Learned helplessness through modeling: The role of perceived similarity in competence.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-percepts of efficacy can affect people's choice of activities, how much effort they expend, and how long they will persist in the face of difficulties.
“Self-percepts of efficacy can affect people's choice of activities, how much effort they expend, and how long they will persist in the face of difficulties (Bandura, 1977a;Brown & Inouye, 1978;Schunk, 1981).”
From Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. (1981) · cites this paper as Brown & Inouye, 1978
The link between boosts in perceived self-efficacy and sustained involvement in challenging activities is now well established across a wide range of behavioral domains.
“The link between boosts in perceived self-efficacy and sustained involvement in challenging activities is now well established across a wide range of behavioral domains (Bandura, 1981;Brown & Inouye, 1978;Weinberg, Gould, & Jackson, 1979;Schunk, 1981;Condiotte & Lichtenstein, in press).”
From Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. (1981) · cites this paper as Brown & Inouye, 1978
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925 · see citing works
Kytle, J., & Bandura, A. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2065952 · Cited by 25,422 · see citing works
Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence
Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.105.1.3 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
Generality of learned helplessness in man.
Hiroto, D. S., & Seligman, M. E. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076270 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Roth, S., & Kubal, L. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.4.680 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Dweck, C. S., & Bush, E. S. (1976) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.12.2.147 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The influence of antecedent reinforcement and divergent modeling cues on patterns of self-reward.
Bandura, A., & Whalen, C. K. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0023022 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Enhancement and Reduction of Task Performance by Psychological Modeling
Paulus, P., Gatchel, R., & Seta, J. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400127 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975 · see citing works
Computer Self-Efficacy: Development of a Measure and Initial Test
Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249688 · Cited by 6,553 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation
Schunk, D. H. (1991) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133 · Cited by 4,292 · see citing works
Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis.
Stajković, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.240 · Cited by 3,850 · see citing works
Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis.
Folkman, S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.839 · Cited by 2,807 · see citing works
Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.586 · Cited by 2,675 · see citing works
The self system in reciprocal determinism.
Bandura, A. (1978) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.33.4.344 · Cited by 2,262 · see citing works
Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems.
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1017 · Cited by 1,511 · see citing works
Application of Social Cognitive Theory to Training for Computer Skills
Compeau, D., & Higgins, C. A. (1995) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.6.2.118 · Cited by 1,503 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation
NC DOCKS at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, & Schunk, D. H. (1991) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Self-efficacy: implications for organizational behavior and human resource management
Gist, M. E. (1987) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1987.4306562 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1986) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(86)90028-2 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Marakas, G. M., Yi, M. Y., & Johnson, R. D. (1998) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.9.2.126 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors
Schunk, D. H. (1989) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01320134 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90012-7 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory
Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173354 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy and Education and Instruction
Schunk, D. H. (1995) · The Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_10 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Assimilative and Contrastive Emotional Reactions to Upward and Downward Social Comparisons
Smith, R. H. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_10 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Self‐efficacy perspective on achievement behavior
Schunk, D. H. (1984) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461528409529281 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Self-regulatory mechanisms governing the impact of social comparison on complex decision making.
Bandura, A., & Jourden, F. J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.941 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Recycling misconceptions of perceived self-efficacy
Bandura, A. (1984) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172995 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Cervone, D., & Peake, P. K. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.492 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Peer models: Influence on children's self-efficacy and achievement.
Schunk, D. H., & Hanson, A. R. (1985) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.77.3.313 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
A Self-Efficacy Theory Explanation for the Management of Remote Workers in Virtual Organizations
Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (1999) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.10.6.758 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Self-efficacy and classroom learning
Schunk, D. H. (1985) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(198504)22:2 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-Regulation of Motivation and Action Through Goal Systems
Bandura, A. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2792-6_2 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Bandura, A., Reese, L., & Adams, N. E. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.43.1.5 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Vicarious Learning: The Influence of Modeling on Organizational Behavior
Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1981) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1981.4288021 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Mood and self-efficacy: Impact of joy and sadness on perceived capabilities
Kavanagh, D. J., & Bower, G. H. (1985) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173005 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Teacher Evaluation in the Organizational Context: A Review of the Literature
Darling‐Hammond, L., Wise, A. E., & Pease, S. R. (1983) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543053003285 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Bouffard‐Bouchard, T., Parent, S., & Larivée, S. J. (1991) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502549101400203 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition
(2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610515 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
The assessment and predictive generality of self-percepts of efficacy
Bandura, A. (1982) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(82)90004-0 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Peer-model attributes and children's achievement behaviors.
