The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 9 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers
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Claims the paper makes
6 of 9 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Of all the plant, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal species that have gone extinct since ad 1500, 75% were harmed by overexploitation or agricultural activity or both (often in combination with the introduction of invasive alien species 7 ).”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Bellard, C., Cassey, P. & Blackburn, T. M. Biol. Lett. 12, 20150623 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (section 3; page unavailable) report that, among the 215 extinct species in the five taxa, 58% were affected by biological resource use, 28% by agriculture or aquaculture, and 58% by alien species. They also say species commonly had more than one listed threat, supporting the possibility of combined threats. The paper does not report that 75% were affected by overexploitation or agriculture or establish how often those threats specifically coincided with alien species. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Finally, the balance of threats driving extinction risk for many of the world's species will change, even over the next few decades 3 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says habitat loss, over-exploitation and invasive species have largely driven extinctions, while climate change is becoming a significant new threat. It also reports projections of increased climate-related extinction risk within this century, including species potentially committed to extinction by 2050. Together, these support the claimed shift in the balance of threats over the coming decades. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Finally, studies have shown Red List categorizations reflecting projected extinction risk from climate change to be more robust than was previously thought 6 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Keith, D. A. et al. Conserv. Biol. 28, 810–819 (2014). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not supplied) describes earlier doubts about whether Red List criteria can detect climate-change extinction risk. The Factors influencing performance section reports that assessments for later in the twenty-first century were robust to missing data, but the study examined one amphibian species and cautions that early detection can depend on assessing criterion E. The claim overgeneralizes that qualified finding to Red List categorizations broadly. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Thankfully, there are effective tools and approaches to alleviate harm caused by overexploitation and agricultural activities 8 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hayward, M. W. Biodivers. Conserv. 20, 2563–2573 (2011). source
The Discussion says that threats from agriculture and hunting can be treated through site creation, restoration, reintroduction, legislation and effective site management. It also says effective legislation can counter over-hunting, while cautioning that these strategies are not guaranteed to work. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The comprehensively assessed groups included here are not a random sample from the tree of life 1 , but those that are generally better-studied.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Brooks, T. M. et al. Sci. Data 3, 160007 (2016). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section lists particular taxonomic groups with comprehensive assessments and distinguishes them from a separate taxonomically stratified effort intended to be representative. The Data Records section says some assessed groups are better known than others, but it does not establish that comprehensively assessed groups are generally better studied than groups outside that selection. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Climate change will become an increasingly dominant problem in the biodiversity crisis 3 .”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > WHAT NEXT?
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Foden, W. B. et al. PLoS ONE 8, e65427 (2013). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says climate change is becoming a significant new threat and describes substantial projected extinction risks. It does not say climate change will become a dominant threat relative to habitat loss, overexploitation and invasive species, which the Results identify as the current dominant stressors. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But information on extinction risk has been gathered for only some 0.1% of the more than 50,000 species of fungi thought to exist.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, unsustainable logging is contributing to the decline of more than 4,000 forest-dependent species, such as the Bornean wren-babbler (Ptilocichla leucogrammica), India's Nicobar shrew (Crocidura nicobarica), and the Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri).”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And the Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides) and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) are two of more than 4,600 species currently under threat from land modification associated with the production of food, fodder or fuel crops.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 80% of species analysed are harmed by more than one sub-class threat.”
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
“In fact, more than 80% of the species included in our analysis are affected by more than one major threat.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
- Also stated in: § DATA LIMITATIONS · plain
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- It may state two separate claims as one. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All known bird species have been assessed, for instance.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) are among the 1,688 species affected.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, anthropogenic climate change -including increases in storms, flooding, extreme temperatures or drought that exceed background variability, as well as sea-level rise -is currently affecting 19% of species listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These have dropped in abundance by 90% in the northeastern Atlantic Arctic over the past few decades”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expansion and intensification of agricultural activity is imperilling 5,407 species -62% of those listed as threatened or near-threatened.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > ON THE LIST
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
In the paper
“Because agricultural activity and overexploitation tend to occur in fertile places with naturally high levels of biodiversity 4 , the patterns emerging from our analysis probably extend to many of the other species that have not yet been assessed.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Anderson, B. J. et al. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 888–896 (2009). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet we do not think that any of these caveats alter the overall message.”
