Cited by 422Medical Imaging Techniques and ApplicationsFunctional Brain Connectivity StudiesAdvanced MRI Techniques and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography

Fox, Peter T., Mintun, Mark A., Raichle, Marcus E., Miezin, Francis M., Allman, John M., Van Essen, David C.·1986·Nature

DOI 10.1038/323806a0

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Positron-emission tomography (PET) can localize functions of the human brain by imaging regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during voluntary behaviour. Functional brain mapping with PET, however, has been hindered by PET's poor spatial resolution (typically greater than 1 cm). We have developed an image-analysis strategy that can map functional zones not resolved by conventional PET images. Brain areas selectively activated by a behavioural task can be isolated by subtracting a paired control-state image from the task-state image, thereby removing areas not recruited by the task. When imaged in isolation the centre of an activated area can be located very precisely. This allows subtle shifts in response locale due to changes in task to be detected readily despite poor spatial resolution. As an initial application of this strategy we mapped the retinal projection topography of human primary visual cortex. Functional zones separated by less than 3 mm (centre-to-centre) were differentiated using PET CBF images with a spatial resolution of 18 mm. This technique is not limited to a particular brain area or type of behaviour but does require that the increase in CBF produced by the task be both intense and focal.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/323806a0

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Handbook of Sensory Physiology
Sanders, M. D. (1975) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.59.2.111-c · Cited by 7,166
Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects.
Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.4.1140 · Cited by 2,056
The representation of the visual field on the cerebral cortex in monkeys
Daniel, P. M., & Whitteridge, D. (1961) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006803 · Cited by 1,147
Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. II. Implementation and validation.
Raichle, M. E., Martin, W. R. W., Herscovitch, P., Mintun, M. A., & Markham, J. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 1,015
The visual field representation in striate cortex of the macaque monkey: Asymmetries, anisotropies, and individual variability
Essen, D. C. V., Newsome, W. T., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1984) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(84)90041-5 · Cited by 938
Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis.
Herscovitch, P., Markham, J., & Raichle, M. E. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 835
An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor
Rovamo, J. M., & Virsu, V. (1979) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00236819 · Cited by 794
A Stereotactic Method of Anatomical Localization for Positron Emission Tomography
Fox, P. T., Perlmutter, J. S., & Raichle, M. E. (1985) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-198501000-00025 · Cited by 576
DISTURBANCES OF VISION BY CEREBRAL LESIONS
Holmes, G. (1918) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2.7.353 · Cited by 552
Stimulus rate dependence of regional cerebral blood flow in human striate cortex, demonstrated by positron emission tomography
Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1984) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1984.51.5.1109 · Cited by 500

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 22 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Westheimer, G. Invest, ophthal. vis. Sci. 18, 893–912 (1979).
Herscovitch, P., Markham, J & Raichle, M. E. J. nucl. Med. 24, 782–789 (1983).
Raichle, M. E., Martin, W. R. W., Herscovitch, P., Mintun, M. A. & Markham, J. J. nucl. Med. 24, 790–798 (1983).

Sorted by citations

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 · Cited by 4,212
The brain's default mode network
Raichle, M. E. (2015) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030 · Cited by 3,904
Self-citation
Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/331585a0 · Cited by 2,593
Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation
Bandettini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Hinks, R. S., Tikofsky, R. S., & Hyde, J. S. (1992) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910250220 · Cited by 1,935
Automated manifold surgery: constructing geometrically accurate and topologically correct models of the human cerebral cortex
Fischl, B. R., Liu, A., & Dale, A. M. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.906426 · Cited by 1,755
A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex
Zeki, S., Watson, J. D. G., Lueck, C. J., Friston, K. J., Christopher Kennard, C., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-03-00641.1991 · Cited by 1,717
“The only comparable method of image analysis in the literature is that described by Fox et al. (1986) .”
