Acute versus chronic grief: The case of pregnancy loss.
Open accessAbstract
Conceptual and measurement problems in identifying those at risk of chronic grief are reviewed, and results are presented of a longitudinal study of people who have experienced pregnancy loss. Coping resources, particularly prior mental health and social support, were the best predictors of low scores on subscales of the Perinatal Grief Scale that indicate chronic grief reactions. Results also offer some evidence of delayed grief responses, especially among men and those who experienced early losses.
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Lack of support from a partner and poor marital relations are associated with more intense grief after perinatal loss.
“Following this argument, lack of support from a partner and poor marital relations have both been described as other strong components associated with more intense grief.10,32”
From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In normal grieving after pregnancy loss, grief declines over a period of 2 years.
“Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that in a normal grieving process, grief declines over a period of 2 years after the pregnancy loss.8,10”
From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
Poor social support from family and friends is associated with complicated grief reactions after perinatal loss.
“Based on stress theory, social support is thought to have a buffering effect, and poor social support from family and friends is associated with CG reactions.8,10,13,32”
From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
No significant difference in grief intensity at 12 months' follow-up has been found between dilation and evacuation and induction of labour for termination.
“No significant difference in grief intensity at 12 months' follow-up has been found between methods.10”
From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
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Complicated grief after perinatal loss
Kersting, A., & Wagner, B. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.2/akersting · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Psychological aspects of perinatal loss
Badenhorst, W., & Hughes, P. (2007) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.11.004 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The Psychological Sequelae of Miscarriage: A Critical Review of the Literature
Frost, M., & Condon, J. T. (1996) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679609076072 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Toedter, L. J., Lasker, J. N., & Janssen, H. J. E. M. (2001) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180125971 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“The two longitudinal studies of grief ( Janssen et al., 1997; Lasker & Toedter, 1991 ) demonstrated that grief scores, as expected, decline over the 2 years following a loss for the total sample of bereaved parents.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationControlled prospective study on the mental health of women following pregnancy loss
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.2.226 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Evidence for Healing Interventions With Perinatal Bereavement
Capitulo, K. L. (2005) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/00005721-200511000-00007 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Effects of Caring, Measurement, and Time on Miscarriage Impact and Women's Well-Being
Swanson, K. M. (1999) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-199911000-00004 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
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A Prospective Study of Risk Factors Predicting Grief Intensity Following Pregnancy Loss
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Grief and Depression After Miscarriage: Their Separation, Antecedents, and Course
Beutel, M., Deckardt, R., von Rad, M., & Weiner, H. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199511000-00003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Recent studies, however, have documented that an increased psychiatric morbidity occurred after a miscarriage ( 13-20 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialBeutel, M., Willner, H., Deckardt, R., Von Rad, M., & Weiner, H. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00520-x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Hospital Care for Parents After Perinatal Death
Gold, K. J., Dalton, V. K., & Schwenk, T. L. (2007) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000259317.55726.df · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Fathers’ Perspectives During Pregnancy, Postperinatal Loss
O'Leary, J., & Thorwick, C. (2006) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00017.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
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Predicting Depressive Symptoms after Miscarriage: A Path Analysis Based on the Lazarus Paradigm
Swanson, K. M. (2000) · Journal of Women s Health & Gender-Based Medicine · doi:10.1089/152460900318696 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Psychological aspects of perinatal loss
Hughes, P., & Riches, S. (2003) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00001703-200304000-00004 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Satisfaction with hospital care and interventions after pregnancy loss
Lasker, J. N., & Toedter, L. J. (1994) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481189408252642 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns of grief reaction after pregnancy loss.
Lin, S. X., & Lasker, J. N. (1996) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080177 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationRyninks, K., Roberts‐Collins, C., McKenzie‐McHarg, K., & Horsch, A. (2014) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-203 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Psychiatric symptoms are also common, including depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress and traumatic grief [4-8].”