§ The forgotten women of Antarctic research p > DATA LIMITATIONS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The IUCN Red List threat information is sufficiently accurate and complete to quantify the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity.
“To assess the relative prevalence of current hazards to biodiversity, we quantified threat information for 8,688 near-threatened or threatened species belonging to species groups in which all known species have been assessed”
The paper relies on this without support.
Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.
“Healthy ecosystems are better repositories for carbon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Farming contributes substantially to greenhouse-gas emissions.
“Agriculture is a major driver of greenhouse-gas emissions, for example.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Human development and population growth will continue and increase the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion.
“But human development and population growth mean that the impacts of overexploitation and agricultural expansion will also increase.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hundreds of species and myriad populations are being driven to extinction every year (1–8).”
From Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Combating climate change alone will not be enough to prevent—or possibly even slow—the further loss of biodiversity, unless damaging land/sea use change and direct exploitation are also tackled with similar ambition and determination (14, 27).”
From The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“2,298 species are adversely affected by biological invasions and diseases”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and 1,688 by climate change”
From Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“With a growing and wealthier population, food demand will further increase, accentuating the negative impacts on biodiversity2,3.”
From Farming practices to enhance biodiversity across biomes: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Food systems are a key driver of biodiversity loss worldwide (1).”
From Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
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Self-citationDetecting Extinction Risk from Climate Change by IUCN Red List Criteria
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
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Items 1,201–1,300 of 1,973
Sampling method drives differing detection of responses to land-use change in small mammals
Rocha, M. F., Magnago, L. F. S., Passamani, M., et al. (2023) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126489 · Cited by 5
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“Although it is often difficult to attribute species declines to single causes, natural habitat alteration and loss is among the key factors driving local extinction of species (Maxwell et al., 2016; Tilman et al., 1994).”
BackgroundRaimbault, P., Boudouresque, C., Bănaru, D., Jacquet, S. H. M., Thibault, D., Vicente, N., Gazeau, F., Rodolphe Lemée, B., Andral, B., Galgani, F., et al. (2021) · Presses universitaires de Provence eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pup.41463 · Cited by 5
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“Urbanization may threaten ecosystems both directly through habitat conversion (McKinney 2002; Mora and Zapata 2013; Maxwell et al. 2016) and indirectly through other factors caused by high human population densities, such as habitat fragmentation by infrastructure: roads and residential areas…”
BackgroundBanning wildlife trade can boost demand for unregulated threatened speciesPreprint
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Composition of the Anuran Community in a Forest Management Area in Southeastern Amazonia
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“Land-use change (i.e., land conversion for cultivation, livestock raising, and plantations) is considered one of the main threats to global biodiversity of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (Maxwell et al. 2016; Díaz et al. 2019; Priyadarshana et al. 2024).”
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Can we bend the curve: Trends in global biodiversity scenarios
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“…Pimm et al., 2014; Diaz et al., 2019), driven by various factors such as agricultural intensification and expansion, habitat loss and fragmentation, biological invasions, and climate change (Wilson, 1989; Butchart et al., 2010; Joppa et al., 2016; Maxwell et al., 2016; Jaureguiberry et al., 2022).”
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“Excessive exploitation by humans [9]; 2.”
Wildlife crime: causes, consequences and countermeasures: A review
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“…trade of alien species that escape the current legislative and scientific tools of nations ( Over-exploitation of natural resources in the form of IWT is expected to surpass climate change in its destruction ability and detrimental effects on earth and its biodiversity (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
Ridley, F. A., Rushton, S. P., Hickinbotham, E. J., Suggitt, A. J., McGowan, P. J. K., & Mair, L. (2024) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14271 · Cited by 5
“However, the longer term impact on populations and species extinction risk remains uncertain (Dean et al., 2019; Holderegger & Di Giulio, 2010), and the reporting of transportation infrastructure as a threat in IUCN Red List assessments is low compared with other threats (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
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Private protected areas and ecological connectivity in Chile
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Self-citationThe Impact of Climate Change in the Eastern Himalayan State of Sikkim, India: A Review
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“Roads are likely to prevent or hamper the spread of apex predators (Maxwell et al., 2016; Ripple et al., 2014).”
