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They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal dehumanization.
Open accessAbstract
Although the act of dehumanizing an outgroup is a pervasive and potent intergroup process that drives discrimination and conflict, no formal research has examined the consequences of being dehumanized by an outgroup-that is, "metadehumanization." Across 10 studies (N = 3,440) involving several real-world conflicts spanning 3 continents, we provide the first empirical evidence that metadehumanization (a) plays a central role in outgroup aggression that is (b) mediated by outgroup dehumanization, and (c) distinct from metaprejudice. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrate experimentally that Americans who learn that Arabs (Study 1a) or Muslims (Study 1b) blatantly dehumanize Americans are more likely to dehumanize that outgroup in return; by contrast, experimentally increasing outgroup dehumanization did not increase metadehumanization (Study 1c). Using correlational data, Study 2 documents indirect effects of metadehumanization on Americans' support for aggressive policies toward Arabs (e.g., torture) via Arab dehumanization. In the context of Hungarians and ethnic minority Roma, Study 3 shows that the pathway for Hungarians from metadehumanization to aggression through outgroup dehumanization holds controlling for outgroup prejudice. Study 4 examines Israelis' metaperceptions with respect to Palestinians, showing that: (a) feeling dehumanized (i.e., metadehumanization) is distinct from feeling disliked (i.e., metaprejudice), and (b) metadehumanization uniquely influences aggression through outgroup dehumanization, controlling for metaprejudice. Studies 5a and 5b explore Americans' metaperceptions regarding ISIS and Iran. We document a dehumanization-specific pathway from metadehumanization to aggressive attitudes and behavior that is distinct from the path from metaprejudice through prejudice to aggression. In Study 6, American participants learning that Muslims humanize Americans (i.e., metahumanization) humanize Muslims in turn. Finally, Study 7 experimentally contrasts metadehumanization and metahumanization primes, and shows that resulting differences in outgroup dehumanization are mediated by (a) perceived identity threat, and (b) a general desire to reciprocate the outgroup's perceptions of the ingroup. In summary, our research outlines how and why metadehumanization contributes to cycles of ongoing violence and animosity, providing direction for future research and policy. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Berendt, J., & Uhrich, S. (2018) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2018.1424226 · Cited by 30
Fontesse, S., Demoulin, S., Stinglhamber, F., de Timary, P., & Maurage, P. (2021) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.1058 · Cited by 29
“People who feel dehumanized also tend to dehumanize others in return (Kteily et al., 2016; Bruneau & Kteily, 2017), which is detrimental to their social interactions, as dehumanizing someone else can lead to negligence, maltreatments, and violent behaviors (Bandura, 1999; Kteily et al., 2015).”
BackgroundIntergroup preference, not dehumanization, explains social biases in emotion attribution
Enock, F. E., Tipper, S. P., & Over, H. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104865 · Cited by 28
Hiding in plain sight: Dehumanization as a foundation of white racial prejudice
Jardina, A. E., & Piston, S. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12913 · Cited by 29
Borinca, I., Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M., Andrighetto, L., & Halabi, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104140 · Cited by 27
Advancing research and practice of psychological intergroup interventions
Čehajić‐Clancy, S., & Halperin, E. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00330-z · Cited by 30
“You Little Creep”: Evidence of Blatant Dehumanization of Short Groups
Kunst, J. R., Kteily, N., & Thomsen, L. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617740613 · Cited by 26
Self-citationMindsets and mirrors: How growth mindsets shape anthropomorphism in AI‐enabled technologies
Chen, Q. Q., & Yi, Y. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22108 · Cited by 26
“As discussed earlier, an increase in perceived threat can lead to a tendency to dehumanize (Kteily et al., 2016; Liying et al., 2024).”