BackgroundThe impact of perinatal loss on adjustment to subsequent pregnancy
Franche, R.-L., & Mikail, S. F. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00438-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The legitimacy of grieving: The partner's experience at miscarriage
Puddifoot, J. E., & Johnson, M. P. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00424-8 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Women’s Experiences of Coping With Pregnancy Termination for Fetal Abnormality
Lafarge, C., Mitchell, K., & Fox, P. (2013) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732313484198 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Similar to research studies about perinatal loss (Lasker & Toedter, 1991) and TFA (Statham et al., 2001), partner support was critical to the women in our study.”
ResultLang, A., Gottlieb, L. N., & Amsel, R. (1996) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481189608253410 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The psychoanalytic conceptualization of perinatal loss: a multidimensional model
Leon, I. G. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.11.1464 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Franche, R. ‐. (2001) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(00)01199-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Of particular importance is the fact that higher levels of these two grief components at 2 months post-loss are known to be predictive of a longer and more intense period of grief as measured 2 years after the loss.(15) Better perceived marital adjustment was associated with less difficulty coping and less despair for…”
BackgroundEFFECTS OF A PROGRAM OF INTERVENTION ON PARENTAL DISTRESS FOLLOWING INFANT DEATH
A. Murray, D. J. T. (2000) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/074811800200469 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Research has consistently found that the eþects of infant death may be profound and long-term (Boyle, 1993; Dyregrov & Matthiesen, 1987; Lasker & Toedter, 1991; Tudehope, Iredell, Rodgers, & Gunn, 1986; Vance, et al., 1991).”
BackgroundGrief reactions of couples to perinatal loss: A one‐year prospective follow‐up
Tseng, Y., Cheng, H., Chen, Y., Yang, S., & Cheng, P. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14059 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Most studies, however, report that grief after a perinatal loss declines during the subsequent 9 months to 2 years (Janssen et al., 1997; Lasker & Toedter, 1991; Scheidt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundUNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO A MISCARRIAGE
Brier, N. M. (1999) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00294-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Johnson, M. P., & Baker, S. R. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820412331282240 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Social Support Following Perinatal Loss
Kavanaugh, K. L., Trier, D., & Korzec, M. (2004) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840703260905 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a lack of social support has been linked to complicated or chronic grief (Lasker & Toedter, 1991; Nicol, Tompkins, Campbell, & Syme, 1986).”
BackgroundMeta-analysis to obtain a scale of psychological reaction after perinatal loss: focus on miscarriage
Adolfsson, A. (2011) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s17330 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Predictors of Maternal Grief in the Year after a Newborn Death
Engler, A. J., & Lasker, J. N. (2000) · Illness, Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/105413730000800302 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Specifically, adequate perceived support has been shown to ameliorate the effects of grief following a perinatal loss (Lasker and Toedter 1991; Lin and Lasker 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationParameters of Grieving in Spontaneous Abortion
Stirtzinger, R. M., Robinson, G. E., Stewart, D. E., & Ralevski, E. (1999) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/udw4-2eag-1rty-d1y4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Grief research shows that most people in the general population underestimate how long it takes to adjust to a serious life crisis [51] resulting in their inability to provide adequate support and acknowledgment.”
BackgroundADOLFSSON, A., BERTERÖ, C., & LARSSON, P. (2006) · Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340500539376 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Leon, I. G. (1992) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992289203100611 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Research‐based Practice with Women Who Have Had Miscarriages
Swanson, K. M. (1999) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00514.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“(b) Women with later loss, ie., more that 20 weeks gestation, have more depression and longer grieving than do women with earlier perinatal loss (Goldbach et al., 1991; Lasker & Toedter, 1991; Theut et al., 1989; Toedter, Lasker, & Alhadeff, 1988).”