Method
Interpreting the BOLD Signal
Logothetis, N. K., & Wandell, B. A. (2004) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.082602.092845 · Cited by 1,568
Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging
Belliveau, J. W., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J., & Rosen, B. R. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1948051 · Cited by 1,883
Localization of Cognitive Operations in the Human Brain
Posner, M. I., Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3289116 · Cited by 1,436
Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-wake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study
Braun, A. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.7.1173 · Cited by 1,268
“When a subtractive approach is used, such as that applied in the present study, the centre of an activated area can often be located with relative precision despite the limited spatial resolution of the PET technique (Fox et al., 1986).”
Method
Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Processing of Singe Words
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M. A., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1989.1.2.153 · Cited by 1,298
“These newer techniques have been used to make precise anatomical-functional correlations in the primary and secondary sensory and motor areas of the human brain (e.g., the mapping of the visual field onto primary visual cortex, see Fox, Mintun, Raichle, Miezin, Allman, & Van Essen, 1986; Fox, Miezin, Allman, Van Essen…”
Positron emission tomography provides molecular imaging of biological processes
Phelps, M. E. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.16.9226 · Cited by 1,258
Interactions Between Electrical Activity and Cortical Microcirculation Revealed by Imaging Spectroscopy: Implications for Functional Brain Mapping
Malonek, D., & Grinvald, A. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5261.551 · Cited by 1,109
The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli
Zald, D. H. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00248-5 · Cited by 1,062
The functional organization of human extrastriate cortex: a PET-rCBF study of selective attention to faces and locations
Haxby, J., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Maisog, J. M., Pietrini, P., & Grady, C. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-11-06336.1994 · Cited by 1,065
“Functional brain imaging studies have confirmed the retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex (Fox et al., 1986, 1987; Schneider et al., 1993) and have identified a small number of foci in extrastriate cortex associated with the perception of color, movement, shape, faces, and spatial…”
Background
Dissociation of object and spatial visual processing pathways in human extrastriate cortex.
Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Mishkin, M., Carson, R. E., Herscovitch, P., Schapiro, M. B., & Rapoport, S. I. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.5.1621 · Cited by 1,041
Behavioral interpretations of intrinsic connectivity networks
Laird, A. R., Fox, P. M., Eickhoff, S. B., Turner, J. A., Ray, K. L., McKay, D. R., Glahn, D. C., Beckmann, C. F., Smith, S. M., & Fox, P. T. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00077 · Cited by 1,023
“…et al., 2008; Damoiseaux et al., 2006; De Luca et al., 2006; Beckmann et al., 2005), with functional properties that agree with previous evidence for retinotopic organization differentiating macular and full field stimulus presentations (e.g., words vs. checker-board patterns; Fox et al., 1986).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
fMRI of human visual cortex
Engel, S. A., Rumelhart, D. E., Wandell, B. A., Lee, A. T.-J., Glover, G. H., Chichilnisky, E. J., & Shadlen, M. N. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/369525a0 · Cited by 977
The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal.
Logothetis, N. (2002) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1114 · Cited by 1,031
“Research over the last decade has established that BOLD contrast depends not only on blood oxygenation but also on CBF and CBV, representing a complex response controlled by several parameters (Ogawa et al. 1993, 1998; Weisskoff et al. 1994; Kennan et al. 1994; Boxerman et al. 1995a,b; Buxton & Frank 1997; Van Zijl et…”
MethodInfluential
Cortical functional architecture and local coupling between neuronal activity and the microcirculation revealed by in vivo high-resolution optical imaging of intrinsic signals.
Frostig, R. D., Lieke, E. E., Ts’o, D. Y., & Grinvald, A. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.16.6082 · Cited by 959
Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements in healthy subjects
Stephan, K. M., Fink, G. R., Passingham, R. E., Silbersweig, D., Ceballos-Baumann, A., Frith, C., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.373 · Cited by 939
“Fox et al. ( 1986) have shown that differences in position in subtracted scans as small as 2-3 mm can represent meaningful physiological differences.”
