Demonstration of an all-optical quantum controlled-NOT gate
Abstract
The promise of tremendous computational power, coupled with the development of robust error-correcting schemes, has fuelled extensive efforts to build a quantum computer. The requirements for realizing such a device are confounding: scalable quantum bits (two-level quantum systems, or qubits) that can be well isolated from the environment, but also initialized, measured and made to undergo controllable interactions to implement a universal set of quantum logic gates. The usual set consists of single qubit rotations and a controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate, which flips the state of a target qubit conditional on the control qubit being in the state 1. Here we report an unambiguous experimental demonstration and comprehensive characterization of quantum CNOT operation in an optical system. We produce all four entangled Bell states as a function of only the input qubits' logical values, for a single operating condition of the gate. The gate is probabilistic (the qubits are destroyed upon failure), but with the addition of linear optical quantum non-demolition measurements, it is equivalent to the CNOT gate required for scalable all-optical quantum computation.
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The original proposal used dual-rail encoding and was first implemented by O'Brien et al., (2003).
“The original proposal used dual-rail encoding and was first implemented by O'Brien et al., (2003).”
From Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry (2012) · cites this paper as O'Brien et al., 2003
Several proof-of-principle experimental demonstrations of CNOTs and encoding against measurement error followed the simplifications of the original linear optical scheme.
“These developments were expanded upon [15, 16, 17, 18, 19] and soon followed by several proof-of-principal experimental demonstrations of CNOTs [20, 21, 22, 23] and encoding against measurement error [24, 25].”
From Optical Quantum Computing (2007) · cites this paper as [21]
The unheralded two-photon CNOT gate fidelities were greater than those previously reported.
“The process fidelity was found to be F p = 0 . 909 ± 0 . 001, and the average gate fidelity F g = 0 . 927 ± 0 . 001 (see Appendix for details), greater than those previously reported [21, 33, 39].”
From Universal linear optics (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
The measured GHZ state fidelity confirms the presence of genuine entanglement created during the quantum computation.
“This confirms the presence of genuine entanglement [24] created during the quantum computation.”
From Experimental Quantum Computing to Solve Systems of Linear Equations (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- O'Brien, J. L., Pryde, G. J., White, A. G., Ralph, T. C., & Branning, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 426
- Issue
- 6964
- Pages
- 264-267
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1982390307
- Cited by
- 992
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 54.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- CNOT gate, Bell states, entanglement, quantum gates, quantum non-demolition measurement, qubits, quantum computing
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