Microbial Symbiosis with the Innate Immune Defense System of the Skin
Open accessAbstract
Skin protects itself against infection through a variety of mechanisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are major contributors to cutaneous innate immunity, and this system, combined with the unique ionic, lipid, and physical barrier of the epidermis, is the first-line defense against invading pathogens. However, recent studies have revealed that our skin's innate immune system is not solely of human origin. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a major constituent of the normal microflora on healthy human skin, acts as a barrier against colonization of potentially pathogenic microbes and against overgrowth of already present opportunistic pathogens. Our resident commensal microbes produce their own AMPs, act to enhance the normal production of AMPs by keratinocytes, and are beneficial to maintaining inflammatory homeostasis by suppressing excess cytokine release after minor epidermal injury. These observations indicate that the normal human skin microflora protects skin by various modes of action, a conclusion supported by many lines of evidence associating diseases such as acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea with an imbalance of the microflora even in the absence of classical infection. This review highlights recent observations on the importance of innate immune systems and the relationship with the normal skin microflora to maintain healthy skin.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Barrier function and control of responses to microorganisms in normal skin are complex and involve the establishment of a synergistic ecology between the host and colonizing microbiome.
“It has recently become evident that barrier function and control of responses to microorganisms in normal skin are complex and involve the establishment of a synergistic ecology between the host and colonizing microbiome.3”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms
Zasloff, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415389a · Cited by 8,457 · see citing works
Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43
Maslowski, K. M., Vieira, A. T., Ng, A., Kranich, J., Sierro, F., Yu, D., Schilter, H. C., Rolph, M. S., Mackay, F., Artis, D., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08530 · Cited by 3,241 · see citing works
Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome
Grice, E. A., Kong, H. H., Conlan, S., Deming, C. B., Davis, J., Young, A. C., Program, N. C. S., Bouffard, G. G., Blakesley, R. W., Murray, P. R., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1171700 · Cited by 2,953 · see citing works
A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease
Mazmanian, S. K., Round, J. L., & Kasper, D. L. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07008 · Cited by 2,340 · see citing works
Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis
Ong, P. Y., Ohtake, T., Brandt, C., Strickland, I., Boguniewicz, M., Ganz, T., Gallo, R. L., & Leung, D. Y. M. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021481 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide
Lande, R., Gregorio, J., Facchinetti, V., Chatterjee, B., Wang, Y.-H., Homey, B., Cao, W., Wang, Y.-H., Su, B., Nestle, F. O., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06116 · Cited by 1,910 · see citing works
AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense
Lai, Y., & Gallo, R. L. (2009) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2008.12.003 · Cited by 1,275 · see citing works
Self-citationInnate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection
Nizet, V., Ohtake, T., Lauth, X., Trowbridge, J., Rudisill, J., Dorschner, R. A., Pestonjamasp, V., Piraino, J., Huttner, K., & Gallo, R. L. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35106587 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, R., Braughton, K. R., Kretschmer, D., Bach, T.-H. L., Queck, S. Y., Li, M., Kennedy, A. D., Dorward, D. W., Klebanoff, S. J., Peschel, A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1656 · Cited by 1,046 · see citing works
Describing the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Peptide Action with the Interfacial Activity Model
Wimley, W. C. (2010) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb1001558 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Iwase, T., Uehara, Y., Shinji, H., Tajima, A., Seo, H., Takada, K., Agata, T., & Mizunoe, Y. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09074 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea
Yamasaki, K., Nardo, A. D., Bardan, A., Murakami, M., Ohtake, T., Coda, A. B., Dorschner, R. A., Bonnart, C., Descargues, P., Hovnanian, A., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1616 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Self-citationCommensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3–dependent inflammation after skin injury
Lai, Y., Di Nardo, A., Nakatsuji, T., Leichtle, A., Yang, Y., Cogen, A. L., Wu, Z.-R., Hooper, L. V., Schmidt, R. R., von Aulock, S., et al. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2062 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Self-citationDermcidin: A novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands
Schittek, B., Hipfel, R., Sauer, B., Bauer, J., Kalbacher, H., Stevanovic, S., Schirle, M., Schroeder, K., Blin, N., Meier, F., et al. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni732 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Antimicrobial peptides: The ancient arm of the human immune system
Wiesner, J., & Vilcinskas, A. (2010) · Virulence · doi:10.4161/viru.1.5.12983 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection
