Global CNS gene delivery and evasion of anti-AAV-neutralizing antibodies by intrathecal AAV administration in non-human primates
Open accessAbstract
Injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) offers a means to achieve widespread transgene delivery to the central nervous system, where the doses can be readily translated from small to large animals. In contrast to studies with other serotypes (AAV2, AAV4 and AAV5) in rodents, we report that a naturally occurring capsid (AAV9) and rationally engineered capsid (AAV2.5) are able to achieve broad transduction throughout the brain and spinal cord parenchyma following a single injection into the CSF (via cisterna magna or lumbar cistern) in non-human primates (NHP). Using either vector at a dose of ∼2 × 10(12) vector genome (vg) per 3-6 kg animal, approximately 2% of the entire brain and spinal cord was transduced, covering all regions of the central nervous system (CNS). AAV9 in particular displayed efficient transduction of spinal cord motor neurons. The peripheral organ biodistribution was highly reduced compared with intravascular delivery, and the presence of circulating anti-AAV-neutralizing antibodies up to a 1:128 titer had no inhibitory effect on CNS gene transfer. Intra-CSF delivery effectively translates from rodents to NHPs, which provides encouragement for the use of this approach in humans to treat motor neuron and lysosomal storage diseases.
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The circulation of CSF delivers viral vectors to broader CNS regions when compared to IP injection.
“The circulation of CSF delivers viral vectors to broader CNS regions when compared to IP injection [86].”
From Designing and optimizing AAV-mediated gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: from bench to bedside (2024) · cites this paper as [86]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that injection into CSF allows diffuse delivery to large areas of the brain and spinal cord. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports widespread CNS transduction after lumbar-cistern injection. Neither passage establishes that this delivery reaches broader CNS regions than IP injection; the paper’s described comparisons concern other injection routes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn animal models, widespread CNS coverage can be obtained by delivering the vector into the CSF.
“in animal models, widespread coverage can be obtained by delivering the vector into the CSF”
From AAVrh.10-Mediated APOE2 Central Nervous System Gene Therapy for APOE4-Associated Alzheimer's Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [83]
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A Safe and Reliable Technique for CNS Delivery of AAV Vectors in the Cisterna Magna
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“In agreement with previous studies, vector delivery solely to the cisterna magna results in robust transduction of the entire spinal cord.(21,28,29) However, our results show that motor neuron transduction in the lumbar region was reduced as compared to the cervical region.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHordeaux, J., Hinderer, C., Goode, T., Katz, N., Buza, E. L., Bell, P., Calcedo, R., Richman, L. K., & Wilson, J. M. (2018) · Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2018.06.003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Methods for Gene Transfer to the Central Nervous System
Kantor, B., Bailey, R. M., Wimberly, K., Kalburgi, S. N., & Gray, S. J. (2014) · Advances in Genetics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800149-3.00003-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“In a second study by Gray et al. (2013), intra-CSF delivery via intrathecal or intracisternal injections were compared in nonhuman primates.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntrathecal Gene Therapy Corrects CNS Pathology in a Feline Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis I
Hinderer, C. J., Bell, P. L., Gurda, B. L., Wang, Q., Louboutin, J., Zhu, Y., Bagel, J. H., O’Donnell, P., Sikora, T. U., Ruane, T., et al. (2014) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2014.135 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Grimm, D., & Zolotukhin, S. (2015) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2015.173 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Engineering the AAV capsid to evade immune responses
Barnes, C., Scheideler, O. J., & Schaffer, D. V. (2019) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Ahmed, S. S., Li, H., Cao, C., Şıkoğlu, E. M., Denninger, A. R., Su, Q., Eaton, S. C., Navarro, A. A. L., Xie, J., Szucs, S., et al. (2013) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2013.138 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Gene Therapy for the Nervous System: Challenges and New Strategies
Maguire, C. A., Ramirez, S. H., Merkel, S. F., Sena‐Esteves, M., & Breakefield, X. O. (2014) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0299-5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Transduction can be improved using convection-enhanced delivery [12, 13], viruses that move by retrograde or anterograde transport within neuronal processes or use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow to transduce neuronal bodies in distant structures [14, 15], and alternate vector serotypes [16] to give high, yet focal…”
BackgroundInfluentialAdeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy in a Sheep Model of Tay–Sachs Disease
Gray‐Edwards, H. L., Randle, A. N., Maitland, S. A., Benatti, H. R., Hubbard, S. M., Canning, P. F., Vogel, M. B., Brunson, B. L., Hwang, M., Ellis, L. E., et al. (2017) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2017.163 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Wang, H., Yang, B., Qiu, L., Yang, C., Kramer, J. A., Su, Q., Guo, Y., Brown, R. H., Gao, G., & Xu, Z. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt454 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Samulski and colleagues have reported the construction of a new promoter called CBh, which they demonstrated to be capable of driving transgene expression in both glia and motor neurons in the spinal cord (32,47).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCharacterization of a novel adeno-associated viral vector with preferential oligodendrocyte tropism
