The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tracing the stepwise oxygenation of the Proterozoic ocean
Open accessAbstract
Biogeochemical signatures preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks provide clues to the nature and timing of the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere. Geochemical data suggest that oxygenation proceeded in two broad steps near the beginning and end of the Proterozoic eon (2,500 to 542 million years ago). The oxidation state of the Proterozoic ocean between these two steps and the timing of deep-ocean oxygenation have important implications for the evolutionary course of life on Earth but remain poorly known. Here we present a new perspective on ocean oxygenation based on the authigenic accumulation of the redox-sensitive transition element molybdenum in sulphidic black shales. Accumulation of authigenic molybdenum from sea water is already seen in shales by 2,650 Myr ago; however, the small magnitudes of these enrichments reflect weak or transient sources of dissolved molybdenum before about 2,200 Myr ago, consistent with minimal oxidative weathering of the continents. Enrichments indicative of persistent and vigorous oxidative weathering appear in shales deposited at roughly 2,150 Myr ago, more than 200 million years after the initial rise in atmospheric oxygen. Subsequent expansion of sulphidic conditions after about 1,800 Myr ago (refs 8, 9) maintained a mid-Proterozoic molybdenum reservoir below 20 per cent of the modern inventory, which in turn may have acted as a nutrient feedback limiting the spatiotemporal distribution of euxinic (sulphidic) bottom waters and perhaps the evolutionary and ecological expansion of eukaryotic organisms. By 551 Myr ago, molybdenum contents reflect a greatly expanded oceanic reservoir due to oxygenation of the deep ocean and corresponding decrease in sulphidic conditions in the sediments and water column.
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In the citing paper
“Furthermore, Archean marine sediments have low concentrations of elements that enter rivers during oxidative continental weathering (68–70).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [68]
In the citing paper
“Low concentrations of redox sensitive elements (e.g., Mo and V) and their low ratios with TOC of marine black shales have been observed throughout Earth history before the Ediacaran, and interpreted as the result of low oxygen concentration in ocean and atmosphere33,34.”
From Subtle Cr isotope signals track the variably anoxic Cryogenian interglacial period with voluminous manganese accumulation and decrease in biodiversity (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“The uranium isotope record indicates that the modeled oxygenation state of the early Cambrian oceans was neither steady nor monotonous (7–9, 47, 48), but rather oscillated dramatically in concert with changes to the global marine carbon cycle as indicated by the δ13C curve.”
From Atmosphere-ocean oxygen and productivity dynamics during early animal radiations (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
In the citing paper
“Based on the collective data for the boring billion (Arnold et al., 2004; Scott et al., 2008; Planavsky et al., 2011; Poulton and Canfield, 2011; Partin et al., 2013; Reinhard et al., 2013; as reviewed in Lyons et al., 2014), Fe-rich (ferruginous) waters must have dominated the deeper ocean.”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Muted metal enrichments in euxinic shales support the possibility of low marine molybdenum (Mo) inventories during the boring billion due to high rates of sediment uptake within the anoxic and euxinic oceans (Scott et al., 2008)”
From Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview (2021) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The contrasting behaviors of molybdenum, chromium, uranium, and rhenium in organic-rich marginal sedimentary rocks deposited throughout the mid-Proterozoic qualitatively indicate widespread marine anoxia (Partin et al. 2013, Reinhard et al. 2013, Scott et al. 2008, Sheen et al. 2018)”
From The History of Ocean Oxygenation (2022) · cites this paper as Scott et al. 2008
In the citing paper
“All available data that constrain the marine landscape in the midProterozoic ocean are consistent with only locally developed euxinic conditions along productive continental margins (e.g., in oxygen-minimum zones) or within intracratonic basins”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The emerging picture from black shales indicates that Precambrian seawater reservoirs of redox-sensitive elements were nowhere close to those of the Phanerozoic (e.g., Scott et al., 2008; Partin et al., 2013b; Reinhard et al., 2013).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Following increasing oxygenation in late Neoproterozoic (Canfield et al., 2007;Scott et al., 2008;Sahoo et al., 2012;Lyons et al., 2014a, Planavsky et al., 2014a;Sahoo et al., 2016), these sulfide complexes would have become less abundant, resulting in greater availability of Cd, Cu, and Zn.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“the marine metal reservoir exerts a first order control on enrichments in euxinic and anoxic sediments (Algeo and Lyons, 2006;Lyons et al., 2009;Scott et al., 2008;Reinhard et al., 2013b).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Scott et al., 2008
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“1 ppm: Rudnick and Gao, 2013) appear in the rock record around the time of the GOE, suggesting there was limited oxidative weathering and Mo removal from the UCC before the GOE (Anbar et al., 2007; Scott et al., 2008; Wille et al., 2013).”