Gläser, R., Harder, J., Lange, H., Bartels, J., Christophers, E., & Schröder, J.-M. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1142 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
hBD‐1: a novel β‐defensin from human plasma
Bensch, K. W., Raida, M., Mägert, H., Schulz‐Knappe, P., & Forssmann, W. (1995) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00687-5 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Kloos, W. E., & Musselwhite, M. S. (1975) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1128/am.30.3.381-395.1975 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human β-defensin 1
Schroeder, B. O., Wu, Z., Nuding, S., Groscurth, S., Marcinowski, M., Beisner, J., Büchner, J., Schaller, M., Stange, E. F., & Wehkamp, J. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09674 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Substantial Alterations of the Cutaneous Bacterial Biota in Psoriatic Lesions
Gao, Z., Tseng, C., Strober, B. E., Pei, Z., & Blaser, M. J. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002719 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Lai, Y., Cogen, A. L., Radek, K. A., Park, H. J., MacLeod, D. T., Leichtle, A., Ryan, A. F., Di Nardo, A., & Gallo, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.123 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Self-citationCogen, A. L., Yamasaki, K., Sanchez, K. M., Dorschner, R. A., Lai, Y., MacLeod, D. T., Torpey, J. W., Otto, M., Nizet, V., Kim, J. E., et al. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.243 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Self-citationYamasaki, K., Kanada, K. N., MacLeod, D. T., Borkowski, A. W., Morizane, S., Nakatsuji, T., Cogen, A. L., & Gallo, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.351 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationNakatsuji, T., Kao, M. C., Fang, J.-Y., Zouboulis, C. C., Zhang, L., Gallo, R. L., & Huang, C.-M. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.93 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationNagy, I., Pivarcsi, A., Kis, K., Koreck, A., Bodai, L., McDowell, A., Seltmann, H., Patrick, S., Zouboulis, C. C., & Kemény, L. (2006) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.001 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Establishment and Characterization of an Immortalized Human Sebaceous Gland Cell Line (SZ95)1
Zouboulis, C. C., Seltmann, H., Orfanos, C. E., & Neitzel, H. (1999) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00771.x · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Induction of toll-like receptors by Propionibacterium acnes
Jugeau, S., Tenaud, I., Knol, A., Jarrousse, V., Quereux, G., Khammari, A., & Dréno, B. (2005) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06933.x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface
Drake, D. R., Brogden, K. A., Dawson, D. V., & Wertz, P. W. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r700016-jlr200 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Biology and clinical relevance of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides
Gallo, R. L., Murakami, M., Ohtake, T., & Zaiou, M. (2002) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2002.129801 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Senses Highly Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus
Kretschmer, D., Gleske, A.-K., Rautenberg, M., Wang, R., Köberle, M., Bohn, E., Schöneberg, T., Rabiet, M., Boulay, F., Klebanoff, S. J., et al. (2010) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2010.05.012 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Wanke, I., Steffen, H., Christ, C., Krismer, B., Götz, F., Peschel, A., Schaller, M., & Schittek, B. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.328 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Kloos, W. E., & Musselwhite, M. S. (1975) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.30.3.381-395.1975 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Harder, J., Dressel, S., Wittersheim, M., Cordes, J., Meyer‐Hoffert, U., Mrowietz, U., Fölster‐Holst, R., Proksch, E., Schröder, J., Schwarz, T., et al. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.432 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Cogen, A. L., Yamasaki, K., Muto, J., Sanchez, K. M., Crotty Alexander, L., Tanios, J., Lai, Y., Kim, J. E., Nizet, V., & Gallo, R. L. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008557 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationAcne and propionibacterium acnes
Bojar, R. A., & Holland, K. T. (2004) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.005 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Control of Free Fatty Acids in Human Surface Lipids by Corynebacterium Acnes
MARPLES, R. R., Downing, D. T., & Kligman, A. M. (1971) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12260695 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Nakatsuji, T., Kao, M. C., Zhang, L., Zouboulis, C. C., Gallo, R. L., & Huang, C.-M. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.384 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationPsoriatic scales: a promising source for the isolation of human skin-derived antimicrobial proteins
Harder, J., & Schröder, J. (2005) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0704409 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
An Inflammatory Polypeptide Complex from Staphylococcus epidermidis: Isolation and Characterization
Mehlin, C., Headley, C. M., & Klebanoff, S. J. (1999) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.189.6.907 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Antimicrobial peptides in human skin disease.
