Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus
Open accessAbstract
The influenza pandemic of 1918-19 was responsible for about 50 million deaths worldwide. Modern histopathological analysis of autopsy samples from human influenza cases from 1918 revealed significant damage to the lungs with acute, focal bronchitis and alveolitis associated with massive pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage and rapid destruction of the respiratory epithelium. The contribution of the host immune response leading to this severe pathology remains largely unknown. Here we show, in a comprehensive analysis of the global host response induced by the 1918 influenza virus, that mice infected with the reconstructed 1918 influenza virus displayed an increased and accelerated activation of host immune response genes associated with severe pulmonary pathology. We found that mice infected with a virus containing all eight genes from the pandemic virus showed marked activation of pro-inflammatory and cell-death pathways by 24 h after infection that remained unabated until death on day 5. This was in contrast with smaller host immune responses as measured at the genomic level, accompanied by less severe disease pathology and delays in death in mice infected with influenza viruses containing only subsets of 1918 genes. The results indicate a cooperative interaction between the 1918 influenza genes and show that study of the virulence of the 1918 influenza virus requires the use of the fully reconstructed virus. With recent concerns about the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses into humans and their potential to cause a worldwide pandemic with disastrous health and economic consequences, a comprehensive understanding of the global host response to the 1918 virus is crucial. Moreover, understanding the contribution of host immune responses to virulent influenza virus infections is an important starting point for the identification of prognostic indicators and the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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These genomic data suggested that the host response enhances 1918 virus pathogenesis by initiating a cytokine storm that contributes to increased disease severity.
“These genomic data suggested that the host response enhances 1918 virus pathogenesis by initiating a cytokine storm that contributes to increased disease severity.”
From Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm (2012) · cites this paper as [73]
Extensive lung damage in mice infected with 1918 virus was accompanied by highly upregulated cytokine and chemokine gene expression.
“Extensive lung damage in mice infected with 1918 virus was accompanied by highly upregulated cytokine and chemokine gene expression (73).”
From Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm (2012) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- Kash, J. C., Tumpey, T. M., Proll, S. C., Carter, V., Perwitasari, O., Thomas, M. J., Basler, C. F., Palese, P., Taubenberger, J. K., García-Sastre, A., Swayne, D. E., & Katze, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- United States Department of Agriculture (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kash, John C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2006-09-27
- Volume
- 443
- Issue
- 7111
- Pages
- 578-581
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2615558
- OpenAlex
- W2086727917
- Cited by
- 551
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 33.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ellison Medical Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Z01AI000986)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- host immune response, cell death, pro-inflammatory pathways, viral virulence, lung pathology, immunopathology, antiviral therapy, mouse infection model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Lung, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Orthomyxoviridae Infections, Time Factors, Virulence, Cytokines, Cell Death, Inflammation Mediators, Chemokines, Gene Expression Profiling, Genomics, Mice, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
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