Cited by 422Medical Imaging Techniques and ApplicationsFunctional Brain Connectivity StudiesAdvanced MRI Techniques and Applications

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Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography

Fox, Peter T., Mintun, Mark A., Raichle, Marcus E., Miezin, Francis M., Allman, John M., Van Essen, David C.·1986·Nature

DOI 10.1038/323806a0

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Abstract

Positron-emission tomography (PET) can localize functions of the human brain by imaging regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during voluntary behaviour. Functional brain mapping with PET, however, has been hindered by PET's poor spatial resolution (typically greater than 1 cm). We have developed an image-analysis strategy that can map functional zones not resolved by conventional PET images. Brain areas selectively activated by a behavioural task can be isolated by subtracting a paired control-state image from the task-state image, thereby removing areas not recruited by the task. When imaged in isolation the centre of an activated area can be located very precisely. This allows subtle shifts in response locale due to changes in task to be detected readily despite poor spatial resolution. As an initial application of this strategy we mapped the retinal projection topography of human primary visual cortex. Functional zones separated by less than 3 mm (centre-to-centre) were differentiated using PET CBF images with a spatial resolution of 18 mm. This technique is not limited to a particular brain area or type of behaviour but does require that the increase in CBF produced by the task be both intense and focal.

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A Non-cognitive Behavioral Model for Interpreting Functional Neuroimaging Studies
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“This conclusion was based on several lines of evidence including measurements suggesting low energy costs of action potentials extrapolated to the human brain (Creutzfeldt, 1975), findings from PET of a very small energetic cost for cortical activation due to preferential use of glycolysis (Fox et al., 1986), as well…”
BackgroundMethod
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Conscious Marmoset Monkeys: Methods and Applications in Neuroscience Research
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The Human Primary Visual Cortex
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The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
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Quantitative measurement using fMRI
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“These results are contrary to other studies that found no activation in this area to vibration or light touch stimulation on the skin (Coghill et al., 1994; Fox et al., 1986, 1987; Pardo et al., 1991; Seitz and Roland, 1992).”
ResultInfluential
Modeling the Interactions of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Guidance in Visual Attention
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“Sensory information is distributed to several distinct retinotopically organized visual feature maps (see [22][ 23 ] for neurological support).”
Background
Localization of the Central Sulcus and Adjacent Sulci in Human
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The effects of single-trial averaging on the temporal resolution of functional MRI
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Method
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Neuroanatomical analysis of functional brain images: Validation with retinotopic mapping
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“The familiar retinotopic mapping paradigm is used for this validation (Fox et al., 1986).”
Method
Apparent water diffusion measurements in electrically stimulated neural tissue
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Common functional pathways for texture and form vision: A single case study
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Imaging in the 21st century
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Optical Imaging of Functional Architecture in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
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Localized metabolic responses to optokinetic stimulation in the brain stem nuclei and the cerebellum investigated with the [14C]2-deoxyglucose method in rats
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Authors: Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., Allman, J. M., & Van Essen, D. C.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
California Institute of Technology (US)
ORCID: Fox, Peter T.
Raichle, Marcus E.
Miezin, Francis M.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1986-10
Volume: 323
Issue: 6091
Pages: 806-809
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/323806a0
OpenAlex: W1994364310
Cited by: 422
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 12.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Keywords: functional brain mapping, primary visual cortex, regional cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, spatial resolution, image subtraction, visual cortex
MeSH terms: Cerebrovascular Circulation, Humans, Image Enhancement, Regional Blood Flow, Subtraction Technique, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex

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Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography

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