Yamasaki, K., & Gallo, R. L. (2008) · PubMed · doi:10.1684/ejd.2008.0304 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationOtto, M. J., Süßmuth, R. D., Vuong, C., Jung, G., & Götz, F. (1999) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00514-1 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Chronnell, C. M. T., Ghali, L. R., Quinn, A., Bull, J. J., McKay, I. A., Philpott, M. P., Müller‐Röver, S., Ali, R. S., Holland, D. B., & Cunliffe, W. J. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01569.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
TGF-α Regulates TLR Expression and Function on Epidermal Keratinocytes
Miller, L. S., Sørensen, O. E., Liu, P. T., Jalian, H. R., Eshtiaghpour, D., Behmanesh, B. E., Chung, W., Starner, T. D., Kim, J. J., Sieling, P. A., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6137 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Lee, D.-Y., Yamasaki, K., Rudsil, J., Zouboulis, C. C., Park, G. T., Yang, J.-M., & Gallo, R. L. (2008) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5701235 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationJoo, H., Cheung, G. Y. C., & Otto, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.221382 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Vuong, C., Dürr, M. C., Carmody, A., Peschel, A., Klebanoff, S. J., & Otto, M. J. (2004) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00401.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Froy, O. (2005) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00590.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Histone H4 Is a Major Component of the Antimicrobial Action of Human Sebocytes
Lee, D., Huang, C., Nakatsuji, T., Thiboutot, D. M., Kang, S., Monestier, M., & Gallo, R. L. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.106 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationSusceptibility of Clostridium perfringens to C2-C18 fatty acids
Skřivanová, E., Marounek, M., Dlouhá, G., & Kaňka, J. (2005) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01709.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
CONCEPTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ROSACEA
Marks, R. (1968) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12288.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Bastos, M. D. C. D. F., Ceotto, H., Coelho, M. L. V., & Nascimento, J. D. S. (2009) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/138920109787048580 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Huang, Y.-C., Lin, Y.-M., Chang, T.-W., Wu, S.-J., Lee, Y.-S., Chang, M. D., Chen, C., Wu, S., & Liao, Y. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m607321200 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Differential Regulation of β-Defensin Gene Expression duringCryptosporidium parvumInfection
Zaalouk, T. K., Bajaj‐Elliott, M., George, J. T., & McDonald, V. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.72.5.2772-2779.2004 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Staphylococcus epidermidis: A possible role in the pustules of rosacea
Whitfeld, M. J., Gunasingam, N., Leow, L. J., Shirato, K., & Preda, V. A. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.036 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Holland, D. B., Bojar, R. A., Farrar, M. D., & Holland, K. T. (2008) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01402.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Staphylococcal lipases: molecular characterisation, secretion, and processing
Götz, F., Verheij, H. M., & Rosenstein, R. (1998) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00025-5 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hata, T., Kotol, P. F., Boguniewicz, M., Taylor, P. A., Paik, A. J., Jackson, M., Nguyen, M., Kabigting, F. D., Miller, J., Gerber, M., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09892.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationAbtin, A., Eckhart, L., Gläser, R., Gmeiner, R., Mildner, M., & Tschachler, E. (2010) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.158 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Holland, D. B., Bojar, R. A., Jeremy, A. H. T., Ingham, E., & Holland, K. T. (2008) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01021.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface
Drake, D. R., Brogden, K. A., Dawson, D. V., & Wertz, P. W. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Senyürek, I., Paulmann, M., Sinnberg, T. W., Kalbacher, H., Deeg, M., Gutsmann, T., Hermes, M., Kohler, T. P., Götz, F., Wolz, C., et al. (2009) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01679-08 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Zanger, P., Holzer, J., Schleucher, R. D., Steffen, H., Schittek, B., & Gabrysch, S. (2009) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/648408 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mallbris, L., Carlén, L. M., Wei, T., Heilborn, J. D., Nilsson, M. F., Granath, F., & Ståhle, M. (2009) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00918.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A Review The Microbiology of Acne
HOLLAND, K. T., INGHAM, E., & CUNLIFFE, W. J. (1981) · Journal of Applied Bacteriology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb01234.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Modifications of the Innate Immune System in Atopic Dermatitis