Background
Hypofrontality in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients and in Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia
Andreasen, N. C. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820120031006 · Cited by 883
Activation of Extrastriate and Frontal Cortical Areas by Visual Words and Word-Like Stimuli
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2396097 · Cited by 821
Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation
Zald, D. H., & Pardo, J. V. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119 · Cited by 863
The Role of Area 17 in Visual Imagery: Convergent Evidence from PET and rTMS
Kosslyn, S. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Félician, O., Camposano, S. E., Keenan, J. P., L., W., Thompson, Ganis, G., Sukel, K. E., & Alpert, N. M. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.167 · Cited by 756
Mental imagery: In search of a theory
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000043 · Cited by 753
Microscopic susceptibility variation and transverse relaxation: Theory and experiment
Weisskoff, R. M., Zuo, C. S., Boxerman, J. L., & Rosen, B. R. (1994) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910310605 · Cited by 714
Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria
Drevets, W. C., Gautier, C., Price, J. C., Kupfer, D. J., Kinahan, P. E., Grace, A. A., Price, J. L., & Mathis, C. A. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01038-6 · Cited by 706
“The ability to assess relative differences in radiotracer concentration across conditions in ROI separated by less than the FWHM resolution is central to PET's utility in localizing voxels of maximal difference or correlation in brain mapping studies (Fox et al 1986; Friston et al 1996).”
Background
Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Klm, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378496a0 · Cited by 701
Visual Mental Imagery Activates Topographically Organized Visual Cortex: PET Investigations
Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Maljkovic, V., Weise, S. B., Chabris, C. F., Hamilton, S. E., Rauch, S. L., & Buonanno, F. S. (1993) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1993.5.3.263 · Cited by 643
“Fox et al. (1986) examined activation caused by alternating checkerboard stimuli that subtended means of 0.07, 3.5, and 10.5” of visual angle; these centroids were (translated into Talairach & Tournoux, 1988 coordinates courtesy of S. Petersen) -83.7, -77.7, and -74.18 mm posterior to the AC,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Topographical Variation of the Human Primary Cortices: Implications for Neuroimaging, Brain Mapping, and Neurobiology
Rademacher, J., Caviness, V. S., Steinmetz, H., & Galaburda, A. M. (1993) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/3.4.313 · Cited by 612
Functional cerebral imaging by susceptibility‐contrast NMR
Belliveau, J. W., Rosen, B. R., Kantor, H. L., Rzedzian, R. R., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Vevea, J. M., Cohen, M. S., Pykett, I. L., & Brady, T. J. (1990) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910140311 · Cited by 566
Functional imaging of the monkey brain
Logothetis, N. K., GUGGENBERGER, H., Peled, S., & Pauls, J. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/9210 · Cited by 539
“The early dip (1) was observed in striate cortex but not in the region of the sagittal sinus (2).”
Background
SPM: A history
Ashburner, J. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.025 · Cited by 522
When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery?
Kosslyn, S. M., & Thompson, W. L. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.723 · Cited by 515
Enhanced Detection of Focal Brain Responses Using Intersubject Averaging and Change-Distribution Analysis of Subtracted PET Images
Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Reiman, E. M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1988.111 · Cited by 498
Glucose metabolism in the amygdala in depression: relationship to diagnostic subtype and plasma cortisol levels
Drevets, W. C., Price, J. L., Bardgett, M. E., Reich, T., Todd, R. D., & Raichle, M. E. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00687-6 · Cited by 457
The restless brain: How intrinsic activity organizes brain function
Raichle, M. E. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0172 · Cited by 433
“Despite our commitment to the strategies of cognitive psychology in our experiments we routinely obtained resting state scans in all of our experiments, which was a carry-over habit from experiments involving simple sensory stimuli [35] where the control state was simply the absence of the stimulus (i.”
MethodSelf-citation
Neural Representation and the Cortical Code
deCharms, R. C., & Zador, A. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.613 · Cited by 404
“…(Felleman & Van Essen 1991, Gilbert et al 1990, Kaas 1987, Ungerleider & Mishkin 1982, ZolaMorgan & Squire 1993), physiological methodologies (Fox et al 1986, Raichle 1994), unique physiological properties (Llinas 1990, Miyashita 1988, Miyashita & Chang 1988, Sakai & Miyashita 1991, Steriade…”
Background
Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans
Zald, D. H. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1143 · Cited by 385
“Images were blurred with a 3-pixel 3D Gaussian filter producing a final image resolution of ~10 mm full-width at half-maximum and a mapping resolution of ,2 mm (Fox et al., 1986).”