BackgroundPredicting grief intensity after recent perinatal loss
Hutti, M. H., Myers, J., Hall, L. A., Polivka, B. J., White, S., Hill, J., Kloenne, E., Hayden, J., & Grisanti, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.016 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Puddifoot, J. E., & Johnson, M. P. (1999) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839908404587 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Predicting Outcomes after Pregnancy Loss: Results from Studies Using the Perinatal Grief Scale
Lasker, J. N., & Toedter, L. J. (2000) · Illness, Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/105413730000800402 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The means of the subscales are progressively smaller, and analyses have supported the idea that they represent increasingly severe responses to grief (Lasker and Toedter 1991).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDepressive symptomatology and grief in Spanish women who have suffered a perinatal loss
Ridaura, I. O., Penelo, E., & Raich, R. M. (2017) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.151 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Long-term impact of perinatal bereavement
Schaap, A. H. P., Wolf, H., Bruinse, H. W., Lande, S., & Treffers, P. E. (1997) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/s0301-2115(97)00127-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lafarge, C., Mitchell, K., & Fox, P. (2013) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.4218 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
McSpedden, M., Mullan, B., Sharpe, L., Breen, L. J., & Lobb, E. A. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2016.1210696 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Towards a preliminary framework for understanding pregnancy loss
Moulder, C. (1994) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839408408869 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder 9 months after perinatal loss
Gold, K. J., Boggs, M. E., Muzik, M., & Sen, A. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Perinatal Grief
Bennett, S. M., Ehrenreich, J. T., Litz, B. T., Boisseau, C. L., & Barlow, D. H. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.01.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Some may even view this loss as insignificant, believing the parents can just “try again,” which leaves parents feeling extremely alone and invalidated in their grief (Janssen, Cuisinier, & De Graauw, 1997; Lasker & Toedter, 1991).”
BackgroundEnglefield, B., Starling, M. J., & McGreevy, P. D. (2018) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr17099 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Carers can experience extreme distress over the death of an animal and make little or no progress in coping with normal living (Lasker and Toedter 1991; Middleton et al. 1996; Bonanno and Kaltman 2001).”
BackgroundSetúbal, M. S. V., Bolibio, R., Jesus, R. C. D. A., Benute, G. R. G., Gibelli, M. A. B. C., do Nascimento, N. B., Barbosa, T. V. A., Gomes, A., de Figueiredo, F. P., Ferreira, R., et al. (2020) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951520000826 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“History of infertility (Lasker and Toedter, 1991), planned pregnancy (Lin and Lasker, 1996), anticipating the loss (Cuisinier et al., 1996), or previous losses (Lasker and Toedter, 1991; Cuisinier et al., 1996; Lin and Lasker, 1996; Adolfsson et al., 2006; Druguet et al., 2018; Curley and Johnston,…”
BackgroundInfluentialIndicators of Family Resilience after the Death of a Child
Greeff, A. P., Vansteenwegen, A., & Herbiest, T. (2011) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.63.4.c · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In terms of the resources within the community, the results of this study correspond with those in the literature (Laakso & Paunonen-Ilmonen, 2002; Lasker & Toedter, 1991).”
BackgroundResultA Comparison of Grief as Related to Miscarriage and Termination for Fetal Abnormality
Keefe-Cooperman, K. L. (2005) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/qfdw-lgey-cylm-n4lw · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Lasker and Toedter (1991) found that age and income were not significant predictors of grief scores, and their results were substantiated in this study.”