Maintz, L., & Novak, N. (2011) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000323963 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Abtin, A., Eckhart, L., Mildner, M., Ghannadan, M., Harder, J., Schröder, J., & Tschachler, E. (2009) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2009.35 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fujie, T., Shikiji, T., Uchida, N., Urano, Y., Nagae, H., & Arase, S. (1996) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/bf02505281 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Antimicrobial activities of human β-defensins against Bacillus species
Yadava, P., Zhang, C., Sun, J. Y., & Hughes, J. A. (2006) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.02.021 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nakatsuji, T., Chen, T. H., Narala, S., Chun, K. A., Two, A. M., Yun, T., Shafiq, F., Kotol, P. F., Bouslimani, A., Melnik, A. V., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4680 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Self-citationCompartmentalized Control of Skin Immunity by Resident Commensals
Naik, S., Bouladoux, N., Wilhelm, C., Molloy, M. J., Salcedo, R., Kastenmuller, W., Deming, C., Quinones, M., Koo, L., Conlan, S., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225152 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
The mucosal immune system of fish: The evolution of tolerating commensals while fighting pathogens
Gómez, D., Sunyer, J. O., & Salinas, I. (2013) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.032 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
The Dynamics of the Skin’s Immune System
Nguyen, A. V., & Soulika, A. M. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20081811 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Functions of the skin microbiota in health and disease
Sanford, J. A., & Gallo, R. L. (2013) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2013.09.005 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Self-citationLukić, M. Ž., Pantelić, I., & Savic, S. D. (2021) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics8030069 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
The gut-skin axis in health and disease: A paradigm with therapeutic implications
O'Neill, C. A., Monteleone, G., McLaughlin, J. T., & Paus, R. (2016) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201600008 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
The microbiome extends to subepidermal compartments of normal skin
Nakatsuji, T., Chiang, H.-I., Jiang, S. B., Nagarajan, H., Zengler, K., & Gallo, R. L. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2441 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Self-citationJoost, S., Zeisel, A., Jacob, T., Sun, X., La Manno, G., Lönnerberg, P., Linnarsson, S., & Kasper, M. (2016) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.08.010 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: biological and therapeutic considerations
Mangoni, M. L., McDermott, A. M., & ZASLOFF, M. A. (2016) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12929 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms
Flórez, L. V., Biedermann, P. H. W., Engl, T., & Kaltenpoth, M. (2015) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/c5np00010f · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Antimicrobial Peptides: Old Molecules with New Ideas
Nakatsuji, T., & Gallo, R. L. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.387 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Self-citationCompartmentalized and systemic control of tissue immunity by commensals
Belkaid, Y., & Naik, S. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2604 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Two, A. M., Wu, W., Gallo, R. L., & Hata, T. R. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.08.028 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Self-citationNakatsuji, T., Chen, T. H., Two, A. M., Chun, K., Narala, S., Geha, R. S., Hata, T. R., & Gallo, R. L. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.127 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationCytokinocytes: the diverse contribution of keratinocytes to immune responses in skin
Jiang, Y., Tsoi, L. C., Billi, A. C., Ward, N. L., Harms, P. W., Zeng, C., Maverakis, E. M., Kahlenberg, J. M., & Gudjonsson, J. E. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.142067 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
The advancement of probiotics research and its application in fish farming industries
Banerjee, G., & Ray, A. K. (2017) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.016 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Shu, M., Wang, Y., Yu, J., Kuo, S., Coda, A. B., Jiang, Y., Gallo, R. L., & Huang, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055380 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobiome in healthy skin, update for dermatologists
Dréno, B., Araviiskaia, E., Berardesca, E., Gontijo, G., Sanchez Viera, M., Xiang, L. F., Martin, R., & Bieber, T. (2016) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.13965 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds
MacLeod, A. S., & Mansbridge, J. N. (2016) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2014.0608 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“Host–microbiome interactions in healthy and wounded skin It has recently become evident that barrier function and control of responses to microorganisms in normal skin are complex and involve the establishment of a synergistic ecology between the host and colonizing microbiome.(3) Human skin is colonized by a diverse…”