Schunk, D. H., Hanson, A. R., & Cox, P. D. (1987) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.79.1.54 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Blanton, H., Buunk, B. P., Gibbons, F. X., & Kuyper, H. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.420 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Looking under the Bonnet: Factors Affecting Student Adoption of E-Learning Systems in Jordan
Abbad, M., Morris, D., & de Nahlik, C. F. (2009) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v10i2.596 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Expectations and Performance: An Empirical Test of Bandura's Self-efficacy Theory
Weinberg, R., Gould, D., & Jackson, A. (1979) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.1.4.320 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
(2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Pietsch, J., Walker, R., & Chapman, E. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.589 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-management training for improving job performance: A field experiment involving salespeople.
Frayne, C. A., & Geringer, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.361 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Children's Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy: An Inventory Scale
Jinks, J. L., & Morgan, V. (1999) · The Clearing House A Journal of Educational Strategies Issues and Ideas · doi:10.1080/00098659909599398 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Huguet, P., Dumas, F., Monteil, J. M., & Genestoux, N. (2001) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.81 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-efficacy expectancies, outcome expectancies, and the persistence of pain control in childbirth.
Manning, M. M., & Wright, T. L. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.421 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Hodges, C. B. (2008) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.20001 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral methods for pain control: A selective review
Tan, S. (1982) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(82)90154-3 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cervone, D., Jiwani, N., & Wood, R. E. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.257 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Zimmerman, B. J., & Ringle, J. (1981) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.73.4.485 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Miltiadou, M., & Savenye, W. C. (2003) · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The impact of technology characteristics and job control on worker mental health
Mullarkey, S., Jackson, P. R., Wall, T. D., Wilson, J. R., & Grey‐Taylor, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199709)18:5 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A Self-Efficacy Theory Explanation for the Management of Remote Workers in Virtual Organizations
Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1998.tb00085.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2012) · Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop207003 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Gauging the relationship between self-efficacy judgment and action
Bandura, A. (1980) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173659 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Children's Self-Efficacy, Motivational Intentions, and Attributions in Physical Education and Sport
Chase, M. A. (2001) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2001.10608931 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Iver, D. J. M., Stipek, D. J., & Daniels, D. H. (1991) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.2.201 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy and Adolescents’ Motivation
Schunk, D. H., & Miller, S. D. (2002) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-554-720251003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Witnessing change: Dynamic norms help resolve diverse barriers to personal change
Sparkman, G., & Walton, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.007 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Social cognitive theory of social referencing.
Bandura, A. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_8 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Prediction, control, and learned helplessness.
Burger, J., & Arkin, R. M. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.3.482 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Proximal goal-setting and self-regulatory processes
Stock, J., & Cervone, D. (1990) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01172969 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self‐Efficacy and Causal Attributions: Direct and Reciprocal Links
Stajković, A. D., & Sommer, S. M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02820.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Successful Aging and Disease Prevention
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (2000) · Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy · doi:10.1016/s1073-4449(00)70008-2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Minority Students' Success in STEM Education
Museus, S. D. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Coding in K-8: International Trends in Teaching Elementary/Primary Computing
Rich, P. J., Browning, S. F., Perkins, M., Shoop, T., Yoshikawa, E., & Belikov, O. M. (2018) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-018-0295-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Understanding Persistence: An Interface of Control Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory
Jacobs, B., Prentice‐Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (1984) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0504_6 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Relich, J. D., Debus, R. L., & WALKER, R. A. (1986) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/0361-476x(86)90017-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lee, C. S., Goh, D. H., Chua, A. Y. K., & Ang, R. P.-H. (2010) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21305 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effects of feedback on self-efficacy, performance, and choice in an athletic task
Escartí, A., & Luján, J. F. G. (1999) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413209908402952 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Ashford, D., Bennett, S. J., & Davids, K. (2006) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.3200/jmbr.38.3.185-205 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Wu, J., Tsai, R. J., Chen, C. C., & Wu, Y. (2006) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · doi:10.71889/5fylantbak.30804620 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Validation of the Online Technologies Self-Efficacy Scale (OTSES).
