Generality of learned helplessness in man.
Abstract
Learned helplessness, the interference with instrumental responding following inescapable aversive events, has been found in animals and man. This study tested for the generality of the debilitation produced by uncontrollabl e events across tasks and motivational systems. Four experiments with college students were simultaneously conducted: (a) pretreatment with inescapable, escapable, or control aversive tone followed by shuttlebox escape testing; (b) pretreatment with insoluble, soluble, or control discrimination problems followed by anagram solution testing; (c) pretreatments with inescapable, escapable, or control aversive tone followed by anagram solution testing; (d) pretreatments with insoluble, soluble, or control discrimination problems followed by shuttlebox escape testing. Learned helplessness was found with all four experiments: Both insolubility and inescapability produced failure to escape and failure to solve anagrams. We suggest that inescapability and insolubility both engendered expectancies that responding is independent of reinforcement. The generality of this process suggests that learned helplessness may be an induced trait. Inescapable aversive events presented to animals or to men result in profound interference with later instrumental learning (e.g., Hiroto, 1974; Overmier & Seligman, 1967; Seligman & Maier, 1967; Thornton & Jacobs, 1971). If a subject can escape the aversive event, later instrumental behavior remains normal. This phenomenon has been…
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Human triadic procedures replicated the animal pattern: yoked participants failed to escape, while escapable and zero groups escaped well; the same pattern occurred with solvable/unsolvable anagrams.
“most of the people from the yoked group failed to escape in the shuttlebox, whereas people from the escapable group and the zero group escaped well in the shuttlebox. Importantly the same pattern in the shuttlebox emerged when preceded by solvable and unsolvable anagrams”
From Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience. (2016) · cites this paper as Hiroto & Seligman, 1975
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- Authors
- Hiroto, D. S., & Seligman, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- ORCID
- Seligman, Martin E.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1975-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 311-327
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2018937716
- Cited by
- 896
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 53.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- learned helplessness, uncontrollability, operant conditioning, escape behavior, motivation system
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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