BackgroundCommensal Staphylococci Influence Staphylococcus aureus Skin Colonization and Disease
Parlet, C. P., Severn, M. M., & Horswill, A. R. (2019) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2019.01.008 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Microbiome dynamics of human epidermis following skin barrier disruption
Zeeuwen, P. L., Boekhorst, J., van den Bogaard, E. H., de Koning, H. D., van de Kerkhof, P. M., Saulnier, D. M., van Swam, I. I., van Hijum, S. A., Kleerebezem, M., Schalkwijk, J., et al. (2012) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-11-r101 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The skin microbiome: Current perspectives and future challenges
Chen, Y. E., & Tsao, H. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.01.016 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Meylan, P., Lang, C., Mermoud, S., Johannsen, A., Norrenberg, S., Hohl, D., Vial, Y., Prod’hom, G., Greub, G., Kypriotou, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.834 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Microbiome Dependent Regulation of Tregs and Th17 Cells in Mucosa
Pandiyan, P., Bhaskaran, N., Zou, M., Schneider, E., Jayaraman, S., & Huehn, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00426 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Multifunctional Smart Skin Adhesive Patches for Advanced Health Care
Hwang, I., Kim, H. N., Seong, M., Lee, S., Kang, M., Yi, H., Bae, W. G., Kwak, M. K., & Jeong, H. E. (2018) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201800275 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Fournière, M., Latire, T., Souak, D., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Bedoux, G. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111752 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Skin Physiology of the Neonate and Infant: Clinical Implications
Oranges, T., Dini, V., & Romanelli, M. (2015) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2015.0642 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Fatty acids as antibiofilm and antivirulence agents.
Kumar, P., Lee, J.-H., Beyenal, H., & Lee, J. (2020) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.014 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
What lives on our skin: ecology, genomics and therapeutic opportunities of the skin microbiome
Scharschmidt, T. C., & Fischbach, M. A. (2013) · Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.ddmec.2012.12.003 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review
Zeppilli, D., Leduc, D., Fontanier, C., Fontaneto, D., Fuchs, S., GOODAY, A. J., Goineau, A., Ingels, J., Ivanenko, V. N., Kristensen, R. M., et al. (2017) · Marine Biodiversity · doi:10.1007/s12526-017-0815-z · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Atopic dermatitis: Role of the skin barrier, environment, microbiome, and therapeutic agents
Luger, T. A., Amagai, M., Dréno, B., Dagnelie, M., Liao, W. J., Kabashima, K., Schikowski, T., Proksch, E., Elias, P. M., Simon, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.04.007 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Dispenza, M. C., Wolpert, E. B., Gilliland, K. L., Dai, J., Cong, Z., Nelson, A. M., & Thiboutot, D. M. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2012.111 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The Role of Th17-Related Cytokines in Atopic Dermatitis
Sugaya, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21041314 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Clavaud, C., Jourdain, R., Bar‐Hen, A., Tichit, M., Bouchier, C., Pouradier, F., Rawadi, C. E., Guillot, J., Ménard-Szczebara, F., Breton, L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058203 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Life history and eco‐evolutionary dynamics in light of the gut microbiota
Macke, E., Tasiemski, A., Massol, F., Callens, M., & Decaestecker, E. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.03900 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Raszewska-Famielec, M., & Flieger, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415980 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Applications of Nanotechnology in Dermatology
DeLouise, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.425 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Living in Your Skin: Microbes, Molecules, and Mechanisms
Swaney, M. H., & Kalan, L. (2021) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00695-20 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Bacterial symbiosis in the fish gut and its role in health and metabolism
Banerjee, G., & Ray, A. K. (2016) · Symbiosis · doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0441-8 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health
Al‐Ghazzewi, F. H., & Tester, R. F. (2014) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2013.0040 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Clausen, M., Agner, T., Lilje, B., Edslev, S. M., Johannesen, T. B., & Andersen, P. S. (2018) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.5440 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Becker, M. H., Walke, J. B., Cikanek, S. J., Savage, A. E., Mattheus, N. M., Santiago, C. N., Minbiole, K. P. C., Harris, R. N., Belden, L. K., & Gratwicke, B. (2015) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2881 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Bioinorganic antimicrobial strategies in the resistance era