ResultA Critical Review of the Concept of Pathological Grief following Pregnancy Loss
Janssen, H. J. E. M., Cuisinier, M. C. J., & Hoogduin, K. A. L. (1996) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/yll0-mwv4-wg7h-kbr3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Women's Perceptions of Partner Support in the Context of Pregnancy Loss(es)
Corbet-Owen, C. (2003) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/008124630303300103 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGING THE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO A MISCARRIAGE
Brier, N. M. (1999) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-199901000-00030 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mothers' Perceptions of Benefits of Perinatal Loss Support Offered at a Major University Hospital
Sanchez, N. A. (2001) · The Journal of Perinatal Education · doi:10.1624/105812401x88165 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Toward a Theoretical Framework for Perinatal Bereavement
Brownlee, K. (2004) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch063 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The miscarriage circle of care: towards leveraging online spaces for social support
Alqassim, M. Y., Kresnye, K. C., Siek, K. A., Lee, J. R., & Wolters, M. K. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01597-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Health Care Provider Support and Grief after Perinatal Loss: A Qualitative Study
Ujda, R. M., & Bendiksen, R. (2000) · Illness, Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/105413730000800304 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Parental disappointment and sorrow may be especially keen when much-anticipated plans for the family are suddenly dissolved (Lasker and Toedter 1991). Not only is the expected child gone, but so are the parents’ dreams for that child, their role expectations, and their visions of their family’s life together, includin…”
BackgroundRelation between grief and subsequent pregnancy status 13 months after perinatal bereavement
Barr, P. (2006) · jpme · doi:10.1515/jpm.2006.036 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Translation of the short version of the Perinatal Grief Scale into Swedish
Adolfsson, A., & Larsson, P. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2006.00404.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Psychological reactions to pregnancy loss
Broquet, K. (1999) · Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS · doi:10.1016/s1068-607x(98)00176-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Screening to Predict Complicated Grief in Spouses of Cancer Patients
BrintzenhofeSzoc, K., Smith, E. D., & Zabora, J. R. (1999) · Cancer Practice · doi:10.1046/j.1523-5394.1999.75006.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Impact of a Neonatal-Bereavement-Support DVD on Parental Grief: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Rosenbaum, J. L., Smith, J. R., Yan, Y., Abram, N., & Jeffe, D. B. (2014) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2014.946628 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…to the findings of previously reported perinatal studies that demonstrated an association between more intense grief and lack of support or poor marital relationships (Cuisinier, Kuijpers, Hoogduin, de Graauw, & Janssen, 1993; Forrest et al., 1982; Kersting & Wagner, 2012; Lasker & Toedter, 1991).”
BackgroundResultIwanowicz-Palus, G., Mróz, M., Bień, A., et al. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04093-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A person in mourning requires comprehensive assistance, and social support plays an important role in moving through its successive stages [6, 7].”
BackgroundRich, D. E. (2000) · Illness, Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/105413730000800303 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The PGS short form, a thirty-three-item self-report covering thoughts and feelings of the bereaved parent, served as the measurement instrument.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDevelopment and evaluation of a miscarriage follow-up clinic
Nikčević, A. V. (2003) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/0264683031000154999 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
L'ombre de l'enfant non né sur la grossesse suivante
Squires, C. (2004) · Cliniques méditerranéennes · doi:10.3917/cm.069.0269 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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- Self-citation
Güçlü, O., Şenormancı, G., Tüten, A., Gök, K., & Şenormancı, Ö. (2021) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.29399/npa.25110 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Le deuil périnatal de « l’enfant né sans vie »
Glatigny-Dallay, É. (2013) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2013.01.017 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yan, E., Tang, C. S.-K., & Chung, T. (2010) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180903492539 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The means of these items were generally observed to be progressively smaller, from Active Grief to Difficulty Coping to Despair, indicating an increasingly severe response measured by the three subscales (Lasker & Toedter, 1991).”
BackgroundFranche, R. (2001) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-200104000-00021 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Miscarriage, Perceived Ostracism, and Trauma: A Preliminary Investigation
Wesselmann, E. D., & Parris, L. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747860 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“, sadness, denial) similar to other forms of bereavement (Lasker and Toedter, 1991; Brier, 2008), women who experience miscarriage may also exhibit posttraumatic stress symptoms such as avoiding reminders and involuntarily reliving the event (Farren et al.”
Background“Your heart keeps bleeding”: lived experiences of parents with a perinatal death in Northern Uganda
Arach, A. A. O., Kiguli, J., Nankabirwa, V., Nakasujja, N., Mukunya, D., Musaba, M. W., Napyo, A. K., Tumwine, J. K., Ndeezi, G., & Rujumba, J. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04788-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Previous studies suggest that normal grieving after a perinatal loss declines over a period of 2 years [31, 44].”
BackgroundTHE IMPACT OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY: A 16-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY
Lasker, J. N., & Toedter, L. J. (2003) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399330390178486 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…parents for 6 months (Neugebauer et al., 1992), 1 year (Swanson, 2000), 18 months (Janssen, Cuisinier, deGraauw, & Hoogduin, 1997), and 2 years (Lasker & Toedter, 1991) after the loss, a time during which they are often in the midst of a subsequent pregnancy and birth or efforts to conceive.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAttachment, Loss of Spouse, and Disordered Mourning
Sable, P. (1992) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/104438949207300502 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Nor do the experts agree on when mourning becomes excessive or disordered (Siggins, 1966; Clayton, Desmarais, & Winokur, 1968; Peretz, 1970; Williams & Polak, 1979; Jacobs & Douglas, 1979; Bowlby, 1980; Worden, 1982; Parkes & Weiss, 1983; Zisook, 1987; Gut, 1989; Lasker & Toedter, 1991).”
Diagnosis and management of early pregnancy loss
Mehra, V. M., Farooqi, S., Sriram, P., & Tunde‐Byass, M. (2024) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.231489 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Brisch, K. H., Munz, D., Kächele, H. U., TERINDE, R., & Kreienberg, R. (2005) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325020590908849 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…techniques, cognitive-behavioral therapy or more psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy to work through previous pathological or traumatic grieving (Condon, 1986; Ladker & Toedter, 1991; Lin & Lasker, 1996; Theut, Pedersen, Zaslow, & Rabinovich, 1988), or group counseling (Kaiser et al., 2002).”
WEATHERING THE STORM OF PERINATAL BEREAVEMENT VIA HARDINESS
Goulet, C., Goulet, C., Aita, M., Giguère, V., Lamarre, H., & Perreault, E. (2001) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180126859 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…the most difficult losses that a person may experience in life is the loss of a child (Rando,1986; Sanders,1980), even when that child is a fetus=infant who dies during the perinatal period (Dyregrov & Matthiesen, 1991; Gottlieb, Lang, & Cohen, 1994; Lang & Gottlieb, 1993; Lasker & Toedter, 1991).”
BackgroundBiopower and Reproductive Loss
Martel, S. L. (2013) · Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/09502386.2013.840327 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Some research even further indicates that social support is one amongst other key predictors of chronic grief reactions (Lasker and Toedter 1991) in that a lack of affirmation can negatively impact parents’ ability to work through their grief, avoid prolonged distress or cope with future pregnancies.”
BackgroundEmotional Effect of the Loss of One or Both Fetuses in a Monochorionic Twin Pregnancy
Druguet, M., Nuño, L., Rodó, C., Arévalo, S., Carreras, E., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2018) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2018.01.004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…advanced stage of pregnancy was associated with greater levels of distress and grief than when a fetus dies at earlier stages (Burden et al., 2016; Lasker & Toedter, 1991), other researchers found no relationship between psychological distress and gestational age (Bennett et al., 2008; Kersting &…”
BackgroundEarly pregnancy loss: men have feelings too
Murphy, F., & Hunt, S. C. (1997) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.1997.5.2.87 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Miscarriage: Women's Experience and its Cumulative Incidence
Adolfsson, A. (2006) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Maniatelli, E., Zervas, Y., Halvatsiotis, P., Tsartsara, E., Tzavara, C. K., Briana, D. D., & Salakos, N. (2016) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1274303 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“As mentioned above, second trimester termination is more stressful, compared to first trimester [5] and is associated with significant higher scores for grief [28,29].”
BackgroundRecurrent Perinatal Loss: A Case Study
Kavanaugh, K. L., & Robertson, P. A. (1999) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/x65f-enlv-valg-f7ag · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…& Klaus, 1970; Peppers, & Knapp, 1980), other studies have not produced similar findings (Benfield, Leib, & Vollman, 1978; LaRoche et al., 1982; Lasker & Toedter, 1991; Neugebauer et al., 1997; Nicol, Tompkins, Campbell, & Syme, 1986; Smith & Borgers, 1988-89; Toedter, Lasker, & Alhadeff,…”
BackgroundInfluentialCaldwell, J. M., Meredith, P. J., Whittingham, K., Ziviani, J. M., & Wilson, T. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2180142 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“( Lasker & Toedter, 1991; Toedter et al., 2001) The scale includes 33 items split into three subscales that evaluate different dimensions of perinatal grief in relation to the lost baby: Active Grief, Difficulty Coping, and Despair.”
BackgroundDayan, J., Andro, G., Dugnat, M., Thessier, N., Milijkovitch, R., & Rosenblum, O. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71024-7.00017-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An exploration of the prevalence and patterns of care for women presenting with mid-trimester loss
Cullen, S., Power, S., Coughlan, B., Chaney, J., Butler, M., & Brosnan, M. C. (2016) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-016-1413-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bamniya, J., Bhatia, G. O., Doshi, H., & Ladola, H. (2018) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181020 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
La fausse couche : du côté des hommes
Lacroix, P., Got, F., Callahan, S., & Séjourné, N. (2016) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2015.06.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Klinitzke, G., Dölemeyer, R., Steinig, J., Wagner, B., & Kersting, A. (2013) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000354908 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Friedrichs, J. B., Daly, M., & Kavanaugh, K. L. (2000) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/105413730000800306 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Then, in a subsequent publication, Lasker and Toedter (1991) reported that one subscale of the PGS, Difficulty Coping and Despair, was predictive of chronic disturbed grief responses.”
BackgroundPsychosocial Support within the Context of Perinatal Palliative Care: The “SORROWFUL” Model
von der Hude, K., & Garten, L. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10010038 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zeghiche, S. (2020) · Etudes sur la mort/Études sur la mort · doi:10.3917/eslm.152.0125 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Äidin suru alle seitsenvuotiaan lapsen kuoleman jälkeen
Laakso, H. (2000) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Management Issues for the Neonatal Patient
Bowen, F. W. (1996) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30251-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Khalid, J., & Hasaan, A. (2024) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-024-01000-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In addition to common grief expressions like sadness and denial, which are commonly observed in instances of perinatal loss (Brier, 2008; Lasker & Toedter, 1991), women coping with the loss often experience loneliness, changes in routine, avoidance of social gatherings, negative thoughts, and…”
Cassidy, P. R. (2015) · Teknokultura Revista de Cultura Digital y Movimientos Sociales · doi:10.5209/rev_tk.2015.v12.n2.49668 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Layne (2003) proposes that a processual view of personhood, as varied and dynamic, permits the idea that for some parents an embryo might have person - 3 see Lasker & Toedter (1991) for an opposing viewpoint to Peppers & Knapp (1980).”
Background
- Authors
- Lasker, J. N., & Toedter, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Lehigh University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lasker, Judith N.
- Venue
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 510-522
- ISSN
- 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0025
- OpenAlex
- W1746627
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deposito Adademico Digital Universidad De Navarra (University of Navarra) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Ius Canonicum
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2s07rr007173-10, 5r01hd018431-05)
- National Center for Research Resources (2 S07 RR07173)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 18431)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- chronic grief, acute grief, miscarriage, perinatal grief, Perinatal Grief Scale, coping resources, social support, men's grief, early pregnancy loss
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Chronic Disease, Female, Fetal Death, Grief, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality Tests, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Ectopic, Risk Factors, Social Support
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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