf01889762 · Cited by 23
Changing Conceptions of Anxiety: A Historical Review and a Proposed Integration
McReynolds, P. (1985) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612848509009453 · Cited by 21
Performance changes in escape conditioning following shifts in the magnitude of reinforcement.
Woods, P. J. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025143 · Cited by 21
An active avoidance behavioral paradigm for use in a mild closed head model of traumatic brain injury in mice
Macheda, T., Snider, H. C., Watson, J. B., Roberts, K. N., & Bachstetter, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108831 · Cited by 20
“First studied in animals in the 1930s (Mowrer, 1939), avoidance behavior is mediated by at least three neuronal systems: cortex, amygdala, and thalamus (Cain, 2019; Diehl et al., 2019; Hormigo et al., 2019; LeDoux et al., 2017).”
Situational Determinants of Behavior
Beckmann, J., & Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_4 · Cited by 20
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents
Cornacchio, D., Sanchez, A. L., Chou, T., & Comer, J. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00011-8 · Cited by 20
Skin Picking as a Form of Self-Injurious Behavior
Neziroglu, F. A., & Mancebo, M. C. (2001) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20010901-07 · Cited by 20
Introversion, neuroticism, and conditioning.
Davidson, P. O., Payne, R. W., & Sloane, R. B. (1964) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047035 · Cited by 20
Constitutional Differences in Physiologic Adaptation to Stress and Distress
Corson, S. A., & Corson, E. O. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2238-2_5 · Cited by 20
Resistance to extinction as a function of variations in stimuli associated with shock.
Moltz, H. (1954) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0059420 · Cited by 20
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Turner, S. M., & Michelson, L. K. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4694-4_6 · Cited by 20
Ansiedad: conceptualizaciones actuales
Kuaik, I. D., & de la Iglesia, G. (2019) · Summa Psicológica · doi:10.18774/0719-448x.2019.16.1.393 · Cited by 19
Self‐esteem moderates preferences for accepting versus rejecting interaction partners
Rudich, E. A., Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.408 · Cited by 21
“One reason for the persistence of phobias is that those who exhibit them are negatively reinforced for avoiding the object they fear, thereby precluding therapeutic habituation through exposure (Mowrer, 1939; Vythilingum & Stein, 2004).”
Background
Historical Trends in Motivation Research
Heckhausen, H. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65094-4_2 · Cited by 20
Pentylenetetrazole can induce a conditioned place preference
Gauvin, D. V., Dormer, K. N., & Holloway, F. A. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90116-j · Cited by 19
Learning theory and "abnormal fixations."
Wolpe, J. (1953) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0053578 · Cited by 19
A Study of Some of the Variables of Which Fixation is a Function
Moyer, K. E. (1955) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1955.10532892 · Cited by 19
Incubation of Fear
Pickens, C. L., Golden, S. A., & Nair, S. G. (2013) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns0627s64 · Cited by 18
“One promising avenue for studying anxiety disorders in laboratory animals is to use Pavlovian fear conditioning, which has long been hypothesized to be related to anxiety disorders (Watson and Rayner, 1920; Mowrer, 1939; Eysenck, 1979).”
Background
An Associative Account of Avoidance
Gillan, C. M., Urcelay, G. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118650813.ch17 · Cited by 18
Poststroke Anxiety and its Relationship to Coping and Stage of Recovery
Gillespie, D. C. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3c.1059 · Cited by 17
Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder
Kozak, M. J., & Foa, E. B. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1528-3_3 · Cited by 18
A terapia cognitivo-comportamental no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo
Cordioli, A. V. (2008) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462008000600003 · Cited by 21
Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Panic Disorders, and Phobias
Rapee, R. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47377-1_6 · Cited by 19
Basis of behavioral influence of chlorpromazine
Emley, G. S., & Hutchinson, R. R. (1972) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(72)90240-8 · Cited by 17
Using computational models of learning to advance cognitive behavioral therapy
Berwian, I. M., Hitchock, P., Pisupati, S., Schoen, G., & Niv, Y. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00251-4 · Cited by 16
Dental Care–Related Fear and Anxiety: Distress Tolerance as a Possible Mechanism
Addicks, S. H., McNeil, D. W., Randall, C. L., Goddard, A. W., Romito, L. M., Sirbu, C., Kaushal, G., Metzger, A., & Weaver, B. D. (2017) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/2380084417691962 · Cited by 16
Hemispheric Coherence in ASD with and without Comorbid ADHD and Anxiety
Saunders, A., Kirk, I. J., & Waldie, K. E. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/4267842 · Cited by 16
“While there is little literature to suggest a link between less flexible visual sensations and anxiety, it is well known that those with anxiety have an automatic and instinctive reaction to objects or situations that may or may not represent true danger [54].”
Background
On The Trail of Little Albert
Paul, D. Β., & Blumenthal, A. L. (1989) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395082 · Cited by 16
The experimental analysis of agoraphobia
Rachman, S. (1984) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(84)90126-8 · Cited by 16
Relationship of Anxiety With Pain Threshold
Bronzo, A. F., & Powers, G. L. (1967) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1967.10544893 · Cited by 15
D-Cycloserine Augmentation of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Directions for Pilot Research in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Storch, E. A., McKay, D., Reid, J. M., GELLER, D. A., Goodman, W. K., Lewin, A. B., & Murphy, T. K. (2010) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-010-9094-6 · Cited by 15
History of Behavior Modification
Krasner, L. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0523-1_1 · Cited by 15