Regiel-Futyra, A., Dąbrowski, J. M., Mazuryk, O., Śpiewak, K., Kyzioł, A., Pucelik, B., Brindell, M., & Stochel, G. (2017) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2017.05.005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Skin Immune Landscape: Inside and Outside the Organism
Abdallah, F., Mijouin, L., & Pichon, C. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/5095293 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Cathelicidins Modulate TLR-Activation and Inflammation
Scheenstra, M. R., van Harten, R. M., Veldhuizen, E. J. A., Haagsman, H. P., & Coorens, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01137 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Recent studies on probiotics as beneficial mediator in aquaculture: a review
Hasan, K. N., & Banerjee, G. (2020) · The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology · doi:10.1186/s41936-020-00190-y · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulates the formation of eosinophil extracellular traps
Morshed, M., Yousefi, S., Stoeckle, C., Simon, H., & Simon, D. (2012) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02868.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Mukherjee, S., Mitra, R., Maitra, A., Gupta, S., Kumaran, S., Chakrabortty, A., & Majumder, P. P. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36062 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Potential role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of rosacea
Holmes, A. D. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.08.006 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Comparison of Healthy and Dandruff Scalp Microbiome Reveals the Role of Commensals in Scalp Health
Saxena, R., Mittal, P., Clavaud, C., Dhakan, D. B., Hegde, P. S., Veeranagaiah, M. M., Saha, S., Souverain, L., Roy, N., Breton, L., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00346 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Interspecific communication between pinewood nematode, its insect vector, and associated microbes
Zhao, L., Mota, M. M., Vieira, P. C., Butcher, R. A., & Sun, J. (2014) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Knackstedt, R. W., Knackstedt, T., & Gatherwright, J. R. (2019) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14032 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Microbial guardians of skin health
Stacy, A., & Belkaid, Y. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat4326 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Vollmer, D. L., West, V. A., & Lephart, E. D. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19103059 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Controlling Tregs and Immunopathology During Mucosal Infection
Bhaskaran, N., Quigley, C., Paw, C., Butala, S., Schneider, E., & Pandiyan, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01995 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Intestinal barrier: A gentlemen’s agreement between microbiota and immunity
Caricilli, A. M. (2014) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology · doi:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i1.18 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The Skin and Intestinal Microbiota and Their Specific Innate Immune Systems
Coates, M., Lee, M. J., Norton, D., & MacLeod, A. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02950 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Zhu, T. H., Zhu, T. R., Tran, K. A., Sivamani, R. K., & Shi, V. Y. (2018) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.16734 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying skin disorders induced by EGFR inhibitors
Holcmann, M., & Sibilia, M. C. (2015) · Molecular & Cellular Oncology · doi:10.1080/23723556.2015.1004969 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Role of antimicrobial peptides in controlling symbiotic bacterial populations
Mergaert, P. (2018) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/c7np00056a · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Keratinocytes Is Essential for Murine Skin Barrier Integrity
Haas, K., Weighardt, H., Deenen, R., Köhrer, K., Clausen, B., Zahner, S., Boukamp, P., Bloch, W., Krutmann, J., & Esser, C. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.627 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Oral and Topical Probiotics and Postbiotics in Skincare and Dermatological Therapy: A Concise Review
Almeida, C. V. D., Antiga, E., & Lulli, M. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061420 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Innate antimicrobial immunity in the skin: A protective barrier against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Coates, M., Blanchard, S., & MacLeod, A. S. (2018) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007353 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The role of topical probiotics on wound healing: A review of animal and human studies
Knackstedt, R. W., Knackstedt, T., & Gatherwright, J. R. (2020) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.13451 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Decrease in Diversity of Propionibacterium acnes Phylotypes in Patients with Severe Acne on the Back
Dagnelie, M., Corvec, S., Saint-Jean, M., Bourdès, V., Nguyen, J., Khammari, A., & Dréno, B. (2017) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-2847 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Infant Skin Barrier: Can We Preserve, Protect, and Enhance the Barrier?