Method
In Vivo Mammalian Brain Imaging Using One- and Two-Photon Fluorescence Microendoscopy
Jung, J. C., Mehta, A. D., Aksay, E. R. F., Stepnoski, R. A., & Schnitzer, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00234.2004 · Cited by 382
Human Cerebral Cortex: Localization, Parcellation, and Morphometry with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Rademacher, J., Galaburda, A. M., Kennedy, D. N., Filipek, P. A., & Caviness, V. S. (1992) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1992.4.4.352 · Cited by 379
Imaging retinotopic maps in the human brain
Wandell, B. A., & Winawer, J. A. (2010) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.004 · Cited by 403
“The strong response to moving stimuli on the lateral occipital lobe was first measured using PET (Watson et al., 1993; Zeki et al., 1991) (Fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Neural dynamics of 1-D and 2-D brightness perception: A unified model of classical and recent phenomena
Grossberg, S., & Todorović, D. (1988) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207869 · Cited by 370
Retinotopic organization of human visual cortex mapped with positron- emission tomography
Fox, P. T., Miezin, F. M., Allman, J. M., Essen, D. C. V., & Raichle, M. E. (1987) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.07-03-00913.1987 · Cited by 364
Nonlinear Aspects of the BOLD Response in Functional MRI
Vazquez, A. L., & Noll, D. C. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0316 · Cited by 364
“The end result is a decrease in the local concentration of venous deoxyhemoglobin (Fox et al., 1986; Fox and Raichle, 1986; Phelps et al., 1981; Prichard et al., 1991; Raichle et al., 1976; Fox et al., 1992).”
Background
Mental images and the Brain
Kosslyn, S. M. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290442000130 · Cited by 386
Retinotopic mapping of adult human visual cortex with high-density diffuse optical tomography
Zeff, B. W., White, B. R., Dehghani, H., Schlaggar, B. L., & Culver, J. P. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0611266104 · Cited by 353
New images from human visual cortex
Tootell, R. B. H., Dale, A. M., Sereno, M. I., & Malach, R. (1996) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)10053-9 · Cited by 347
Functional neuroimaging of the olfactory system in humans
Zald, D. H., & Pardo, J. V. (2000) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00110-5 · Cited by 334
Circulatory and Metabolic Correlates of Brain Function in Normal Humans
Raichle, M. E. (1987) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010516 · Cited by 333
Gyri of the human neocortex: an MRI-based analysis of volume and variance
Kennedy, D. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.4.372 · Cited by 323
?Matched filters? ? neural models of the external world
Wehner, R. (1987) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/bf00603659 · Cited by 327
Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack.
Reiman, E., Raichle, M., Robins, E., Mintun, M., Fusselman, M. J., Fox, P. T., Price, J., & Hackman, K. A. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810060013003 · Cited by 319
The “wet mind”: Water and functional neuroimaging
Bihan, D. L. (2007) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/7/r02 · Cited by 320
Increased Cortical Oxidative Metabolism Due to Sensory Stimulation: Implications for Functional Brain Imaging
Vanzetta, I., & Grinvald, A. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5444.1555 · Cited by 319
Automatic Atlas-Based Volume Estimation of Human Brain Regions from MR Images
Andreasen, N. C., Rajarethinam, R., Cizadlo, T., Arndt, S. V., Swayze, V. W., Flashman, L. A., OʼLeary, D. S., Ehrhardt, J. C., & Yuh, W. T. C. (1996) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-199601000-00018 · Cited by 312
Comparison of functional activation foci in children and adults using a common stereotactic space
Kang, H. C., Burgund, E. D., Lugar, H. M., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00038-7 · Cited by 299
Susceptibility contrast imaging of cerebral blood volume: Human experience
Rosen, B. R., Belliveau, J. W., Aronen, H. J., Kennedy, D. N., Buchbinder, B. R., Fischman, A. J., Gruber, M. L., Glas, J., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., et al. (1991) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910220227 · Cited by 300
The temporal response of the brain after eating revealed by functional MRI
Liu, Y., Gao, J., Liu, H., & Fox, P. T. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35016590 · Cited by 291
“Brain activation forms spatial clusters or local maxim”
Background
The neurology of saccades and covert shifts in spatial attention
Perry, R. J., & Zeki, S. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2273 · Cited by 289
“Note vision is represented posteriorly, and peripheral vision mainly contralateral activations in prestriate cortex and putamina, anteriorly (Förster, 1890; Fox et al., 1986).”
