The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 9 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 9 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Of all the plant, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal species that have gone extinct since ad 1500, 75% were harmed by overexploitation or agricultural activity or both (often in combination with the introduction of invasive alien species 7 ).”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Bellard, C., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. M. Biol. Lett. 12, 20150623 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (section 3; page unavailable) report that, among the 215 extinct species in the five taxa, 58% were affected by biological resource use, 28% by agriculture or aquaculture, and 58% by alien species. They also say species commonly had more than one listed threat, supporting the possibility of combined threats. The paper does not report that 75% were affected by overexploitation or agriculture or establish how often those threats specifically coincided with alien species. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Finally, the balance of threats driving extinction risk for many of the world's species will change, even over the next few decades 3 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says habitat loss, over-exploitation and invasive species have largely driven extinctions, while climate change is becoming a significant new threat. It also reports projections of increased climate-related extinction risk within this century, including species potentially committed to extinction by 2050. Together, these support the claimed shift in the balance of threats over the coming decades. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Finally, studies have shown Red List categorizations reflecting projected extinction risk from climate change to be more robust than was previously thought 6 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Keith, D. A. et al. Conserv. Biol. 28, 810–819 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not supplied) describes earlier doubts about whether Red List criteria can detect climate-change extinction risk. The Factors influencing performance section reports that assessments for later in the twenty-first century were robust to missing data, but the study examined one amphibian species and cautions that early detection can depend on assessing criterion E. The claim overgeneralizes that qualified finding to Red List categorizations broadly. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Thankfully, there are effective tools and approaches to alleviate harm caused by overexploitation and agricultural activities 8 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hayward, M. W. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 2563–2573 (2011). source
The Discussion says that threats from agriculture and hunting can be treated through site creation, restoration, reintroduction, legislation and effective site management. It also says effective legislation can counter over-hunting, while cautioning that these strategies are not guaranteed to work. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The comprehensively assessed groups included here are not a random sample from the tree of life 1 , but those that are generally better-studied.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Brooks, T. M. et al. Sci. Data 3, 160007 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section lists particular taxonomic groups with comprehensive assessments and distinguishes them from a separate taxonomically stratified effort intended to be representative. The Data Records section says some assessed groups are better known than others, but it does not establish that comprehensively assessed groups are generally better studied than groups outside that selection. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Climate change will become an increasingly dominant problem in the biodiversity crisis 3 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says climate change is becoming a significant new threat and describes substantial projected extinction risks. It does not say climate change will become a dominant threat relative to habitat loss, overexploitation and invasive species, which the Results identify as the current dominant stressors. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But information on extinction risk has been gathered for only some 0.1% of the more than 50,000 species of fungi thought to exist.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, unsustainable logging is contributing to the decline of more than 4,000 forest-dependent species, such as the Bornean wren-babbler (Ptilocichla leucogrammica), India's Nicobar shrew (Crocidura nicobarica), and the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri).”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And the Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) are two of more than 4,600 species currently under threat from land modification associated with the production of food, fodder or fuel crops.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 80% of species analysed are harmed by more than one sub-class threat.”
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
“In fact, more than 80% of the species included in our analysis are affected by more than one major threat.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- It may state two separate claims as one. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All known bird species have been assessed, for instance.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) are among the 1,688 species affected.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, anthropogenic climate change -including increases in storms, flooding, extreme temperatures or drought that exceed background variability, as well as sea-level rise -is currently affecting 19% of species listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These have dropped in abundance by 90% in the northeastern Atlantic Arctic over the past few decades”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expansion and intensification of agricultural activity is imperilling 5,407 species -62% of those listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
In the paper
“Because agricultural activity and overexploitation tend to occur in fertile places with naturally high levels of biodiversity 4 , the patterns emerging from our analysis probably extend to many of the other species that have not yet been assessed.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Anderson, B. J. et al. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 888–896 (2009). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet we do not think that any of these caveats alter the overall message.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
“To assess the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity, we quantified threat information for 8,688 near-threatened or threatened species belonging to species groups in which all known species have been assessed”
The paper relies on this without support.
Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.
“Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Farming contributes substantially to greenhouse-gas emissions.
“Agriculture is a major driver of greenhouse-gas emissions, for example.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human development and population growth will continue and increase the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion.
“But human development and population growth mean that the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion will also increase.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Combating climate change alone will not be enough to prevent—or possibly even slow—the further loss of biodiversity, unless damaging land/sea use change and direct exploitation are also tackled with similar ambition and determination (14, 27).”
From The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“2,298 species are adversely affected by biological invasions and diseases”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and 1,688 by climate change”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“With a growing and wealthier population, food demand will further increase, accentuating the negative impacts on biodiversity2,3.”
From Farming practices to enhance biodiversity across biomes: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Food systems are a key driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (1).”
From Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
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Self-citationAlien species as a driver of recent extinctions
Bellard, C., Cassey, P., & Blackburn, T. M. (2016) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623 · Cited by 1,424
Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests
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Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation
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Spatial covariance between biodiversity and other ecosystem service priorities
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Intact ecosystems provide best defence against climate change
Martin, T. G., & Watson, J. E. M. (2016) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate2918 · Cited by 174
Self-citationDetecting Extinction Risk from Climate Change by IUCN Red List Criteria
KEITH, D. A., MAHONY, M., HINES, H., ELITH, J., REGAN, T. J., BAUMGARTNER, J. B., HUNTER, D., HEARD, G. W., MITCHELL, N. J., PARRIS, K. M., et al. (2014) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12234 · Cited by 97
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Self-citationUsing the IUCN Red List to determine effective conservation strategies
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
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Items 1,501–1,600 of 1,973
Scaling Up Transformational Change: Facing Up to Global Megatrends and Their Environmental Impacts
Kashmanian, R. M. (2022) · Environmental Management and Sustainable Development · doi:10.5296/emsd.v11i3.19875 · Cited by 1
Conservation Culturomics: Potential Applications in South Asia
Kotera, M. M., & Phillott, A. D. (2022) · Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology · doi:10.9734/ajee/2022/v19i230344 · Cited by 1
“Anthropogenic pressures such as land-use change, pollution, climate change, overexploitation of natural resources, introduction of invasive species and others have resulted in a global biodiversity crisis [1].”
BackgroundHomogeneização biótica em comunidades arbóreas das florestas tropicais: uma revisão sistemática
Santos, P. M., & Nascimento, M. T. (2023) · Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento · doi:10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/biologia/homogeneizacao-biotica · Cited by 1
Carrying capacity and cumulative effects management: A case study using bighorn sheep
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Temporal and Age-Dependent Patterns of Road-Killed Raptors in Argentina
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“Roads are major causes of habitat loss, modification, and fragmentation (Laurance et al. 2014, Ibisch et al. 2016, Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundLatifah, A., & Pratamawaty, B. B. (2024) · Metacommunication Journal of Communication Studies · doi:10.20527/mc.v1i1.18244 · Cited by 1
“(Maxwell et al. 2016) Understanding the relationship between nature and humans is very important for developing effective conservation strategies that can overcome the biodiversity crisis and improve human welfare (Bennett et al., 2017; Venter et al., 2016).”
BackgroundNorman, J., Clark, D., Henshaw, A., et al. (2024) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/rec.14157 · Cited by 1
“…winter removal of riparian vegetation dramatically reduce the available habitat for resident fi sh. Habitat degradation is now considered a major cause of global biodiversity loss and restoration of ecological function in freshwater ecosystems is required (Maxwell et al. 2016; Cowan et al. 2021).”
BackgroundAmeaças e especificidade de ações dos Planos de Ação Nacional para Conservação da Fauna no Brasil
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Impact of a ‘reverse keystone species’ on the temporal dynamics of bird communities in Australia
García‐Navas, V., Bliard, L., & Özgül, A. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110698 · Cited by 1
Shang, W., Mao, L., Miao, L., Yan, Y., Li, S., & Feng, G. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2023jg007681 · Cited by 2
“Consistent with this finding, a previous study in Australia also suggests that epiphytic orchid species are more likely to be threatened than terrestrial orchid species (Wraith & Pickering, 2019).”