Telofski, L. S., Morello, A. P., Correa, M. C. M., & Stamatas, G. N. (2012) · Dermatology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2012/198789 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Human Microbiome: Composition and Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Balato, A., Cacciapuoti, S., Caprio, R. D., Marasca, C., Masarà, A., Raimondo, A., & Fabbrocini, G. (2018) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-018-0528-4 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The skin surface as antimicrobial barrier: present concepts and future outlooks
Harder, J., Schröder, J., & Gläser, R. (2012) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12046 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Stehlikova, Z., Kostovcik, M., Kostovcikova, K., Kverka, M., Juzlova, K., Rob, F., Hercogova, J., Bohac, P., Pinto, Y., Uzan, A., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00438 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Molecular characterization of the skin fungal microbiome in patients with psoriasis
TAKEMOTO, A., Cho, O., 優佳, 諸., Sugita, T., & Muto, M. (2014) · The Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1346-8138.12739 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Oral Antibiotic Treatment Induces Skin Microbiota Dysbiosis and Influences Wound Healing
Zhang, M., Jiang, Z., Li, D., Jiang, D., Wu, Y., Ren, H., Hua, P., & Lai, Y. (2014) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-014-0504-4 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Photodynamic therapy in wound healing in vivo: a systematic review
Oyama, J., Milaré, Á. C. F. H. R., Lera‐Nonose, D. S. S. L., dos Reis, V. N., Demarchi, I. G., Aristides, S. M. A., Teixeira, J. J. V., Silveira, T. G. V., & Lonardoni, M. V. C. (2020) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101682 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Normal Skin Microbiota is Altered in Pre-clinical Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Ring, H. C., Bay, L., Kallenbach, K., Miller, I. M., Prens, E. P., Saunte, D. M. L., Bjarnsholt, T., & Jemec, G. B. E. (2016) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-2503 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Grönroos, M., Parajuli, A., Laitinen, O. H., Roslund, M. I., Vari, H. K., Hyöty, H., Puhakka, R., & Sinkkonen, A. (2018) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.645 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Commensal bacteria and cutaneous immunity
Nakamizo, S., Egawa, G., Honda, T., Nakajima, S., Belkaid, Y., & Kabashima, K. (2014) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-014-0452-6 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Do, N., Weindl, G., Grohmann, L., Salwiczek, M., Koksch, B., Körting, H. C., & Schäfer‐Korting, M. (2014) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12384 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The role of the microbiome in diabetes mellitus
Zhang, S., Cai, Y., Meng, C., Ding, X., Huang, J., Luo, X., Cao, Y., Gao, F., & Zou, M. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108645 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Patel, B. K., Patel, K. H., Huang, R. Y., Lee, C. N., & Moochhala, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042375 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Kosmadaki, M., & Katsambas, A. (2016) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.010 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Innate immune defense system of the skin
Afshar, M., & Gallo, R. L. (2013) · Veterinary Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01082.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobiota in Healthy Skin and in Atopic Eczema
Baviera, G., Leoni, M. C., Capra, L., Cipriani, F., Longo, G., Maiello, N., Ricci, G., & Galli, E. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/436921 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Acne microbiome: From phyla to phylotypes
Dréno, B., Dekio, I., Baldwin, H. E., Demessant, A. L., Dagnelie, M., Khammari, A., & Corvec, S. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19540 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Protease-armed bacteria in the skin
Kozieł, J., & Potempa, J. (2012) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-012-1355-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Soares, R. C., Penna, P. H. C., de Moraes, V. C. S., Vecchi, R. D., Clavaud, C., Breton, L., Braz, A. S. K., & Paulino, L. C. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2016.00157 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Interesting Open Questions in Disease Ecology and Evolution