Rastandeh, A., Borgström, S. T., Andersson, E., Friberg, K. M., & Rieser, A. M. (2025) · Nature-Based Solutions · doi:10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100232 · Cited by 6
“In addition, outdoor recreation can indirectly contribute to species extinction [40,41].”
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The global threat of wire snare poaching: A comprehensive review of impacts and research priorities
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“Biodiversity loss is one of the most pressing conservation challenges globally, driven by anthropogenic factors such as habitat destruction, climate change, and overexploitation of wildlife (Dirzo et al., 2014; Habibullah et al., 2022; Maxwell et al., 2016).”
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“Consequently, an increasing number of species are being threatened, imperiled, or even driven to extinction (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
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“To illustrate our theory, we focus on a population threatened by snare-based poaching, an urgent threat impacting the persistence of wild animal populations across the globe (Bennett et al., 2002, Maxwell et al., 2016).”
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“Overexploitation of biodiversity for the wildlife trade is thought to be one of the main drivers for species loss (Nijman 2010 , Maxwell et al. 2016 , Symes et al. 2019 ).”
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Distribution, behavior and diet of the Asiatic black bear in human modified landscapes
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da Rocha‐Filho, L. C., Cardoso, J. C. F., de Oliveira, A. C., Araújo, T. N., Castro-Melo, A. L. D. S. E., & Augusto, S. C. (2024) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126818 · Cited by 4
Borriglione, M., Ruitton, S., Blanfuné, A., Perret-Boudouresque, M., Thouroude, B., Verlaque, M., Boudouresque, C., & Thibaut, T. (2025) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse13020374 · Cited by 6
Zalewski, A., Kołodziej‐Sobocińska, M., Virtanen, J. M. E., et al. (2025) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1155/tbed/3184679 · Cited by 4
“Over the past century, human activities, such as over-exploitation of natural resources, habitat destruction, the introduction of invasive species and pollution, have accelerated the rate of species threats and/or extinctions to unprecedented levels [4, 5].”
Aschenefe, W. A., Gashaw, T., Admas, B. F., et al. (2025) · Regional Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2025.100197 · Cited by 4
Humphrey, J. E., Selinske, M. J., Garrard, G. E., zu Ermgassen, S., Addison, P., Kiss, B. M., Burgass, M. J., Chimbwandira, S. J., Connop, S. P., Duffus, N., et al. (2025) · npj Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s42949-025-00204-0 · Cited by 4
Indigenous peoples and local community reports of climate change impacts on biodiversity
Cruz‐Gispert, A., García‐del‐Amo, D., Junqueira, A. B., et al. (2025) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70033 · Cited by 4
“…might be the direct driver of some changes (e.g., phenological changes), it is intertwined with other drivers of change, such as direct exploitation of resources or changes in land and sea use, that affect abundance, distribution, or composition of species (Díaz et al., 2019; Maxwell et al., 2016).”
Grassland Communities and Ecosystems ☆
Sala, O. E., Vivanco, L., & Flombaum, P. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.02201-9 · Cited by 7
“Overexploitation includes the harvesting of species from the wild at a rate that exceeds the ability of regrowth of natural populations (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) habitat occupancy in Québec’s Laurentian Highlands
Aubry, Y., Desrochers, A., & Seutin, G. (2018) · Avian Conservation and Ecology · doi:10.5751/ace-01226-130208 · Cited by 4
Granting political representation to non-humans
Gray, J. (2019) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1533 · Cited by 4
“” Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, and killing of wildlife by humans are the major drivers of the biodiversity crisis (Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWolfe, J. D., & Elizondo, P. (2020) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.173 · Cited by 4
The Challenge of Brown Bear Management in Hokkaido, Japan
Mano, T., Yamanaka, M., Tsuruga, H., & Sato, Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692571.025 · Cited by 4
Custode, L. B., Guzzo, M. M., Bush, N. D., Claire, E., Procko, M., Knight, S. M., Rousseau-Clair, M.-M., & Norris, D. R. (2021) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2020-0108 · Cited by 3
Effect of forestry (Pinus sp.) on the bat community (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Neotropical region
Biassi, D. L., Baldissera, R., Galiano, D., & Rezende, R. D. S. (2021) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.13111 · Cited by 4
Invasion and potential risks of introduced exotic aquatic species in Indian islands
Raghunathan, C., Mondal, T., & Chandra, K. (2021) · Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management · doi:10.14321/aehm.024.02.11 · Cited by 4
Lines, R., Bormpoudakis, D., Xofis, P., MacMillan, D. C., Pieterse, L., & Tzanopoulos, J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14010116 · Cited by 4
“They are highly susceptible to direct and indirect human activities including (legal and illegal) hunting, reduction of wild prey, and habitat fragmentation and loss [6,31].”