Background
Mapping human somatosensory cortex with positron emission tomography
Fox, P. T., Burton, H., & Raichle, M. E. (1987) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1987.67.1.0034 · Cited by 271
Tactile motion activates the human middle temporal/V5 (MT/V5) complex
Hagen, M. C., Franzén, O. G., McGlone, F. P., Essick, G. K., Dancer, C., & Pardo, J. V. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02139.x · Cited by 253
“hMT/V5, human middle temporal/V5; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; rCBF, regional cerebral blood ¯ow.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Location of lesions in stroke patients with deficits in syntactic processing in sentence comprehension
Caplan, D. N., Hildebrandt, N., & Makris, N. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.3.933 · Cited by 243
“The subject was carefully positioned so that the imaging plane was parallel to the canthomeatal (CM) line, which runs almost parallel to the bicomissural (ACPC) line (Tokunaga et al., 1977; Fox et al., 1986).”
Background
Functional Imaging of the Human Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Pulvinar
Kastner, S., O'Connor, D. H., Fukui, M. M., Fehd, H. M., Herwig, U., & Pinsk, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00553.2003 · Cited by 228
“…responses were evoked with flicker reversal rates of 7.5 Hz with little additional response increases above that frequency, in agreement with previous functional brain-imaging studies demonstrating peak responses evoked by stimuli flickering at 8 Hz in V1 (Fox et al. 1986; Kwong et al. 1992).”
ResultInfluential
A quantitative spatial comparison of high-density diffuse optical tomography and fMRI cortical mapping
Eggebrecht, A. T., White, B. R., Ferradal, S. L., Chen, C., Zhan, Y., Snyder, A. Z., Dehghani, H., & Culver, J. P. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.124 · Cited by 240
“Visual activations were used because they have served extensively as a substrate for validation by other neuroimaging methodologies (Belliveau et al., 1991; Engel et al., 1997; Fox et al., 1986; Fox et al., 1985) and because the structure and function of the visual cortex has been comprehensively mapped via invasive a…”
A Highly Accurate Method of Localizing Regions of Neuronal Activation in the Human Brain with Positron Emission Tomography
Mintun, M. A., Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1989.13 · Cited by 240
Noninvasive Functional Imaging of Human Brain Using Light
Benaron, D. A., Hintz, S. R., Villringer, A., Boas, D. A., Kleinschmidt, A. K., Frahm, J., Hirth, C., Obrig, H., van Houten, J. P., Kermit, E. L., et al. (2000) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200003000-00005 · Cited by 238
Mixed blocked/event-related designs separate transient and sustained activity in fMRI
Visscher, K. M., Miezin, F. M., Kelly, J. E., Buckner, R., Donaldson, D., McAvoy, M. P., Bhalodia, V. M., & Petersen, S. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00178-2 · Cited by 273
“Similar stimuli have been shown to elicit robust and well-localized hemodynamic responses (Fox et al., 1986; Boynton et al., 1996; Menon and Goodyear , 1999; Miezin et al., 2000; Ollinger et al., 2001b).”