Lively, C. M., de Roode, J. C., Duffy, M. A., Graham, A. L., & Koskella, B. L. (2014) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/677032 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mias, C., Mengeaud, V., Bessou‐Touya, S., & Duplan, H. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.18794 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Atopic Dermatitis: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Update
Eichenfield, L. F., Ellis, C. N., Mancini, A. J., Paller, A. S., & Simpson, E. L. (2012) · Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.sder.2012.07.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Factors shaping the composition of the cutaneous microbiota
Szabó, K., Erdei, L., Bolla, B. S., Tax, G., Bı́ró, T., & Kemény, L. V. (2016) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.14967 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pastar, I., O’Neill, K. E., Padula, L., Head, C. R., Burgess, J. L., Chen, V., Garcia, D., Stojadinović, O., Hower, S., Plano, G. V., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.550946 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: links and risks
Bassukas, I. D., Gaitanis, G., Katsanos, K., Christodoulou, D. K., Tsianos, E. V., & Vlachos, C. (2016) · Psoriasis Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/ptt.s85194 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
McIntyre, M. K., Peacock, T. J., Akers, K. S., & Burmeister, D. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166176 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Propionic Acid Produced by Propionibacterium acnes Strains Contributes to Their Pathogenicity
Tax, G., Urbán, E. Z., Palotás, Z., Puskas, R., Kónya, Z., Bı́ró, T., Kemény, L. V., & Szabó, K. (2015) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-2154 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Effects of a Skin Neuropeptide (Substance P) on Cutaneous Microflora
Mijouin, L., Hillion, M., Ramdani, Y., Jaouen, T., Poc, C. D., Follet‐Gueye, M., Lati, E., Yvergnaux, F., Driouich, A., Lefeuvre, L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078773 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Induced Transient Immune Tolerance in Ticks and Vertebrate Host: A Keystone of Tick-Borne Diseases?
Boulanger, N., & Wikel, S. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.625993 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Connexins: Sensors of epidermal integrity that are therapeutic targets
Martin, P. E., Easton, J. A., Hodgins, M. B., & Wright, C. (2014) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.048 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dagnelie, M., Montassier, E., Khammari, A., Mounier, C. M., Corvec, S., & Dréno, B. (2019) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13988 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Skin and diabetes mellitus: what do we know?
Quondamatteo, F. (2013) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1751-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Probiotics as regulators of inflammation: A review
Lescheid, D. W. (2014) · Functional Foods in Health and Disease · doi:10.31989/ffhd.v4i7.2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Profile of the skin microbiota in a healthy Chinese population
Zhai, W., Huang, Y., Zhang, X., Fei, W., Chang, Y., Cheng, S., Zhou, Y., Gao, J., Tang, X., Zhang, X., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14594 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gallo, R. L., & Nakatsuji, T.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gallo, Richard L.
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1974-1980
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3174284
- OpenAlex
- W2106732573
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 4.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI052453, R56AI083358, R01AI083358, R37AI052453)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR052728, R13AR009431)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- skin microbiome, antimicrobial peptides, innate immunity, Staphylococcus epidermidis, commensal bacteria, keratinocytes, skin barrier, skin colonization, cytokine regulation, acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, dysbiosis
- MeSH terms
- Dermatitis, Atopic, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Models, Biological, Skin, Skin Diseases, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Symbiosis, Keratinocytes, Cytokines, beta-Defensins, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Toll-Like Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
