Functional rafts in cell membranes
Abstract
A new aspect of cell membrane structure is presented, based on the dynamic clustering of sphingolipids and cholesterol to form rafts that move within the fluid bilayer. It is proposed that these rafts function as platforms for the attachment of proteins when membranes are moved around inside the cell and during signal transduction.
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VLCFAs increase membrane stiffness, thereby decreasing fluidity, and are likely critical for proper myelin function, myelination, myelin maintenance, and neuron polarity during CNS development.
“VLCFAs increase membrane stiffness, thereby decreasing fluidity, and they are likely critical for proper myelin function [191,213,214,217], myelination [218], myelin maintenance [207,213,215], and neuron polarity during CNS development [219].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [217]
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“The hypothesis matured and was later generalized as a principle of membrane subcompartmentalization, functioning not only in post-Golgi trafficking, but also in endocytosis, signaling, and many other membrane functions (Simons and Ikonen 1997).”
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“These lipid rich, detergent-resistant, areas of the membrane serve as a meeting place for interacting molecules destined to the same intracellular compartment [40].”
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Cells release prions in association with exosomes
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Sphingolipid–Cholesterol Rafts Diffuse as Small Entities in the Plasma Membrane of Mammalian Cells
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T Lymphocyte Costimulation Mediated by Reorganization of Membrane Microdomains
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BackgroundMembrane Compartmentation Is Required for Efficient T Cell Activation
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Nanoscale Organization of Multiple GPI-Anchored Proteins in Living Cell Membranes
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Unbiased quantitative proteomics of lipid rafts reveals high specificity for signaling factors
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Dissecting the Interaction between Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) and Caveolin
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Aggregation of Lipid Rafts Accompanies Signaling via the T Cell Antigen Receptor
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Lipid rafts: contentious only from simplistic standpoints
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Caveolae, DIGs, and the dynamics of sphingolipid—cholesterol microdomains
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Self-citationSeeing spots: Complex phase behavior in simple membranes
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Co-operation of TLR4 and raft proteins in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling
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“This concept of a dynamic heterogeneous plasma membrane organization has largely been accepted after years of studies and disputes taking place since the principles of raft assembly had been proposed [43].”
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“In addition to the possibility that integral membrane proteins may be sequestered into lipid rafts [206,207,210,212], lipid-linked peripheral proteins can also be caught up in lipid domains [223].”
BackgroundDirect visualization of Ras proteins in spatially distinct cell surface microdomains
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Peripheral neuropathies and anti-glycolipid antibodies
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Subcellular targeting strategies for drug design and delivery
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Self-citationMacrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials
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“Fusion of cells is also proposed to occur due to the recruitment of membrane lipid rafts that possess the necessary adhesion molecules and align them with opposing membranes, using the actin wall as a supporting platform [55,56].”
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“Caveolae-dependent endocytosis is a well studied clathrin-independent pathway and shares many features with membrane lipid rafts (24, 25).”
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“namically cluster with sterols to form lipid microdomains or rafts, which function as hubs for effective signal transduction and protein sorting (1).”
Organization in Lipid Membranes Containing Cholesterol
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Self-citationGDSL family of serine esterases/lipases
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Influenza virus assembly and budding
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“Lipid rafts facilitate the budding of several different viruses, including HIV-1, Ebola virus and influenza virus (Brown and Rose, 1992; Cary and Cooper, 2000; Simons and Ikonen, 1997; Simons and Toomre, 2000; Suomalainen, 2002).”
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Self-citationCD95 Signaling via Ceramide-rich Membrane Rafts
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Cholesterol Sensing, Trafficking, and Esterification
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- Authors
- Simons, K., & Ikonen, E.
- Affiliations
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (DE)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1997-06
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 6633
- Pages
- 569-572
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2121936687
- Cited by
- 9,757
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 168 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 208 · 2023: 223 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 263 · 2020: 293 · 2019: 274 · 2018: 278 · 2017: 289 · 2016: 312 · 2015: 344 · 2014: 343 · 2013: 347 · 2012: 388
- FWCI
- 18.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Caveolin-1 and cellular processes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling
- Keywords
- lipid rafts, cell membrane structure, sphingolipids, cholesterol, lipid clustering, membrane fluidity, signal transduction, membrane trafficking
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Cell Membrane, Cholesterol, Detergents, Golgi Apparatus, Humans, Membrane Lipids, Membrane Proteins, Solubility, Sphingolipids, Signal Transduction
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