Background
Visually evoked activity in cortical cells imaged in freely moving animals
Sawinski, J., Wallace, D. J., Greenberg, D. S., Grossmann, S., Denk, W. T., & Kerr, J. N. D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903680106 · Cited by 236
Frequency-Dependent Changes of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Finger Movements
Sadato, N., Ibañez, V., Deiber, M., Campbell, G., Leonardo, M., & Hallett, M. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199601000-00003 · Cited by 230
The cognitive neuroscience revolution
Boone, W., & Piccinini, G. (2015) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0783-4 · Cited by 232
In-vivo Optical Imaging of Cortical Architecture and Dynamics
Grinvald, A., Shoham, D., Shmuel, A., Glaser, D. E., Vanzetta, I., Shtoyerman, E., Slovin, H., Wijnbergen, C., Hildesheim, R., & Arieli, A. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58552-4_34 · Cited by 222
“Modern imaging techniques have indeed demonstrated that there is a strong coupling between neuronal activity, local metabolic activity, and blood flow (Kety et al., 1955; Lassen and Ingvar, 1961; Sokoloff, 1977; Raichle et al., 1983; Fox et al., 1986).”
Elevated Serotonin Transporter Binding in Major Depressive Disorder Assessed Using Positron Emission Tomography and [11C]DASB; Comparison with Bipolar Disorder
Cannon, D. M., Ichise, M., Rollis, D., Klaver, J. M., Gandhi, S. K., Charney, D. S., Manji, H. K., & Drevets, W. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.016 · Cited by 219
Identifying objects seen from different viewpoints A PET investigation
Kosslyn, S. M., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Chabris, C. F., Rauch, S. L., & Anderson, A. K. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.5.1055 · Cited by 215
“Holmes, 1918) and PET studies (Fox et al., 1986). Moreover, Kosslyn et al. (1993) used PET to show that topographically organized regions of visual cortex could be activated by visual mental imagery.”
Spatial and temporal limits in cognitive neuroimaging with fMRI
Menon, R. S., & Kim, S.-G. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01329-7 · Cited by 209
Brain Imaging: Applications in Psychiatry
Andreasen, N. C. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3279509 · Cited by 209
Functional and cortical adaptations to central vision loss
Cheung, S. H., & Legge, G. E. (2005) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523805222071 · Cited by 214
“~Fox et al., 1984!. Change in blood flow is marked by the preinjected radioactive water and can be imaged by a PET scanner.”
BackgroundMethod
Persistence of abnormal neural responses to a meal in postobese individuals
DelParigi, A., Chen, K., Salbe, A. D., Hill, J. O., Wing, R. R., Reiman, E. M., & Tataranni, P. A. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802558 · Cited by 189
Three-Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography of Human Brain Activity
Tidswell, T., Gibson, A. P., Bayford, R. H., & Holder, D. S. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0698 · Cited by 183
“These were: (1) The posterior quadrant of the EIT images, which corresponded to the visual cortex (Fox et al., 1986), or (2) The contralateral image quadrants to the moving or stimulated hand that corresponded to the contralateral motor (Kim et al., 1993) or somatosensory cortex (Ibanez et al.,…”
BackgroundMethod
Forward to the Past: The Case for Quantitative PET Imaging
Lammertsma, A. A. (2017) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.188029 · Cited by 177
“On the other hand, PET progressed into a more phenomenologic application, namely the detection of activated areas of CBF in the brain after a stimulus (22).”
Background
Neurocognitive Mechanisms
Piccinini, G. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.001.0001 · Cited by 179
Meta-Analysis in Human Neuroimaging: Computational Modeling of Large-Scale Databases
Fox, P. T., Lancaster, J. L., Laird, A. R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170320 · Cited by 176
“Although it was new to brain imaging, this strategy had been known to astronomers for centuries as “vernier acuity” and to vision scientists for decades as “hyperacuity” (Fox et al. 1986).”
Frequency-Dependent Changes of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Finger Movements: Functional MRI Compared to PET
Sadato, N., Ibañez, V., Campbell, G., Deiber, M., Bihan, D. L., & Hallett, M. (1997) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199706000-00008 · Cited by 172
If neuroimaging is the answer, what is the question?
Kosslyn, S. M. (1999) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0479 · Cited by 170
“For example, Fox et al. (1986) used PET to study the organization of Area 17 (primary visual cortex).”