BackgroundFood Security, Agroforestry, and Sustainable Development Goals
Nair, P. K. R., Kumar, B. M., & Nair, V. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75358-0_23 · Cited by 4
Akodéwou, A., & Godron, M. P. (2022) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d14020106 · Cited by 4
“Land-use change is one of the main drivers affecting and having the strongest impact on global biodiversity [1,4].”
BackgroundSteyaert, S. M. J. G., Zedrosser, A., Swaisgood, R. R., Filipczyková, E., Crudge, B., Dutta, T., Sharma, S., Ratnayeke, S., Koike, S., Leclerc, M., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692571.003 · Cited by 7
Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis to Overcome the Global Environmental Crisis
von Hagke, C., Hill, C., Hof, A., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141710545 · Cited by 4
“The situation is similar to the decline in global biodiversity [11] (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundBrady, U. (2023) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.2045 · Cited by 8
Problems of local organic food procurement management at general education schools in Latvia
Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, & Aleksejeva, L. (2022) · Economic Science for Rural Development · doi:10.22616/esrd.2022.56.001 · Cited by 4
Organic farming of maize crop enhances species evenness and diversity of hexapod predators
Hamza, A., Farooq, M. O., Razaq, M., & Shah, F. M. (2023) · Bulletin of Entomological Research · doi:10.1017/s000748532300024x · Cited by 7
Functional leaf-trait variability and herbivory in oaks along a Mexican avocado agrosystem mosaic
Vaca-Sánchez, M. S., do Espírito-Santo, M. M., Maldonado‐López, Y., Oyama, K., Pérez-Solache, A., de Faria, M. L., Borges, M. A. Z., Fernandes, G. W., & Cuevas‐Reyes, P. (2023) · Flora · doi:10.1016/j.flora.2023.152437 · Cited by 4
Abe, N., Sakiyama, A., Suzuki, M., et al. (2024) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfae033 · Cited by 4
Does land use change influence predation of bird nests?
Okada, S., Lindenmayer, D. B., & Wood, J. T. (2019) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.12747 · Cited by 6
Les politiques de biodiversité
Compagnon, D., & Rodary, E. (2017) · Presses de Sciences Po eBooks · doi:10.3917/scpo.compa.2017.01.0091 · Cited by 4
Shil, J., Biswas, J., Nag, S., & Kumara, H. N. (2021) · Journal of Threatened Taxa · doi:10.11609/jott.7273.13.7.18679-18686 · Cited by 4
“Forest loss and habitat degradation that is primarily driven by agricultural expansion and intensification (Gibbs et al. 2010; Foley et al. 2011), are the major threats to biodiversity (Maxwell et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSinha, N., Sinha, S., Valero, C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.25.445197 · Cited by 4
Fonseca, W. D. S. (2021) · doi:10.47328/ufvbbt.2021.030 · Cited by 4
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Observational Analyses
Dee, L. E., Kimmel, K. A., & Hayden, M. T. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119902911.ch6 · Cited by 4
Life on the edge: a new toolbox for population-level climate change vulnerability assessmentsPreprint
Barratt, C. D., Onstein, R. E., Pinsky, M. L., Steinfartz, S., Kühl, H. S., Forester, B. R., & Razgour, O. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.543988 · Cited by 4
The interacting effects of climate and land-use/land-cover changes on ecological communitiesPreprint
Thompson, K. L., Chase, J. M., Remelgado, R., & Meyer, C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.07.570587 · Cited by 4
“LULC change is responsible for the majority of contemporary extinctions (Caro et al. , 2022, Maxwell et al. , 2016), while climate change has forced local extirpations and range shifts of many taxa in many places (Antao et al. , 2022, Urban, 2015).”
