Cited by 1,245Circadian rhythm and melatoninRetinal Development and DisordersPhotoreceptor and optogenetics research

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Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice

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Hattar, S., Lucas, R. J., Mrosovsky, N., Thompson, S., Douglas, R. H., Hankins, M. W., Lem, J., Biel, M., Hofmann, F., Foster, R. G., Yau, K.-W.·2003·Nature

DOI 10.1038/nature01761PMC PMC2885907

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Abstract

In the mammalian retina, besides the conventional rod-cone system, a melanopsin-associated photoreceptive system exists that conveys photic information for accessory visual functions such as pupillary light reflex and circadian photo-entrainment. On ablation of the melanopsin gene, retinal ganglion cells that normally express melanopsin are no longer intrinsically photosensitive. Furthermore, pupil reflex, light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock and period lengthening of the circadian rhythm in constant light are all partially impaired. Here, we investigated whether additional photoreceptive systems participate in these responses. Using mice lacking rods and cones, we measured the action spectrum for phase-shifting the circadian rhythm of locomotor behaviour. This spectrum matches that for the pupillary light reflex in mice of the same genotype, and that for the intrinsic photosensitivity of the melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells. We have also generated mice lacking melanopsin coupled with disabled rod and cone phototransduction mechanisms. These animals have an intact retina but fail to show any significant pupil reflex, to entrain to light/dark cycles, and to show any masking response to light. Thus, the rod-cone and melanopsin systems together seem to provide all of the photic input for these accessory visual functions.

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Background
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Authors: Hattar, S., Lucas, R. J., Mrosovsky, N., Thompson, S., Douglas, R. H., Hankins, M. W., Lem, J., Biel, M., Hofmann, F., Foster, R. G., & Yau, K.-W.
Affiliations: Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Imperial College London (GB)
University of Toronto (CA)
City, University of London (GB)
Tufts University (US)
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Technical University of Munich (DE)
Corresponding author: Yau, K.-W.
ORCID: Hattar, S.
Lucas, R. J.
Thompson, S.
Douglas, R. H.
Hankins, M. W.
Biel, M.
Hofmann, F.
Yau, K.-W.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2003-06-15
Volume: 424
Issue: 6944
Pages: 75-81
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/nature01761
PMC: PMC2885907
OpenAlex: W2014028088
Cited by: 1,245
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 20.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
National Eye Institute (R37EY006837, R01EY014596, R01EY006837)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
Keywords: melanopsin, pupillary light reflex, circadian phase shifting, action spectrum, retinal ganglion cells, mice, light entrainment
MeSH terms: Melanopsin, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Darkness, Female, Ion Channels, Light, Male, Mice, Inbred C3H, Motor Activity, Reflex, Pupillary, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Vision, Ocular, Visual Perception, Rod Opsins, Gene Deletion, Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells, Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels

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Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice

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