Survival of the Friendliest: Homo sapiens Evolved via Selection for Prosociality

Hare, Brian

doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201

Cited by 444Language and cultural evolutionEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorPrimate Behavior and Ecology

Survival of the Friendliest: Homo sapiens Evolved via Selection for Prosociality

Hare, Brian·2017·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201

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Abstract

The challenge of studying human cognitive evolution is identifying unique features of our intelligence while explaining the processes by which they arose. Comparisons with nonhuman apes point to our early-emerging cooperative-communicative abilities as crucial to the evolution of all forms of human cultural cognition, including language. The human self-domestication hypothesis proposes that these early-emerging social skills evolved when natural selection favored increased in-group prosociality over aggression in late human evolution. As a by-product of this selection, humans are predicted to show traits of the domestication syndrome observed in other domestic animals. In reviewing comparative, developmental, neurobiological, and paleoanthropological research, compelling evidence emerges for the predicted relationship between unique human mentalizing abilities, tolerance, and the domestication syndrome in humans. This synthesis includes a review of the first a priori test of the self-domestication hypothesis as well as predictions for future tests.

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From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [34]
Anatomically modern humans exhibit a suite of craniofacial and prosocial characteristics reminiscent of traits distinguishing domesticated species from their wild counterparts.
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From Dosage analysis of the 7q11.23 Williams region identifies BAZ1B as a major human gene patterning the modern human face and underlying self-domestication (2019) · cites this paper as [2]