MethodInfluential
Cognitive neuroscience: Origins and promise.
Posner, M. I., & DiGirolamo, G. J. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.873 · Cited by 171
Dynamic functional imaging of brain glucose utilization using fPET-FDG
Villien, M., Wey, H., Mandeville, J. B., Catana, C., Polimeni, J. R., Sander, C. Y. M., Zürcher, N. R., Chonde, D. B., Fowler, J. S., Rosen, B. R., et al. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.025 · Cited by 167
The Neuropsychology of the Prefrontal Cortex
Rezai, K., Andreasen, N. C., Alliger, R., Cohen, G., Swayze, V., & O'Leary, D. S. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540060066020 · Cited by 247
Cells of the Blood–Brain Barrier: An Overview of the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease
McConnell, H., & Mishra, A. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_1 · Cited by 174
Extensive Individual Differences in Brain Activations Associated with Episodic Retrieval are Reliable Over Time
Miller, M. B., Horn, J. D. V., Wolford, G., Handy, T. C., Valsangkar-Smyth, M., Inati, S., Grafton, S. T., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807203 · Cited by 158
“Group averaging, however, was quickly validated in these first studies by showing that retinotopic mapping of the primary visual cortex occurred in response to a flashing checkerboard in the appropriate visual field (Fox et al., 1986).”
Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Brain during Forepaw Stimulation
Hyder, F., Behar, K. L., Martin, M. A., Blamire, A. M., & Shulman, R. G. (1994) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1994.81 · Cited by 157
Analysis of Individual Positron Emission Tomography Activation Maps by Detection of High Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Pixel Clusters
Poline, J., & Mazoyer, B. M. (1993) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1993.57 · Cited by 155
Variation of perisylvian and calcarine anatomic landmarks within stereotaxic proportional coordinates.
Steinmetz, H., Fürst, G., & Freund, H. (1990) · PubMed Central · Cited by 152
Cortical magnification and peripheral vision
Virsu, V., Näsänen, R., & Osmoviita, K. (1987) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.4.001568 · Cited by 152
The roles of changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration and regional cerebral blood volume in the fMRI BOLD signal
Toronov, V., Walker, S., Gupta, R., Choi, J. H., Gratton, E., Hueber, D. M., & WEBB, A. G. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00152-6 · Cited by 147
“Many studies have focused on assessment of the roles of various parameters characterizing this mechanism (Vanzetta and Grinvald, 1999; Ugurbil et al., 2000; Fox et al., 1986; Belliveau et al., 1991; Buxton et al., 1998; Feng et al., 2001; Hess et al., 2000).”
Wavelength dependence of the precision of noninvasive optical measurement of oxy‐, deoxy‐, and total‐hemoglobin concentration
Yamashita, Y., Maki, A., & Koizumi, H. (2001) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1118/1.1373401 · Cited by 139
Brain-imaging studies of cognitive functions
Sergent, J. (1994) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90002-7 · Cited by 138
A motion area in human visual cortex.
Orban, G. A., Dupont, P. J., Bruyn, B. D., Vogels, R., Vandenberghe, R. R., & Mortelmans, L. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.993 · Cited by 133
Images of the Mind: Studies with Modern Imaging Techniques
Raichle, M. E. (1994) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.002001 · Cited by 134
Brain Glucose Metabolism in Postanoxic Syndrome
Devolder, A. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530020103022 · Cited by 130

Authors: Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., Allman, J. M., & Van Essen, D. C.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
California Institute of Technology (US)
ORCID: Fox, Peter T.
Raichle, Marcus E.
Miezin, Francis M.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1986-10
Volume: 323
Issue: 6091
Pages: 806-809
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/323806a0
OpenAlex: W1994364310
Cited by: 422
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 12.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Keywords: functional brain mapping, primary visual cortex, regional cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, spatial resolution, image subtraction, visual cortex
MeSH terms: Cerebrovascular Circulation, Humans, Image Enhancement, Regional Blood Flow, Subtraction Technique, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks