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Cited by 1,151Liver physiology and pathologyLiver Diseases and ImmunityLiver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

Liver immunology and its role in inflammation and homeostasis

Open access
Robinson, Mark W, Harmon, Cathal, O’Farrelly, Cliona·2016·Cellular & Molecular Immunology
DOI 10.1038/cmi.2016.3PMC PMC4856809
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Abstract

The human liver is usually perceived as a non-immunological organ engaged primarily in metabolic, nutrient storage and detoxification activities. However, we now know that the healthy liver is also a site of complex immunological activity mediated by a diverse immune cell repertoire as well as non-hematopoietic cell populations. In the non-diseased liver, metabolic and tissue remodeling functions require elements of inflammation. This inflammation, in combination with regular exposure to dietary and microbial products, creates the potential for excessive immune activation. In this complex microenvironment, the hepatic immune system tolerates harmless molecules while at the same time remaining alert to possible infectious agents, malignant cells or tissue damage. Upon appropriate immune activation to challenge by pathogens or tissue damage, mechanisms to resolve inflammation are essential to maintain liver homeostasis. Failure to clear 'dangerous' stimuli or regulate appropriately activated immune mechanisms leads to pathological inflammation and disrupted tissue homeostasis characterized by the progressive development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventual liver failure. Hepatic inflammatory mechanisms therefore have a spectrum of roles in the healthy adult liver; they are essential to maintain tissue and organ homeostasis and, when dysregulated, are key drivers of the liver pathology associated with chronic infection, autoimmunity and malignancy. In this review, we explore the changing perception of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in normal liver homeostasis and propose targeting of liver-specific immune regulation pathways as a therapeutic approach to treat liver disease.

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  • Dissection alone, without removal of mass, can elicit inflammatory responses and scar formation without inducing regeneration.

    “Experimental models demonstrate that dissection alone, without removal of mass, can elicit inflammatory responses and scar formation without inducing regeneration (Figure 1D)[10].”

    From Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: Triggers and mechanisms (2025) · cites this paper as [10]

    The “Liver Immunity and Resolving Fibrosis” section says acute liver inflammation can induce fibrotic responses, supporting the inflammation-and-scarring portion. The copy does not describe a dissection-only experimental model or establish that dissection without tissue removal causes those responses without regeneration; the “Inflammation and Liver Regeneration” section instead discusses regeneration after injury and partial hepatectomy. No page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.81)

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Sorted by citations

Authors
Robinson, M. W., Harmon, C., & O’Farrelly, C.
Affiliations
Trinity College Dublin (IE)
Corresponding author
O’Farrelly, Cliona
ORCID
Venue
Cellular & Molecular Immunology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-04-11
Volume
13
Issue
3
Pages
267-276
ISSN
  • 1672-7681 (ISSN-L)
  • 2042-0226
DOI
10.1038/cmi.2016.3
PMC
PMC4856809
OpenAlex
W2315690141
Cited by
1,151
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 117 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 171 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 8
FWCI
8.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cellular and Molecular Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
  • Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Health Research Board
  • Science Foundation Ireland (12/IA/1667)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords
liver immunology, liver inflammation, liver homeostasis, immune tolerance, immune activation, inflammation resolution, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, liver failure, autoimmunity, liver cancer, inflammatory mediators
MeSH terms
Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Inflammation, Liver, Liver Diseases, Models, Biological, Cellular Microenvironment

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