Rapid land cover change in agricultural valleys of the Atacama Desert, Chile
Castillo, M. G., & Estades, C. F. (2024) · Arid Land Research and Management · doi:10.1080/15324982.2024.2368660 · Cited by 1
“This process is also considered a crucial driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (Sala et al. 2000; Green et al. 2005; Maxwell et al. 2016), commonly causing landscape complexity simplification (Gaméz-Virués et al. 2015).”
Are Green Bridges Used by Bats to Safely Cross the Road?
Ferraille, T., Lherondel, C., & Claireau, F. (2024) · Acta Chiropterologica · doi:10.3161/15081109acc2024.26.1.004 · Cited by 1
Mgeni, C. P., Kicheleri, R. P., Mauya, E. W., Msigwa, F. F., Chidodo, S. J., Hughes, C., Bulenga, G. B., Chilagane, N. A., Warbington, C. H., Kangile, J. R., et al. (2024) · Human Dimensions of Wildlife · doi:10.1080/10871209.2024.2435298 · Cited by 2
“Our study is consistent with other similar research (Coad et al., 2019; D’Cruze et al., 2018; Maxwell et al., 2016) and contributes new information specific to pangolins in the Ruaha landscape (Heighton & Gaubert, 2021).”
Kartout-Benmessaoud, Y., Ouchia-Benissad, S., Mahiddine-Aoudjit, L., & Ladjali-Mohammedi, K. (2024) · Comparative Cytogenetics · doi:10.3897/compcytogen.18.135056 · Cited by 1
“We are currently experiencing the irreversible sixth mass extinction, which could turn out to be, according to many parameters, more devastating than all others combined (Barlow et al. 2016; Maxwell et al. 2016; Betts et al. 2017; Ceballos et al .”
Eriksson, L. O., Lodin, I., Felton, A., Brukas, V., & Nilsson, M. B. (2024) · Forests Monitor · doi:10.62320/fm.v1.i1.11 · Cited by 1
Krzosek, K., & Nowicki, P. (2025) · The European Zoological Journal · doi:10.1080/24750263.2024.2447446 · Cited by 1
“…fragmentation and deterioration of their habitats, due to land use changes such as urbanisation (Launer & Murphy 1994; Van Swaay & Warren 1999; Maxwell et al. 2016; Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys 2019; Horák et al. 2022), afforestation (Van Swaay & Warren 1999; Bubová et al. 2015), natural…”
Shalom, T., Dayan, T., & Feitelson, E. I. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2025.1489266 · Cited by 2
Zamora‐Marín, J. M., Sánchez‐Zapata, J. A., Guerrero‐Gómez, A., et al. (2025) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111039 · Cited by 1
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Kolanowska, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06976-w · Cited by 1
“Clearly, the location of refugia should be prioritised and integrated with other management issues such as habitat degradation, pollution and the potential spread of non-native species 61 .”
The underestimated global impact of mining on threatened species
Nimmo, D. G., Geary, W. L., Moore, H. A., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsus.2026.100792 · Cited by 1
The Eel Market Extinction Vortex
Clavero, M., Blanco‐Garrido, F., Díaz, E., & Hermoso, V. (2025) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/conl.13122 · Cited by 1
“Commercial exploitation of wild species is a relevant driver of biodiversity loss (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
Warren, M., Wilson, S. A., Alavi, N., Duffe, J. A., Lapen, D. R., & Mitchell, G. W. (2025) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.70145 · Cited by 1
“…(Stanton et al., 2018), bat (Williams-Guillén et al., 2016), and insect (Raven & Wagner, 2021) population declines and is considered the second most common threat facing threatened and near threatened species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature red list (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
Hernández-Soto, S. R., Santiago‐Alarcón, D., & Matta, N. E. (2019) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad · doi:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2019.90.2848 · Cited by 1
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“There is growing concern about threats to biodiversity caused by climate crisis and overexploitation [7].”
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“At this time of major changes in earth’s biodiversity (e. g. Dornelas et al. 2014, Newbold et al. 2015, Ceballos et al. 2016, Maxwell et al. 2016, IPBES 2019), and repeated calls to assess soil biological responses to anthropogenic environmental change (e. g., Phillips et al. 2017, Eisenhauer et…”
BackgroundA Global Institution on Animal Protection
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An Introduction to Landscape and Urban Ecology: An Avian Haemosporida Perspective
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Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus)
Scotson, L., Frederick, C. A., Officer, K., & Wong, W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692571.009 · Cited by 1
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MOUMEGNI, L. F. M., Mane, D. D. Y., Tadjong, R. N., Vanessa, M. S., Raphaël, K. J., & Tchoumboué, J. (2021) · Genetics and Biodiversity Journal · doi:10.46325/gabj.v5i1.177 · Cited by 1
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Alien Invasive Aquatic Fauna: Challenges and Mitigation
Chandra, K., & Raghunathan, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9777-7_20 · Cited by 1
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF SHARK MEAT TRADED AS CAÇÃO IN SOUTHWESTERN STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
Queiroz, B., Niero, L. P., & Sanches, A. (2023) · Arquivos de Ciências do Mar · doi:10.32360/acmar.v55i2.62544 · Cited by 1
“Currently, the marine environment suffers with several impacts such as climate change, pollution, habitat loss, disorderly occupation of coastal areas, overfishing, and trade exploitation of its resources (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundFischer, S., Edwards, A., Garnett, S. T., Whiteside, T., & Weber, P. (2023) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.10239 · Cited by 1
“…(the unsustainable harvesting of wild species), agriculture, and urban development are considered the major threats to biodiversity (Maxwell et al., 2016), with pollution, invasive species, climate change, and ecosystem modification (such as changes to hydrological and fire…”
BackgroundThe “Free Destroyer Problem” and Global Public Goods
Agarwal, R., & Røttingen, J. (2023) · Revue d économie financière · doi:10.3917/ecofi.151.0083 · Cited by 1
Rode, K. D., Obbard, M. E., Belikov, S., Derocher, A. E., Durner, G. M., Thiemann, G. W., Tryland, M., Letcher, R. J., Meyerson, R., Sonne, C., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692571.015 · Cited by 2
Using citizen science to monitor bumblebee populations
Casey, L. M. (2017) · Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) · Cited by 1
Lyall, J. (2018) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/100.00028455 · Cited by 1
Wilderness conservation in the Anthropocene
Allan, J. R. (2019) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2019.569 · Cited by 1
The importance of Indigenous Peoples’ lands for the conservation of terrestrial vertebratesPreprint
O'Bryan, C. J., Garnett, S., Fa, J. E., Leiper, I., Rehbein, J. A., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., Jackson, M., Jonas, H. D., Brondízio, E. S., Burgess, N., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2019.12.11.873695 · Cited by 2
“Such regions are likely to be of high conservation value (Di Marco et al. 2018), given the connection between land use transformation and species declines (Newbold et al. 2015; Maxwell et al. 2016; Tilman et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFernández, Á. L. R., Santiago‐Alarcón, D., & Lira‐Noriega, A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.290031 · Cited by 1
“Human impacts on natural environments have altered the structure and dynamics of ecological interactions (e.g., Maxwell et al. 2016), opening opportunities for a dramatic increase of novel emergent diseases (Jones-Engel et al. 2008; Allen et al. 2017).”
BackgroundGupta, G., Grainger, M., Dunn, J. C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.432604 · Cited by 1
“One of the most significant anthropogenic pressures is agricultural activity, with 62% (5407) of those species that have been assessed as threatened or near threatened affected by crop farming, livestock farming, timber plantation, and/or aquaculture (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialMartin, D. A. (2021) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8491 · Cited by 1
Using stationary vital rates in impact assessments may underestimate potential threatPreprint
Horswill, C., Miller, J. A. O., & Wood, M. J. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.01.450685 · Cited by 1
“In an era of global climate change and habitat degradation (Maxwell et al. 2016), many populations of wild animals are experiencing temporal trends in their vital rates, such as survival and fecundity (e.g. Gaillard et al. 2013; Sydeman et al. 2021, Fig.”
