The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography
Abstract
Positron-emission tomography (PET) can localize functions of the human brain by imaging regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during voluntary behaviour. Functional brain mapping with PET, however, has been hindered by PET's poor spatial resolution (typically greater than 1 cm). We have developed an image-analysis strategy that can map functional zones not resolved by conventional PET images. Brain areas selectively activated by a behavioural task can be isolated by subtracting a paired control-state image from the task-state image, thereby removing areas not recruited by the task. When imaged in isolation the centre of an activated area can be located very precisely. This allows subtle shifts in response locale due to changes in task to be detected readily despite poor spatial resolution. As an initial application of this strategy we mapped the retinal projection topography of human primary visual cortex. Functional zones separated by less than 3 mm (centre-to-centre) were differentiated using PET CBF images with a spatial resolution of 18 mm. This technique is not limited to a particular brain area or type of behaviour but does require that the increase in CBF produced by the task be both intense and focal.
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“Previous literature reported that the peak activations in V1 and secondary visual areas are stimulation dependent and occur at distinct temporal frequencies (4 or 8 Hz in V1, and 20 or 40 Hz in secondary visual areas for chromatic or luminance flickering, respectively) (Chai et al., 2019; Fox et al., 1986; Kastner et al., 2004; Kwong et al., 1992; Singh et al., 2000).”
From Perception is associated with the brain’s metabolic response to sensory stimulation (2022) · cites this paper as Fox et al., 1986
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Cites
Handbook of Sensory Physiology
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Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.4.1140 · Cited by 2,056
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Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. II. Implementation and validation.
Raichle, M. E., Martin, W. R. W., Herscovitch, P., Mintun, M. A., & Markham, J. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 1,015
Essen, D. C. V., Newsome, W. T., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1984) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(84)90041-5 · Cited by 938
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Herscovitch, P., Markham, J., & Raichle, M. E. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 835
An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor
Rovamo, J. M., & Virsu, V. (1979) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00236819 · Cited by 794
A Stereotactic Method of Anatomical Localization for Positron Emission Tomography
Fox, P. T., Perlmutter, J. S., & Raichle, M. E. (1985) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-198501000-00025 · Cited by 576
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Fox, P. T., & Raichle, M. E. (1984) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1984.51.5.1109 · Cited by 500
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- Westheimer, G. Invest, ophthal. vis. Sci. 18, 893–912 (1979).
- Herscovitch, P., Markham, J & Raichle, M. E. J. nucl. Med. 24, 782–789 (1983).
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The Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution
Piccinini, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.003.0009 · Cited by 1
Piccinini, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.003.0014
Piccinini, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.003.0001
The Computational Theory of Cognition
Piccinini, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Piccinini, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.003.0013
Moradi, S., Simyar, D., & Safari, M. (2023) · Biomedical engineering · doi:10.5772/intechopen.109231 · Cited by 1
(2016) · Society for Neuroscience eBooks · doi:10.1523/hon.009012
Piccinini, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.002.0006
Piccinini, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866282.002.0003
qPRF: A system to accelerate population receptive field decodingPreprint
Waz, S., Wang, Y., & Lu, Z. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.13.607805
“Physiological measurements of retinotopic maps in humans were made as early as the 1980s using positron emission topography (Fox, Mintun, Raichle, Miezin, Allman and Van Essen, 1986; Fox, Miezin, Allman, Van Essen and Raichle, 1987), and in the following decade, the current conventions for studying…”
MethodDugre, J. R. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.27.678975
Modulation of Brain Functioning by Deep Brain Stimulation: Contributions from PET Functional Imaging
Ballanger, B., & Thobois, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54307-4_49
Spatial Updating in Human Cortex
Merriam, E. P. (2006) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Circulatory and Metabolic Correlates of Brain Function in Normal Humans
Raichle, M. E. (1987) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.1987.tb00929.x
Enacting imagination : at the crossroads of philosophy of cognition and philosophy of technics
Dereclenne, E. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2beaec99z1883z4dccz80a9z3b4e2880a4ec · Cited by 1
Des tableaux dans l'âme ? : le problème de la définition et de la pictorialité des images mentales
Behrend, S. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c5b031e2z28f9z4deczaf11zaaf9a63a3227
Mapping without tasks: resting-state fMRI for motor and language localization in neuro-oncology
Mahmoud, E., Ashraf, T. A. E., Abdelsattar, N. K., & Nada, A. (2026) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-026-04174-7
Blümich, B., Boulant, N., Garwood, M., Parker, D., Rogers, N. J., Topgaard, D., & Uǧurbil, K. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg6766
“Approximately a century later, neurovascular coupling was exploited to generate first images of human brain activity by detecting gamma rays emitted either directly ( 65 ) or after emission of a positron ( 66 ) from radioisotopes delivered to the brain through blood flow.”
Darstellung der funktionellen Organisation des menschlichen visuellen Kortex mit der fMRT
Skalej, M., Schiefer, U., Ernemann, U., Luft, A. R., Kolb, R., Klose, U., & Voigt, K. (1997) · Clinical Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/bf03043992
“Unsere Ergebnisse linden sich in guter • mung mit den mit anderen Verfahren ermitte]ten und in der Literatur angegebenen Resultaten.”
BackgroundInfluentialBush (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1998)6:4
Lurito (2000) · doi:10.1002/1097-0193(200007)10:3
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M., Allman, J. M., & Van Essen, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1986-10
- Volume
- 323
- Issue
- 6091
- Pages
- 806-809
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1994364310
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- functional brain mapping, primary visual cortex, regional cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, spatial resolution, image subtraction, visual cortex
- MeSH terms
- Cerebrovascular Circulation, Humans, Image Enhancement, Regional Blood Flow, Subtraction Technique, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Visual Cortex
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