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Cited by 140Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMigration, Health and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Grief and Depression After Miscarriage: Their Separation, Antecedents, and Course

Beutel, Manfred, Deckardt, Rainer, von Rad, Michael, Weiner, Herbert·1995·Psychosomatic Medicine
DOI 10.1097/00006842-199511000-00003
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Abstract

Bereavement is a major risk factor for physical illness, grief, depression, and anxiety. In contrast to recent tendencies in the psychiatric literature to equate grief and depression, we propose that a careful discrimination between the two must be made for diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative purposes. We report the results of a longitudinal study of a frequent but neglected event, miscarriage early in pregnancy, to make this point. Clinical criteria for differentiating grief and depressive reactions were developed based on phenomenological criteria and theoretical considerations. We hypothesized that the detrimental psychological and physical consequences occur only when the miscarriage was not mourned and resulted in a depressive reaction, but not in a grief reaction. In a controlled, representative study, 125 consecutive women were assessed shortly after their miscarriage (before the 20th week of gestation) and 6 months (N = 94) and 12 months (N = 90) later. Assessments included standardized questionnaires for life events, depression, physical complaints, anxiety, and a specific, multidimensional grief scale (Munich Grief Scale) that we had developed previously. Immediately after the miscarriage, the average anxiety and depression scores were elevated when compared with 80 pregnant and 125 age-matched community controls. Twenty percent of the patients who had miscarried showed a grief reaction, 12% showed a depressive reaction, and 20% responded with a combined depressive and grief reaction. The remaining women (48%) reported no changes in their emotional reactions. As predicted, longer-lasting psychological, social, and health status changes followed the initial depressive, but not the grief reactions. Depressive reactions were predicted by a history of previous depression, a lack of social resources, and an ambivalent attitude to the lost fetus. The grief measures were reliable and made it possible to discriminate between grief and depression.

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Crossref · 10.1097/00006842-199511000-00003

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Ambivalent attitudes toward the pregnancy are associated with more intense grief reactions, and loss of an unplanned pregnancy is often reacted to in the same way.

    “As mentioned above, ambivalent attitudes toward the pregnancy were found to be associated with more intense grief reactions, and loss of an unplanned pregnancy was often reacted to in the same way.37,38”

    From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [38]

  • No specific relationships could be found between grief and maternal age, marital status, or occupational status after prenatal loss.

    “A number of further predictors have been generally associated with psychological morbidity after prenatal loss, but no specific relationships could be found between grief and maternal age, marital status, or occupational status.22,37,38”

    From Complicated grief after perinatal loss (2012) · cites this paper as [38]

Citations

Cites

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1 of the 23 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Engel, 1968, Arch Intern Med, 69, 293
  2. Beutel, 1992, Psychother Psychosommed Psychol, 42, 158
  3. Beutel, 1993, Psychother Psychosommed Psychol, 43, 411
  4. Smith, 1988, Contemp Rev Obstet Gynaecol, 1, 43
  5. Beutel, 1995, Psychother Psychosommed Psychol, 45, 295
  6. Beutel, 1993, Forum Psychoanal, 9, 223

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Metadata

Authors
Beutel, M., Deckardt, R., von Rad, M., & Weiner, H.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID
Beutel, Manfred
Venue
Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1995
Volume
57
Issue
6
Pages
517-526
ISSN
0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1097/00006842-199511000-00003
OpenAlex
W2010032202
Cited by
140
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
FWCI
0.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords
miscarriage, grief, depression, bereavement, differential diagnosis, anxiety, physical complaints, social support, longitudinal follow-up
MeSH terms
Abortion, Spontaneous, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Bereavement, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Gestational Age, Grief, Humans, Life Change Events, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors

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