BackgroundThe overlooked dimensions of domestic parrot poaching in the Neotropics
Vidal, P. R. (2021) · RIO (Universidad Pablo de Olavide) · Cited by 1
Latombe, G., Catford, J. A., Essl, F., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.18.464772 · Cited by 1
Alagador, D., & Cerdeira, J. O. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0035.v1 · Cited by 2
“Habitat loss, overexploitation of natural resources, biological invasions, pollution and global climate change are major drivers of such declines (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBulteau, T., Batalla, R. J., Chapron, E., et al. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3980593 · Cited by 1
Lorand, C., Robert, A., Gastineau, A., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4028269 · Cited by 1
Sentinel animals : Enriching artificial intelligence with wildlife ecology to guard rhinos
Eikelboom, J. A. J. (2021) · doi:10.18174/544693 · Cited by 1
Arcus Foundation (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768351.022
Using rangers to deliver a behavior change campaign on sustainable palm oil in a UK zooPreprint
Major-Smith, K., & Major‐Smith, D. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/sn7by · Cited by 1
A report card methodology to showcase progress towards threatened species recoveryPreprint
Ward, M., Rout, T. M., Stewart, R., Possingham, H. P., McDonald‐Madden, E., Clark, T. G., Kindler, G. S., Valentine, L. E., Macmillan, E., & Watson, J. E. M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.06.506545 · Cited by 1
“Habitat loss is not just the number one threat impacting the most threatened species in Australia (Ward et al. 2021) but across Earth (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Machine-Learning Analysis of 50 Years of Trends In Wildlife Trade PatentsPreprint
Hinsley, A., Challender, D. W. S., Masters, S., Macdonald, D. W., Milner‐Gulland, E. J., Fraser, J. L., & Wright, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4351682 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the impact of biodiversity offsetting on native vegetationPreprint
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Land use change drives major loss of Southeast Asian biodiversityPreprint
Botterill‐James, T., Yates, L. A., Buettel, J. C., Aandahl, Z., & Brook, B. W. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.08.552370 · Cited by 1
Yan, Y., Jarvie, S., & Zhang, Q. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.91193.2 · Cited by 1
Jung, J. F., Guilfoyle, M. P., Fischer, R., & Sharp, A. (2024) · doi:10.21079/11681/48594 · Cited by 1
Falsetti, B., Novelli, G., & Tripodi, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4948659 · Cited by 1
da Silva, M. J. F., Colmonero‐Costeira, I., Djalo, M., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.615830 · Cited by 1
“Overexploitation of natural resources, which includes IWT, is suspected to be the main driver of biodiversity loss today ( Maxwell et al. 2016) .”
Morabito, A., Velázquez, J., Caridi, D., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5149311 · Cited by 1
Cerna, S., Si‐Moussi, S., Calderón‐Sanou, I., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.16.654504 · Cited by 1
“Land use transformations and agricultural intensification disrupt soil habitats, desertification exhausts critical nutrients, pollution degrades soil quality, and climate change imposes additional temperature and moisture constraints [7, 8, 9, 10].”
Madhu, N., Sadekar, V., Jayapal, R., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.01.679556 · Cited by 1
Earthworm Invasion reduces above-belowground Biodiversity and Ecosystem MultifunctionalityPreprint
Ferlian, O., Eisenhauer, N., Bonkowski, M., Ciobanu, M., Dumack, K., Frelich, L. E., Johnson, E. A., Klarner, B., Rosenbaum, B., Salamon, J.-A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.05.686452 · Cited by 1
Do urban ecosystem service assessments account for ecosystem condition and biodiversity?Preprint
Stucchi, D., Casagrandi, R., & Almenar, J. B. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.03.692179 · Cited by 1
“Urban ecosystems are particularly relevant from an ecosystem accounting perspective: as primary human habitats and hotspots of ES demand, they are major drivers of global and local biodiversity change (Elliot et al., 2022b; IPBES et al., 2019; Isbell et al., 2023; Maxwell et al., 2016).”