BackgroundFroehlich, H. E., Mizuta, D. D., & Wilson, J. R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307431 · Cited by 3
“We found evidence of the oceans and marine animals garnering slightly more concern and support than terrestrial systems and organisms, which does not match most global assessments reporting a greater biodiversity crisis on land–especially inland freshwater–than the seas [32– 35].”
BackgroundCarbon loss and inequality exacerbated by embodied land redistribution in international trade
Meng, H., Yang, D., Zhou, T., et al. (2024) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108453 · Cited by 3
Avoiding Cognitive Trap in Habitat Restoration: A Case Study of the World's Rarest Primate
Wang, Y., Zhong, X., Zhu, C., Qi, X., Feng, Y., & Fan, P. (2025) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.70018 · Cited by 4
“Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation are the major threats to global biodiversity (Jaureguiberry et al. 2022; Maxwell et al. 2016).”
Sánchez, M. S., de Araújo, C. B., Boeris, J. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyaf012 · Cited by 3
Enhancing Wildlife Trade Monitoring in the European Union—No Need to Reinvent the Wheel
Biondo, M. V., & Calado, R. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72090 · Cited by 3
“…trade—both legal and illegal—is a multibillion-dollar industry that plays a major role in biodiversity loss and the unsustainable use of natural resources (Bush et al. 2014; Maxwell et al. 2016; Díaz et al. 2019; Morton et al. 2021; Fromentin et al. 2022; IPBES 2022; Hughes, Auliya, et al. 2023).”
Ferrari, G. C. P., Mason, K., Robertson, A. W., & Castro, I. (2025) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.70110 · Cited by 3
Gain and loss: Human and environmental wellbeing – drivers of Kilimanjaro’s decreasing biodiversity
Hemp, A., Miyazawa, M., & Hurskainen, P. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334184 · Cited by 3
“While climate change has attracted much attention as one of the drivers of biodiversity loss [8–10], it is not the only one [11–13], necessitating further examination of which drivers have the greatest effects on biodiversity [14].”
What if the world had invested in nuclear power instead of variable renewable energy sources?
Emblemsvåg, J. (2025) · International Journal of Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1080/14786451.2025.2586924 · Cited by 3
“Third, habitat loss and degradation currently threaten over 80% of endangered species, while climate change directly affects 20% (Maxwell et al. 2016), and the mining required for REE, used in great quantities in renewable technologies amongst others, is a major culprit (Sonter et al. 2020).”
Identifying global hotspots of agricultural expansion into non-forest ecosystems
Kan, S., Meng, J., Persson, U. M., Chen, B., Levy, S. A., Mazur, E., Samberg, L., Chen, G. Q., Zheng, H., & Kästner, T. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65769-x · Cited by 7
“Agricultural expansion and management isone of the primary driversof biodiversity loss 21 , a topic that has received renewed global focus in light of the Kunming – Montreal Biodiversity Framework proposed at the UN Biodiversity Conference.”
Butterfly Diversity in a Sacred Kaya Forest in Southern Kenya
Wagner, L., Habel, J. C., Fungomeli, M., et al. (2026) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.73242 · Cited by 3
“Demographic pressure and increasing life standards cause rising demand for resources and land, which causes the destruction and fragmentation of pristine ecosystems (Maxwell et al. 2016; Leisher et al. 2022).”
Large mammal recovery in the wake of human population decline
Jensen, A. J., Goldstein, B. R., Fukasawa, K., Iannarilli, F., & Kays, R. (2026) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.70368 · Cited by 5
Couturier, C., Lacroux, C., Okimat, J. P., Asalu, E., & Krief, S. (2022) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyac094 · Cited by 3
Chen, X., Shang, X., Fan, F., et al. (2023) · Integrative Conservation · doi:10.1002/inc3.36 · Cited by 3
“Grazing behavior has been shown to disturb many animals (Li et al., 2017; Maxwell et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSéguigne, M., Leroy, C., Carrias, J., et al. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17346 · Cited by 3
“Decades of overharvesting, habitat destruction, biological invasions, ecosystem contamination and emission of greenhouse gases have led to the degradation of ecosystems worldwide ( Maxwell et al., 2016 ; Urban et al., 2016 ).”
