Cited by 1,378Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesMental Health Treatment and AccessGambling Behavior and Treatments

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The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: Implications for prevention and service utilization.

Kessler, Ronald C., Nelson, Christopher B., McGonagle, Katherine A., Edlund, Mark J., Frank, Richard G., Leaf, Philip J.·1996·American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

DOI 10.1037/h0080151

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Abstract

General population data from the National Comorbidity Survey are presented on co-occurring DSM-III-R addictive and mental disorders. Co-occurrence is highly prevalent in the general population and usually due to the association of a primary mental disorder with a secondary addictive disorder. It is associated with a significantly increased probability of treatment, although the finding that fewer than half of cases with 12-month co-occurrence received any treatment in the year prior to interview suggests the need for greater outreach efforts.

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“As many as 7–10 million persons have co-occurring mental and substance use disorders, and up to 66% of addicts have one or more psychiatric diagnoses during their lifetimes (Kessler et al 1996).”
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“10 In this population-based study, the lifetime prevalence of substance abuse other than alcohol was 12%.”
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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“Given data to suggest that only 1/3 of mentally ill individuals seek treatment (Kessler et al. 1996), the current sample was not necessarily representative of the larger population of depressed mothers and their families.”
Background
Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder in Persons With Severe Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders
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“Eligibility criteria included ( 1 ) presence of a major psychotic disorder (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or major depression with psychotic features); (2) active substance use disorder (abuse or dependence of alcohol and/or drugs within the past 6 months); (3) high service use in past 2 y…”
Background
Conditional probabilities of substance use disorders and associated risk factors: Progression from first use to use disorder on alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, sedatives and opioids
Marel, C., Sunderland, M., Mills, K. L., Slade, T., Teesson, M., & Chapman, C. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.010 · Cited by 114
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Temporal stability of the timeline followback interview for alcohol and drug use with psychiatric outpatients.
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Risk factors for depression and anxiety in abstainers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers
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“The literature also suggests substantial barriers to mental health or substance abuse treatment (2,8,9).”
Background
Frontotemporal white-matter microstructural abnormalities in adolescents with conduct disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study
Sarkar, S., Craig, M., Catani, M., Dell’Acqua, F., Fahy, T. A., Deeley, Q., & Murphy, D. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171200116x · Cited by 111
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Rao, U., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., Birmaher, B. B., Rao, R., Williamson, D. E., & Perel, J. M. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199909000-00014 · Cited by 110
Untitled work
(2003) · PubMed · Cited by 108
Disparities in Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening in Women with Mental Illness
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“The two sub-scales were significantly correlated, this correlation could be explained by the known comorbidity between depression and anxiety [55,79,80].”
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Substance Abuse With Mental Disorders: Specialized Public Systems And Integrated Care
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“National surveys suggest that fewer than half of those with past-year psychiatric disorders (including substance use disorders) receive any treatment (1,2).”
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“National surveys have found that the vast majority of affected persons do not receive treatment for both disorders—the most frequent treatment is for the mental disorder alone (Kessler et al., 1996).”
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“A high degree of comorbidity exists between major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance dependence disorder (Kessler et al. 1996; Robins and Regier 1991).”
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“more studies are needed to clarify why males are particularly vulnerable to drug dependence when coupled with cancer diagnosis.Assessment and prevention of drug dependence among cancer survivors should take other co-occurring mental disorders into consideration, given that co-occurrence of addictive disorder and other…”
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Self-medication of mood and anxiety disorders with marijuana: Higher in states with medical marijuana laws
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“Approximately two thirds of individuals with mental illness do not seek treatment (Kessler et al., 1996).”
Background
Links Between Depression and Substance Abuse in Adolescents
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Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats
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“In addition, epidemiological studies reveal that the incidence of depression in psychostimulant users is significantly higher than expected based on community samples ( Kessler et al. 1996 ).”
Background
Dual Diagnosis and Quality of Life in Patients in Treatment for Opioid Dependence
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“E-mail: sert-dfa@asbz.it 1765 estimated prevalence of dual diagnosis is 3% in the U.S. general population (Regier et al., 1990; Watkins et al., 2001; Kessler et al., 1996).”
Background
Impact of Program Services on Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Comorbid Mental and Substance Use Disorders
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“General population surveys and clinical studies have demonstrated that a majority of individuals with drug abuse problems have a co-occurring mental disorder (1-3).”
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Prevalence of Axis-1 psychiatric (with focus on depression and anxiety) disorder and symptomatology among non-medical prescription opioid users in substance use treatment: Systematic review and meta-analyses
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“It includes four main variables: [1] the educational level of the father and mother, [2] the occupation of the father and mother, [3] total family income, and [4] lifestyle of the family [14].”
Background
Cannabis dependence in the San Francisco Family Study: Age of onset of use, DSM-IV symptoms, withdrawal, and heritability
Ehlers, C. L., Gizer, I. R., Vieten, C., Gilder, D. A., Stouffer, G. M., Lau, P., & Wilhelmsen, K. C. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.009 · Cited by 105
“However, this limitation reduces external validity and clinical applicability since the co-occurrence of mental health disorders and substance abuse is common (Kessler et al., 1996).”
Background
Female Juvenile Offenders: Defining an Early-Onset Pathway for Delinquency
Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2004) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/b:jcfs.0000044726.07272.b5 · Cited by 100
“that the outcomes for adolescent girls with severe antisocial behavior include various negative health and mental health risks, including participation in healthrisking sexual behavior, psychiatric illness, substance dependence, school dropout, mortality, and continued criminal behavior (Bardone, Moffitt, & Caspi, 199…”
Background

Authors: Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Edlund, M. J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
Harvard University (US)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Kessler, Ronald C.
Nelson, Christopher B.
Edlund, Mark J.
Frank, Richard G.
Venue: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996
Volume: 66
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-31
ISSN: 0002-9432 (ISSN-L)
1939-0025
DOI: 10.1037/h0080151
OpenAlex: W2058704610
Cited by: 1,378
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 26.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Keywords: co-occurring disorders, substance use disorders, mental illness, comorbidity prevalence, treatment utilization, mental health services, prevention, National Comorbidity Survey
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Humans, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Behavior, Addictive, Age of Onset, Age Distribution

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The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: Implications for prevention and service utilization.

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