Conservation de l’entomofaune ordinaire : enjeux scientifiques et sociétaux
Leandro, C. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/576e6173zd138z45e3zbf90z5e78d225e428 · Cited by 1
“…massive des habitats, pollution et utilisation massive de biocides, développement industriel effréné, croissance exponentielle de la population (Robbins et al. 2010 ; Steffen et al. 2015 ; Maxwell et al. 2016)… c’est ça la cause du déclin de la biodiversité, et en sourdine son chef : l’humain.”
BackgroundAlarcon, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e821e656zc59ez400aza682z9a8a13f5647e · Cited by 1
Species loss: a crude view of climate
Advani, N. K., Evans, S. M. J., & Stevens, A. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/537617c
Species loss: diverse takes on biodiversity
Beattie, A. J. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/537617b
Robins, C. W. (2017) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Staving off extinction – more than luck and fate
Lindenmayer, D. B., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Legge, S., & Garnett, S. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1002/fee.1533
“Many species are now on the edge of oblivion (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundAssessing biodiversity in farming landscapes: a cross-taxonomic approach to conservation planning
Yong, D. (2017) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d6cfa184be49
Haines, A. M. (2017) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.21395
Biodiversity loss under future global socio-economic and climate scenariosPreprint
Chaudhary, A., & Mooers, A. Ø. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/235705
“Importantly, habitat destruction and degradation due to human land use for commodity 42 production is, and is expected to remain, the major driver of biodiversity loss [6].”
BackgroundExtinction, the Endangered Caution to the Mother Earth
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Influence of Biotic Pressure and Land-Use Changes
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Evaluating the impacts of human-mediated disturbances on species’ behaviour and interactions
Frey, S. (2018) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Spatio-Temporal Connectivity in Dynamic Tropical Fragmented Landscapes
Martensen, A. C. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
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Assessment and planning for emerging impacts of climate change on species
Maxwell, S. (2018) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2018.789
Self-citationAttitudes about Acceptable Risk in the Context of the Biodiversity Crisis
Offer‐Westort, T. (2019) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/821
GeoDesign and Urban Impact Analysis
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Spatial ecology and conservation of sharks, rays, and chimaeras
Davidson, L. N. K. (2018) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
The social context for conservation: amphibians in human-shaped landscapesPreprint
Hartel, T., Scheele, B. C., Rozyłowicz, L., et al. (2019) · doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.27918v1
Zmiany klimatu - rośliny - zwierzęta
Skubała, P. (2018) · AURA - Tidsskrift for akademiske studier av nyreligiøsitet · doi:10.15199/2.2018.6.4
Biodiversity-based innovations fortify agricultural growth in Asia-Pacific economiesPreprint
Wyckhuys, K. A. G., Lu, Y., Zhou, W. W., Cock, M. J. W., & Furlong, M. J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/845214
“…of >2.5 billion people and help meet dietary requirements of a swelling human population, they also contribute to global warming, ecosystem decay, and agro-chemical pollution (Tilman et al., 2001; Bernhardt et al., 2015; Maxwell et al., 2016; Springmann et al., 2018; Pretty et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialDoko, T., Chen, W., Uno, R., Tamate, H. B., Toxopeus, A. G., Skidmore, A. K., & Fukui, H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692571.026 · Cited by 1
Effective design and use of indicators for marine conservation
Burgass, M. J. (2019) · doi:10.25560/76025
“However, the interaction between people and the environment has meant that global biodiversity is threatened by a range of pressures including over-exploitation of species, habitat modification, invasive alien species and disease, pollution, and climate change (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Maxwell, S. L., Fuller, R. A., Brooks, T. M., & Watson, J. E. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (CH)
- Wildlife Conservation Society (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maxwell, Sean L.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-08-10
- Volume
- 536
- Issue
- 7615
- Pages
- 143-145
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2510388658
- Cited by
- 1,979
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 250 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 218 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 121.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- biodiversity loss, extinction drivers, IUCN Red List, species endangerment
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Cities, Firearms, Human Activities, Population Dynamics, Extinction, Biological, Endangered Species, Climate Change, Environmental Policy
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