Miltiadou, M., & Yu, C. H. (2000) · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Hendricks, K. S. (2013) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735612471238 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hendricks, K. S. (2015) · Update Applications of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/8755123315576535 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Social Comparison and Education
Levine, J. M. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781042011414-3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Influence of peer-model attributes on children's beliefs and learning.
Schunk, D. H., & Hanson, A. R. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.431 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Measuring Self-Efficacy expectations for Social Skills: A methodological inquiry
Moe, K. O., & Zeiss, A. M. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01183892 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cervone, D. (1989) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173406 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Effect of Public and Private Efficacy Expectations on Competitive Performance
Weinberg, R. S., Yukelson, D., & Jackson, A. (1980) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.2.4.340 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Effects of Model Similarity on Self-Efficacy and Muscular Endurance: A Second Look
George, T. R., Feltz, D. L., & Chase, M. A. (1992) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.14.3.237 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Symbolic Modeling and Cognitive Rehearsal
Maibach, E. W., & Flora, J. A. (1993) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365093020004002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
An empirical exploration of factors related to adolescents’ political efficacy
Levy, B. L. M. (2013) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.772774 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Effects of competition on students' self‐efficacy in vicarious learning
Chan, J. C.-Y., & Lam, S. (2007) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709907x185509 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Chowdhury, M. S., & Shahabuddin, A. M. (2007) · The College Quarterly · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Davis, F. W., & Yates, B. T. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01185724 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Conrad, A., & Munro, D. (2008) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/ec.39.1.d · Cited by 77 · see citing works
On the facilitation of self-efficacy
Goldfried, M. R., & Robins, C. J. (1982) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01184004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-Confidence and Baseball Performance: A Causal Examination of Self-Efficacy Theory
George, T. R. (1994) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.16.4.381 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Teacher versus Peer Models Revisited: Effects on Motor Performance and Self-Efficacy
Lirgg, C., & Feltz, D. L. (1991) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1991.10608713 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ellis, S., Ganzach, Y., Castle, E., & Sekely, G. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017867 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
(2011) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.3606 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Professional and Parental Attitudes Toward iPad Application Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Clark, M., Austin, D., & Craike, M. J. (2014) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357614537353 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-Schema, Cognitive Bias, and the Processing of Therapeutic Experiences
Goldfried, M. R., & Robins, C. J. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-010602-8.50008-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Peer Imitation: An Examination of Status and Competence Hypotheses
Brody, G. H., & Stoneman, Z. (1985) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1985.9914443 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Hwang, Y., Kettinger, W. J., & Yi, M. (2015) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2014.24 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Vicarious Influences on Self-Efficacy for Cognitive Skill Learning
Schunk, D. H. (1986) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.316 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Kensbock, J. M., Alkærsig, L., & Lomberg, C. (2021) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00018392211014819 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Frontline employees’ nonverbal cues in service encounters: a double-edged sword
Lim, E., Lee, Y. H., & Foo, M. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-016-0479-4
Using an interactive visual novel to promote patient empowerment through engagement
Yin, L., Ring, L., & Bickmore, T. (2012) · International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG) · doi:10.1145/2282338.2282351 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Social Learning Theory: A Contextualist Account of Cognitive Functioning
Zimmerman, B. J. (1983) · Springer series in cognitive development · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9490-7_1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Pervasive Refusal Syndrome: Learned Helplessness and Hopelessness
Nunn, K. P., & Thompson, S. L. (1996) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104596011011 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
On the dynamics of two-person interactions.
Thomas, E. A. C., & Malone, T. W. (1979) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.86.4.331 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown, I., & Inouye, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1978-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 900-908
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2159704071
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 10.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- learned helplessness, modeling, perceived similarity, perceived competence, social learning, observational learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