A stimulus-response analysis of repression and insight in psychotherapy.
Shaw, F. J. (1946) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0060152 · Cited by 15
Behavior of rats in continuous conflict.
Hunt, J., & Schlosberg, H. (1950) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0061772 · Cited by 15
Behavior Modification—An Overview
Kanfer, F. H. (1973) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146817307400501 · Cited by 15
Traditional Therapies with Children
Tuma, J. M., & Sobotka, K. R. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7136-0_15 · Cited by 15
"A motivational theory of emotions… ."
Webb, W. B. (1948) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0062999 · Cited by 15
Spontaneous instrumental avoidance learning in social contexts
Mennella, R., Bavard, S., Mentec, I., & Grèzes, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22334-6 · Cited by 14
“(4) Dt(c, u) = wHt(c, u)+ (1− w) Qt(c, u)”
Background
I like to get nothing: Implicit and explicit evaluation of avoided negative outcomes.
Eder, A. B., & Dignath, D. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Learning and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xan0000005 · Cited by 14
What and where is the unconditioned (or conditioned) stimulus in the conditioning model of neurosis?
Zuckerman, M. (1979) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00061902 · Cited by 14
Decreased discrimination as a function of increased drive.
Broen, W. E., Storms, L. H., & Goldberg, D. H. (1963) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041296 · Cited by 14
The relevance of associative learning pathways in the development of obsessive–compulsive washing
Jones, M. K., & Menzies, R. G. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00021-7 · Cited by 21
The Risky Closed Economy: A Holistic, Longitudinal Approach to Studying Fear and Anxiety in Rodents
Schuessler, B. P., Zambetti, P. R., Fukuoka, K. M., Kim, E. J., & Kim, J. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.594568 · Cited by 13
“Given that footshock strongly inhibited foraging, the reduction in aversion resulting from avoidance likely negatively reinforced the behavior to a degree that prevented the extinction of avoidance when the shock was terminated (Mowrer, 1939).”
Background
Cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Development of expert-level competence and implications for dissemination
Franklin, M. E., Dingfelder, H. E., Coogan, C., Garcia, A. M., Sapyta, J. J., & Freeman, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.007 · Cited by 13
State anxiety reduces procrastinating behavior
Xu, P., Gonzalez-Vallejo, C. C., & Xiong, Z. H. (2016) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-016-9554-x · Cited by 15
“Indeed, this adaptive function of anxiety has been recognized since Freud (Mowrer 1939).”
Background
Simple Phobias
Silverman, W. K., & Rabian, B. A. (1993) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30528-5 · Cited by 13
The interaction of client and therapist.
Butler, J. M. (1952) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0063157 · Cited by 12
An Investigation of Anxious Thought in Patients With Dsm-Iv Agoraphobia / Panic Disorder: Rationale and Design
Compton, A. (1998) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651980460030401 · Cited by 13
Knowledge and stimulus-response psychology.
Berlyne, D. E. (1954) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0055729 · Cited by 13
In delay there lies no plenty
Houston, A. I., & McNamara, J. M. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00054054 · Cited by 13
A reconsideration of Eysenck's conditioning model of neurosis
Levis, D. J. (1979) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00061732 · Cited by 13
Differences in the duration of reserpine action in the rat depending on the measure employed
Faith, M. E., Young, L. D., Grabarits, F., & Harvey, J. A. (1968) · International Journal of Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(68)90068-3 · Cited by 13
Some examples of psychophysiology and the unconscious
Miller, N. E. (1992) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/bf01000088 · Cited by 12
“Mowrer (1939) first advanced this hypothesis; in an early experiment (Miller, 1948) I secured evidence for it, and in a later paper I summarized additional experimental evidence supporting it (Miller, 1985).”
Background
Impaired differential learning of fear versus safety signs in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Elsner, B., Reuter, B., Said, M., Linnman, C., Kathmann, N., & Beucke, J. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13956 · Cited by 11
Factors influencing Chinese EFL students’ online learning anxiety in the post-COVID-19 era
Peng, R., Wang, S., & Liu, N. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26112 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, anxiety has been a crucial research variable for a long time, with a fruitful history [27] dating back to Mowrer ’ s classic study, which argued that anxiety is a learned response to conditioned stimuli premonitory of injury or pain situations [28].”
Background
Verhaltensanalyse in der Verhaltenstherapie
Abbruzzese, E., & Kübler, U. (2013) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000352030 · Cited by 12
Preserving guilt in the “age of psychology”: The curious career of O. Hobart Mowrer.
Page, C. (2016) · History of Psychology · doi:10.1037/hop0000045 · Cited by 12
Prevalence and Nature of Sexual Dysfunctions in OCD in a Tertiary Medical College
Singh, O. P., Ray, P., Mallick, A. K., Thakurta, R. G., Dhar, P., & Sarkar, S. (2021) · Eastern Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5005/ejp-17-2-20 · Cited by 12
Dynamics of defensive response mobilization during repeated terminations of exposure to increasing interoceptive threat
Benke, C., Krause, E., Hamm, A. O., & Pané‐Farré, C. A. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.013 · Cited by 12

Authors: Mowrer, O. H.
Corresponding author: Mowrer, O. H.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1939-11
Volume: 46
Issue: 6
Pages: 553-565
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/h0054288
OpenAlex: W2155754133
Cited by: 728
References: 8
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 6.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: anxiety, reinforcement, operant conditioning

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A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.

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