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The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence
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The taming of the neural crest: a developmental perspective on the origins of morphological covariation in domesticated mammals.
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Response of Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Altruistic Behavior
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Effects of Tryptophan Depletion on the Performance of an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game in Healthy Adults
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A comparison of brain gene expression levels in domesticated and wild animals
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Apes' and children's understanding of cooperative and competitive motives in a communicative situation
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Thin on the Ground
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The Eyes as Windows Into Other Minds
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The blue lizard spandrel and the island syndrome
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Breed differences in domestic dogs’ (Canis familiaris) comprehension of human communicative signals
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Citizen Science as a New Tool in Dog Cognition Research
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The evolution of language from social cognition
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Observant, nonaggressive temperament predicts theory‐of‐mind development
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A comparison of temperament in nonhuman apes and human infants
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Social Attention in the Two Species of Pan: Bonobos Make More Eye Contact than Chimpanzees
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Differential Prefrontal White Matter Development in Chimpanzees and Humans
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Unconscious discrimination of social cues from eye whites in infants
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Bonobos and chimpanzees infer the target of another’s attention
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The Social dog: behavior and cognition
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Eat first, share later: Hadza hunter–gatherer men consume more while foraging than in central places
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Watching eyes on potential litter can reduce littering: evidence from two field experiments
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Aggression—Interactions of serotonin and testosterone in healthy men and women
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Is domestication driven by reduced fear of humans? Boldness, metabolism and serotonin levels in divergently selected red junglefowl ( Gallus gallus )
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Bonobos have a more human-like second-to-fourth finger length ratio (2D:4D) than chimpanzees: a hypothesized indication of lower prenatal androgens
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Why What Juveniles Do Matters in the Evolution of Cooperative Breeding
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Human Sclera Maintains Common Characteristics with Cartilage throughout Evolution
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Uniquely human self‐control begins at school age
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Gorillas with white sclera: A naturally occurring variation in a morphological trait linked to social cognitive functions
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Influences of Serotonin and Testosterone in Aggression and Dominance
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Bonobos: Unique in Mind, Brain and Behavior
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Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus , Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus
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Rate of metabolism in the smallest simian primate, the pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea)
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TO BARK OR NOT TO BARK: VOCALIZATIONS BY RED FOXES SELECTED FOR TAMENESS OR AGGRESSIVENESS TOWARD HUMANS
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Moving bonobos off the scientifically endangered list
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Social Safety Theory: A Biologically Based Evolutionary Perspective on Life Stress, Health, and Behavior
Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
“Ultimately, these abilities led to a strong preference for others who are friendly, emotionally warm, and socially safe (Hare 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Two types of aggression in human evolution.
Wrangham, R. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1713611115 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns
Grossmann, I., Weststrate, N. M., Ardelt, M., Brienza, J. P., Dong, M., Ferrari, M., Fournier, M. A., Hu, C. S., Nusbaum, H. C., & Vervaeke, J. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750917 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Voice in Human–Agent Interaction: A Survey
Seaborn, K., Miyake, N. P., Pennefather, P., & Otake-Matsuura, M. (2022) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3386867 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Theory of mind in animals: current and future directions
Krupenye, C., & Call, J. (2019) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1503 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics
Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O’Rourke, T., Samuels, B. D., Messner, A., Martins, P. T., Delogu, F., Alamri, S., & Boeckx, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour
MacLean, E. L., Snyder-Mackler, N., vonHoldt, B. M., & Serpell, J. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0716 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Evaluating the self‐domestication hypothesis of human evolution
Sánchez‐Villagra, M. R., & van Schaik, C. P. (2019) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.21777 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Validation of salivary oxytocin and vasopressin as biomarkers in domestic dogs
MacLean, E. L., Gesquiere, L. R., Gee, N., Levy, K., Martin, W. L., & Carter, C. S. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.033 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Social rewards: From basic social building blocks to complex social behavior
Tamir, D. I., & Hughes, B. L. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618776263 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dosage analysis of the 7q11.23 Williams region identifies BAZ1B as a major human gene patterning the modern human face and underlying self-domestication
Zanella, M., Vitriolo, A., Andirko, A., Martins, P. T., Sturm, S., O’Rourke, T., Laugsch, M., Malerba, N., Skaros, A., Trattaro, S., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7908 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication
Wrangham, R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01914 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Comparing wolves and dogs: current status and implications for human ‘self-domestication’
Range, F., & Marshall-Pescini, S. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.01.003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Later, it was suggested that these changes also extend to conspecifics and that a similar process occurred during human evolution (HSD Hypothesis [4,47]).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychedelics, Sociality, and Human Evolution
Rodríguez Arce, J. M., & Winkelman, M. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729425 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Supraorbital morphology and social dynamics in human evolution
Godinho, R. M., Spikins, P., & O’Higgins, P. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0528-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Scleral pigmentation leads to conspicuous, not cryptic, eye morphology in chimpanzees
Perea-García, J. O., Kret, M. E., Monteiro, A., & Hobaiter, C. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1911410116 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Glutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution
O’Rourke, T., & Boeckx, C. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ocular pigmentation in humans, great apes, and gibbons is not suggestive of communicative functions
Caspar, K. R., Biggemann, M., Geissmann, T., & Begall, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92348-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Distribution of brain oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptors in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): comparison with humans and other primate species
Rogers Flattery, C. N., Coppeto, D. J., Inoue, K., Rilling, J. K., Preuss, T. M., & Young, L. J. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02369-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The sociability spectrum: evidence from reciprocal genetic copy number variations
López-Tobón, A., Trattaro, S., & Testa, G. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00347-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Shrunken social brains? a minimal model of the role of social interaction in neural complexity.
Reséndiz-Benhumea, G. M., Sangati, E., Sangati, F., Keshmiri, S., & Froese, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2021.634085 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The adaptive significance of human scleral brightness: an experimental study
Wacewicz, S., Perea-García, J. O., Lewandowski, Z., & Danel, D. P. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24403-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The role of religion in adolescent mental health: faith as a moderator of the relationship between distrust and depression
Tsomokos, D. I., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2024) · Religion, Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2023.2248230 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Scleral appearance is not a correlate of domestication in mammals
Caspar, K. R., Hüttner, L., & Begall, S. (2023) · Zoological Letters · doi:10.1186/s40851-023-00210-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Authors: Hare, B.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
Corresponding author: Hare, Brian
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2017-01-03
Volume: 68
Issue: 1
Pages: 155-186
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044201
OpenAlex: W2531505017
Semantic Scholar: 85a93b497c1862a88b7313e5f5dd5d340f4f5b7f
Cited by: 444
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 18
FWCI: 19.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: prosocial behavior, human cognitive evolution, domestication syndrome, in-group cooperation, aggression, language evolution, mentalization, tolerance, social cognition, human evolution
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Animal, Communication, Cooperative Behavior, Biological Evolution, Humans, Intelligence, Social Behavior, Temperament

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Survival of the Friendliest: Homo sapiens Evolved via Selection for Prosociality

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