Backgroundde Castro, E. B. V., Stein, T. V., & Monroe, M. C. (2024) · Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism · doi:10.1016/j.jort.2024.100812 · Cited by 3
Kemp, C., Yarchuk, K., Menzies, A. K., Perron, N., Noganosh, S., Northrup, J. M., & Popp, J. N. (2024) · FACETS · doi:10.1139/facets-2024-0030 · Cited by 3
A Synthesis of Threats Impacting Australian Threatened Ecological Communities
Olivares‐Rojas, J. P., Cook, C. N., Duncan, D. H., & Walsh, J. C. (2024) · Diversity and Distributions · doi:10.1111/ddi.13929 · Cited by 3
“The biggest drivers of global biodiversity declines are overexploitation, land-use change for agriculture and urban development, and invasive species and disease (Maxwell et al. 2016; Tilman et al. 2017; Díaz et al. 2019).”
Identifying leverage points for sustainability in India’s shark supply chains
Gupta, T., Karnad, D., Oyanedel, R., Booth, H. L., Abhiram, T., Gaonkar, H., & Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2024) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106580 · Cited by 4
“Wildlife trade is a major driver of biodiversity loss globally, contributing to extinction risk in over 14,000 species [11,45], yet millions of people depend on this for their livelihood and sustenance [19].”
Tuberville, T. D., Buhlmann, K. A., Dillman, J. W., et al. (2025) · Chelonian Conservation and Biology · doi:10.2744/ccb-1629.1 · Cited by 3
Winter, S., Weitzl, R., Möth, S., Petrović, B., Aurelle, V., Tolle, P., Costes, T., Richart‐Cervera, S., & Rusch, A. (2025) · Basic and Applied Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.baae.2025.01.005 · Cited by 4
Li, Z., Zhang, Z., Yang, A., et al. (2025) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.105966 · Cited by 3
Ghilardi, F., Petris, S. D., Torti, V., Giacoma, C., & Borgogno-Mondino, E. C. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179243 · Cited by 3
“Deforestation in Madagascar, although reflecting global patterns (Maxwell et al., 2016), is primarily driven by small-scale shifting cultivation techniques, also known as “ tavy ” , mainly aimed at recovering new areas for rice cultivation.”
Clarifying ethical stances in conservation: a trolley problem thought experiment
Latombe, G., Arbieu, U., Bacher, S., Canessa, S., Courchamp, F., Dullinger, S., Essl, F., Glaser, M., Jarić, I., Lenzner, B., et al. (2025) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biaf052 · Cited by 7
“Invasive alien species are among the main threats to global bio-diversity (Bellard et al. 2016 , Maxwell et al. 2016 , Roy et al. 2024 ).”
Senf, C., Geres, L. S., Richter, T., Braziunas, K. H., Wieland-Glasmann, F., Seidl, R., & Seibold, S. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation · doi:10.1016/j.jag.2025.104797 · Cited by 3
Borrow, M., Fuller, S. J., & Doohan, B. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72345 · Cited by 3
A tale of deadly strikes: A nearly century-long literature review of bird-window collisions
Gómez‐Martínez, M. A., & MacGregor‐Fors, I. (2025) · Animal Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.32800/abc.2025.48.0203 · Cited by 3
Clearing the way for reef destruction
Reside, A. E., Bridge, T. C. L., & Rummer, J. L. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/537307d · Cited by 3
Species loss: climate plan saves only trees
Caro, T., & Mulder, M. B. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/537617d · Cited by 3
Bamrah, I. S., & Girdhar, A. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2930-6_7 · Cited by 3
Steinmetz, R., Garshelis, D. L., & Choudhury, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108692571.005 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Maxwell, S. L., Fuller, R. A., Brooks, T. M., & Watson, J. E. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (CH)
- Wildlife Conservation Society (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maxwell, Sean L.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-08-10
- Volume
- 536
- Issue
- 7615
- Pages
- 143-145
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2510388658
- Cited by
- 1,979
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 143 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 250 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 256 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 218 · 2019: 184 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 121.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- biodiversity loss, extinction drivers, IUCN Red List, species endangerment
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Cities, Firearms, Human Activities, Population Dynamics, Extinction, Biological, Endangered Species, Climate Change, Environmental Policy
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