Illusory interparty disagreement: Partisans agree on what hate speech to censor but do not know it
Solomon, B. C., Hall, M. E. K., Hemmen, A., & Druckman, J. N. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2402428121 · Cited by 29
Acceptance of Medical Treatment Regimens Provided by AI vs. Human
Wu, J., Xu, L., Yu, F., & Peng, K. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12010110 · Cited by 27
Interacting with agents without a mind: the case for artificial agents
Geiselmann, R., Tsourgianni, A., Deroy, O. D., & Harris, L. T. (2023) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101282 · Cited by 24
After opening the black box: Meta-dehumanization matters in algorithm recommendation aversion
Chen, G., Dang, J., & Liu, L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108411 · Cited by 23
Amiot, C. E., Lizzio‐Wilson, M., Thomas, E. F., & Louis, W. R. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2659 · Cited by 31
Adherence to Misinformation on Social Media Through Socio-Cognitive and Group-Based Processes
Efstratiou, A., & Cristofaro, E. D. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555589 · Cited by 33
“, admiring) the ingroup also results in reciprocated humanization [78].”
BackgroundBanton, O., West, K., & Kinney, E. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12337 · Cited by 28
Strategies for the promotion of humanity attribution to outgroups
Vezzali, L., Capozza, D., Bernardo, G. A. D., Falvo, R., Stathi, S., & Hodson, G. (2021) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2021.1963156 · Cited by 23
“There is preliminary but strong evidence that perceiving that an outgroup sees one’s ingroup as human decreases dehumanisation of said outgroup, a process that is in turn associated with reduced prejudice and hostility (Kteily et al., 2016; Pavetich & Stathi, 2021a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSpatola, N., Marchesi, S., & Wykowska, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.666586 · Cited by 23
Capozza, D., Falvo, R., & Bernardo, G. A. D. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12692 · Cited by 23
Simon, J. C., & Gutsell, J. N. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219837348 · Cited by 22
Understanding the Terrorist Mind.
Bruneau, E. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 22
Self-citationBorinca, I., Çelik, P., & Storme, M. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12864 · Cited by 22
Dehumanization: Beyond the Intergroup to the Interpersonal
Karantzas, G. C., Simpson, J. A., & Haslam, N. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231204196 · Cited by 22
“This phenomenon mirrors the processes of meta-dehumanization and reciprocal dehumanization observed in research on intergroup dehumanization (Kteily et al., 2016).”
BackgroundOvergaard, C. S. B. (2024) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051241232662 · Cited by 22
“…both Democrats and Republicans believe they are disliked more by their outparty members than is the case (Study 1), echoes the idea that people have overly negative meta-perceptions about their political adversaries (Moore-Berg et al., 2020) and outgroup members more broadly (Kteily et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMiraglia, L., Peretti, G., Manzi, F., Dio, C. D., Massaro, D., & Marchetti, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.999921 · Cited by 21
“, 2020a) and social evaluation processes (Kteily et al., 2016).”
Lay theories about collective power in the context of racial oppression
Twali, M. S., Overstreet, N. M., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2951 · Cited by 22
Fontesse, S., Stinglhamber, F., Demoulin, S., Chevallereau, T., de Timary, P., Cappeliez, B., Bon, F., Geus, C., Talent, J., Ayache, L., et al. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106425 · Cited by 21
Livingstone, A., Windeatt, S., Nesbitt, L., Kerry, J., Barr, S. A., Ashman, L., Ayers, R. S., Bibby, H., Boswell, E., Brown, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104028 · Cited by 22
Kossek, E. E., Ladge, J. J., Little, L. M., Loyd, D. L., Smith, A. N., & Tinsley, C. H. (2024) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2024.104336 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Kteily, N., Hodson, G., & Bruneau, E.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Brock University (CA)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 343-370
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2296577595
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 64.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repository.upenn.edu
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Keywords
- intergroup aggression, intergroup conflict, outgroup prejudice, Arab-Muslim relations, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Roma, ISIS, Iran
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Female, Group Processes, Romani People, Humans, Hungary, Islam, Israel, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, United States, Arabs, Dehumanization
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