Powell, S. K., Khan, N., Parker, C. L., Samulski, R. J., Matsushima, G., Gray, S. J., & McCown, T. J. (2016) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2016.62 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationHarnessing cerebrospinal fluid circulation for drug delivery to brain tissues
Naseri Kouzehgarani, G., Feldsien, T., Engelhard, H. H., Mirakhur, K. K., Phipps, C., Nimmrich, V., Clausznitzer, D., & Lefebvre, D. R. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Passini, M. A., Bu, J., Richards, A. M., Treleaven, C. M., Sullivan, J. A., O’Riordan, C. R., Scaria, A., Kells, A. P., Samaranch, L., Sebastián, W. S., et al. (2014) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2014.011 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Spinal muscular atrophy: Development and implementation of potential treatments
Arnold, W. D., & Burghes, A. H. M. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23995 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Govoni, A., Gagliardi, D., Comi, G. P., & Corti, S. P. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0831-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Chen, W., Yao, S., Wan, J., Tian, Y., Huang, L., Wang, S., Akter, F., Wu, Y., Yao, Y., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.029 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bailey, R. M., Rozenberg, A., & Gray, S. J. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146832 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“This study expands our previous findings in non-human primates (8) and work by others by using a 10X higher vector dose in mice and reporting a detailed analysis of biodistribution to the CNS, PNS and ANS.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationTherapeutic Options for Mucopolysaccharidoses: Current and Emerging Treatments
Sawamoto, K., Stapleton, M., Alméciga-Díaz, C. J., Espejo-Mojica, A. J., Losada, J. C., Súarez, D. A., & Tomatsu, S. (2019) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01147-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Hordeaux, J., Hinderer, C., Goode, T., Buza, E. L., Bell, P., Calcedo, R., Richman, L. K., & Wilson, J. M. (2018) · Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2018.06.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“This is likely due to asymmetric distribution of NAbs between the systemic and CNS compartments observed by us and others.(24,25) The fact that DRG transduction was also not impacted suggests that AAV particles gained entry via the CSF rather than the fenestrated endothelium of the DRG.”
BackgroundPrasad, S., Dimmock, D. P., Greenberg, B., Walia, J. S., Sadhu, C., Tavakkoli, F., & Lipshutz, G. S. (2022) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2022.138 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gurda, B. L., de Lataillade, A. D. G., Bell, P. L., Zhu, Y., Yu, H., Wang, P., Bagel, J. H., Vite, C. H., Sikora, T. U., Hinderer, C. J., et al. (2015) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2015.189 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gene Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease Associated with GBA1 Mutations
Abeliovich, A., Hefti, F. F., & Sevigny, J. (2021) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-212739 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
McCurdy, V. J., Rockwell, H. E., Arthur, J. R., Bradbury, A. M., Johnson, A. K., Randle, A. N., Brunson, B. L., Hwang, M., Gray‐Edwards, H. L., Morrison, N. E., et al. (2014) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2014.108 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sinnett, S. E., Hector, R. D., Gadalla, K. K. E., Heindel, C., Chen, D., Zaric, V., Bailey, M. E. S., Cobb, S., & Gray, S. J. (2017) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2017.04.006 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“This observation is consistent with published data demonstrating peripheral transgene biodistribution after intraCSF administration of AAV.13,17 In general, one or more viral genome copies were present per cell across multiple organs (Figure 2A).”
ResultSelf-citationChowdhury, E. A., Meno‐Tetang, G. M. L., Chang, H. Y., Wu, S., Huang, H. W., Jamier, T., Chandran, J. S., & Shah, D. K. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.017 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ayers, J. I., Fromholt, S., Sinyavskaya, O., Siemienski, Z. B., Rosario, A. M., Li, A., Crosby, K. W., Cruz, P. E., DiNunno, N., Janus, C., et al. (2014) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2014.180 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Thwaite, R., Pagès, G., Chillón, M., & Bosch, A. (2015) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2014.103 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Gene therapy for Mucopolysaccharidoses
Sawamoto, K., Chen, H.-H., Alméciga-Díaz, C. J., Mason, R. W., & Tomatsu, S. (2017) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.12.434 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Advances in optogenetic and chemogenetic methods to study brain circuits in non-human primates
Galván, A., Caiola, M. J., & Albaugh, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1697-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…of animals based on screening for neutralizing antibodies could minimize this problem (Bevan et al. 2011; Samaranch et al. 2013), immunity could develop after an initial AAV injection (Gray et al. 2013; Kotterman et al. 2015), ultimately limiting the time window to perform multiple AAV injections.”
BackgroundInfluentialCurrent and potential new treatment strategies for creatine deficiency syndromes
Fernandes‐Pires, G., & Braissant, O. (2021) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.12.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Clinical Applications Involving CNS Gene Transfer
Kantor, B., McCown, T., Leone, P., & Gray, S. J. (2014) · Advances in Genetics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800149-3.00002-0 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent Gene Therapy using Viral Vectors for Chronic Pain
Guedon, J.-M. G., Wu, S., Zheng, X., Churchill, C. C., Glorioso, J. C., Liu, C.-H., Liu, S., Vulchanova, L., Bekker, A., Tao, Y., et al. (2015) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1186/s12990-015-0018-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Direct delivery to the CNS through a spinal or intracerebroventricular route presents an opportunity to partially overcome these barriers as it has yielded higher levels of expression with lower viral titers compared to vascular routes of administration and it takes advantage of the relatively immuno-privileged status…”
BackgroundAdenoassociated virus serotype 9-mediated gene therapy for x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Gong, Y., Mu, D., Prabhakar, S., Moser, A., Musolino, P., Ren, J., Breakefield, X. O., Maguire, C. A., & Eichler, F. S. (2015) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2015.6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Challenges of gene delivery to the central nervous system and the growing use of biomaterial vectors
Puhl, D. L., D’Amato, A. R., & Gilbert, R. J. (2019) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.024 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Approaches that deliver vectors via the CSF, by either intracerebroventricular or intrathecal injection, can result in widespread delivery of the vector system throughout the CNS (Bergen and Pun, 2008; Goula et al., 1998; Gray et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBey, K., Ciron, C., Dubreil, L., Deniaud, J., Ledevin, M., Cristini, J., Blouin, V., Aubourg, P. R., & Colle, M.-A. (2017) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2017.18 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sondhi, D., Kaminsky, S. M., Hackett, N. R., Pagovich, O. E., Rosenberg, J. B., De, B. P., Chen, A., Van de Graaf, B., Mezey, J. G., Mammen, G. W., et al. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5413 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ohno, K., Samaranch, L., Hadaczek, P., Bringas, J. R., Allen, P. C., Sudhakar, V., Stockinger, D. E., Snieckus, C., Campagna, M. V., San Sebastian, W., et al. (2019) · Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.001 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Oligonucleotide therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases
Scoles, D. R., & Pulst, S. M. (2018) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2018.1454812 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“the CSF were able to reach CNS targets in non-human primates [11].”
BackgroundSevigny, J., Uspenskaya, O., Heckman, L. D., Wong, L. C., Hatch, D. A., Tewari, A., Vandenberghe, R. R., Irwin, D. J., Saracino, D., Ber, I. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02973-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) and Host Immunity – A Race Between the Hare and the Hedgehog
Rapti, K., & Grimm, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.753467 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“While these concepts have been challenged (189), CNS gene transfer, either to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (75, 190) and, to a lesser extent, after intraparenchymal injection (191–193), remains comparatively successful notwithstanding the presence of circulating nAbs.”
BackgroundSustained Normalization of Neurological Disease after Intracranial Gene Therapy in a Feline Model
McCurdy, V. J., Johnson, A. K., Gray‐Edwards, H. L., Randle, A. N., Brunson, B. L., Morrison, N. E., Salibi, N., Johnson, J. A., Hwang, M., Beyers, R. J., et al. (2014) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007733 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
AAV gene delivery to the spinal cord: serotypes, methods, candidate diseases, and clinical trials
Hardcastle, N., Boulis, N. M., & Federici, T. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2018.1416089 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Other groups have also reported highly reduced to no off-target gene expression when compared with IV delivery [45,56,57].”
BackgroundMethodParambi, D. G. T., Alharbi, K. S., Kumar, R., Harilal, S., Batiha, G. E., Martins, N. A., Hendawy, O. M., Musa, A., Panda, D. S., & Mathew, B. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02555-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Chen, X., Lim, D. A., Lawlor, M. W., Dimmock, D., Vite, C. H., Lester, T. L., Tavakkoli, F., Sadhu, C., Prasad, S., & Gray, S. J. (2023) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2022.163 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“1,82 DRG anatomy allows for exposure to vector in the CSF through nerve roots and ascending spinal cord tracts that are connected to these neurons.”
InfluentialSelf-citationUpright, N. A., Brookshire, S. W., Schnebelen, W., Damatac, C. G., Hof, P. R., Browning, P. G. F., Croxson, P. L., Rudebeck, P. H., & Baxter, M. G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1422-18.2018 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“, 2017), although it is not clear whether the presence of neutralizing antibodies would impede transduction by AAV (Gray et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKrabbe disease successfully treated via monotherapy of intrathecal gene therapy
Bradbury, A. M., Bagel, J. H., Nguyen, D. A., Lykken, E. A., Pesayco, J. P., Jiang, X., Swain, G. P., Assenmacher, C., Hendricks, I. J., Miyadera, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci133953 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“However, intrathecal administration has many advantages, including higher transduction efficiency of the CNS (20); sustained expression with the absence of toxicity (21) seen with systemic delivery (22); evasion of anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies (23), which have been shown to be detrimental to systemic delivery (24)…”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntrathecal Gene Therapy for Giant Axonal Neuropathy
Bharucha-Goebel, D. X., Todd, J. J., Saade, D. N., Norato, G., Jain, M., Lehky, T., Bailey, R. M., Chichester, J. A., Calcedo, R., Armao, D. M., et al. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2307952 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationAAV9-mediated Schwann cell-targeted gene therapy rescues a model of demyelinating neuropathy
Kagiava, A., Karaiskos, C., Richter, J., Tryfonos, C., Jennings, M. J., Heslegrave, A., Sargiannidou, I., Stavrou, M., Zetterberg, H., Reilly, M. M., et al. (2021) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41434-021-00250-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Motas, S., Haurigot, V., Garcia, M., Marcó, S., Ribera, A., Roca, C., Sánchez, X., Sánchez, V., Molas, M., Bertolin, J., et al. (2016) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.86696 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Preclinical testing of AAV9-PHP.B for transgene expression in the non-human primate cochlea
Ivanchenko, M. V., Hanlon, K. S., Devine, M. K., Tenneson, K., Émond, F., Lafond, J.-F., Kenna, M. A., Corey, D. P., & Maguire, C. A. (2020) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2020.107930 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Woodard, K. T., Liang, K. J., Bennett, W. C., & Samulski, R. J. (2016) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01568-16 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The CBh promoter has shown exceptional activity in other neuronal tissue compared to CMV or CBA promoter activity (31) without potential silencing issues, and its small size is beneficial for maximizing the limited transgene capacity of rAAV.”
BackgroundGene Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Ongoing Studies and Clinical Development
Massaro, G., Geard, A. F., Liu, W., Coombe-Tennant, O., Waddington, S. N., Baruteau, J., Gissen, P., & Rahim, A. A. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11040611 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Lysosomal storage disease: Gene therapy on both sides of the blood–brain barrier
Aronovich, E. L., & Hackett, P. B. (2014) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.011 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Neutralizing antibodies to either the viral capsid [103] or the expressed therapeutic protein may block transduction of peripheral organs, although are not necessarily associated with adverse clinical consequences or loss of efficacy, particularly, when “self” enzyme is expressed [78,86, 104,105].”
BackgroundLong-term neurologic and cardiac correction by intrathecal gene therapy in Pompe disease
Hordeaux, J., Dubreil, L., Robveille, C., Deniaud, J., Pascal, Q., Déqueant, B., Pailloux, J., Lagalice, L., Ledevin, M., Babarit, C., et al. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0464-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The feasibility of AAV-mediated gene transfer via the CSF in large animal models and non-human primates has been largely demonstrated by we [3, 4], and others [19, 25, 27, 28, 41, 42, 49, 50].”
BackgroundLópez-Gordo, E., Chamberlain, K., Riyad, J. M., Kohlbrenner, E., & Weber, T. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16030442 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“In rats, substantial transduction was found in the CNS upon delivery through the CSF [208].”
BackgroundIntraventricular Delivery of siRNA Nanoparticles to the Central Nervous System
Shyam, R., Ren, Y., Lee, J., Braunstein, K. E., Mao, H.-Q., & Wong, P. C. (2015) · Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1038/mtna.2015.15 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
AAV9-mediated central nervous system–targeted gene delivery via cisterna magna route in mice
Lukashchuk, V., Lewis, K. E. A., Coldicott, I., Grierson, A. J., & Azzouz, M. (2016) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1038/mtm.2015.55 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gray, S. J., Nagabhushan Kalburgi, S., McCown, T. J., & Jude Samulski, R.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gene Therapy
- Published
- 2013-01-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 450-459
- ISSN
- 0969-7128 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5462
- PMC
- PMC3618620
- OpenAlex
- W2092757238
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 14
- FWCI
- 20.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2013-04-04)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Gene Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u54ar056953-05)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI072176)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 35633, R43NS063611, R01NS035633)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U54-AR056953)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025747)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Neurogenetic and Muscular Disorders Research
- Keywords
- adeno-associated virus, AAV9, intrathecal gene delivery, cerebrospinal fluid injection, antibody escape, spinal cord, non-human primates, lysosomal storage disease, motor neuron disease, vector biodistribution
- MeSH terms
- Dependovirus, Animals, Blood Vessels, Brain, Genetic Vectors, Injections, Spinal, Macaca fascicularis, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Motor Neurons, Spinal Cord, Tissue Distribution, Transduction, Genetic, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Mice, Rats, Antibodies, Neutralizing
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