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“Changes in ocean chemistry, especially rises in oxygen levels (Scott et al., 2008) but also changes in circulation indicated by variation in other element cycles (Wille, Nagler, Lehmann, Schroder, & Kramers, 2008), have explanatory roles since increased metabolic rates can be sustained more easily…”
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“For example, Mo concentrations in euxinic marine black shales increase strongly from the Proterozoic to the Phanerozoic in response to oxygenation of the deep ocean (Scott et al., 2008), but Zn shows only a relatively weak change across this interval (Scott et al.”
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“The absence of anoxia–euxinia in shallow-water Mesoproterozoic sequences (Scott et al. 2008), along with ongoing deep-water anoxia in the earliest Cambrian (Goldberg et al. 2007; Schröder & Grotzinger 2007; Wille et al. 2008) further attests to the non-uniformitarian nature of vertical mixing.”
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“…oxygenation of deep oceans and important changes in seawater chemistry occurred much later, probably around 0.58 to 0.55 Ga (McFadden et al., 2008; Scott et al., 2008; Canfield et al., 2007; Fike et al., 2006; Jiang et al., 2006), which may have directly led to the evolution of metazoans and…”
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Petroleum surface oil seeps from a Palaeoproterozoic petrified giant oilfield
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Johnson, A. C., Romaniello, S. J., Reinhard, C. T., Gregory, D. D., García‐Robledo, E., Revsbech, N. P., Canfield, D. E., Lyons, T. W., & Anbar, A. D. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.01.022 · Cited by 38
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Airborne hydrocarbon contamination from laboratory atmospheres
Illing, C. J., Hallmann, C., Miller, K. E., Summons, R. E., & Strauss, H. (2014) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.07.006 · Cited by 37
High Molybdenum availability for evolution in a Mesoproterozoic lacustrine environment
Parnell, J., Spinks, S., Andrews, S. D., Thayalan, W., & Bowden, S. A. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7996 · Cited by 36
Teixeira, N., Caxito, F. D. A., Rosière, C. A., Ernesto Pecoits, A., Vieira, L. C., Frei, R., Sial, A. N., & Poitrasson, F. (2017) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.05.009 · Cited by 40
de Paula-Santos, G. M., Caetano-Filho, S., Babinski, M., & Enzweiler, J. (2017) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.12.023 · Cited by 37
Hippertt, J., Caxito, F. D. A., Uhlein, G. J., Júnior, H. A. N., Sial, A. N., de Abreu, A. T., & Nogueira, L. B. (2019) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2019.05.001 · Cited by 37
Zou, J., Shi, X., Zhu, A., Selvaraj, K., Gong, X., Lembke‐Jene, L., Chen, M., Wu, Y., Ge, S., Liu, Y., et al. (2020) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-16-387-2020 · Cited by 37
“Although Crusius et al. (1996) noted insignificant enrichment of sedimentary Mo under suboxic conditions, Scott et al. (2008) argued that burial flux of Mo is not so low in suboxic environments.”
BackgroundMethodMission to Planet Earth: The First Two Billion Years
Stüeken, E. E., Som, S. M., Claire, M. W., Rugheimer, S., Scherf, M., Sproß, L., Tosi, N., Ueno, Y., & Lammer, H. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00652-3 · Cited by 39
Hao, F., Tang, D., Shi, X., Lechte, M. A., Shang, M., Zhou, X., & Yu, W. (2020) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109966 · Cited by 38
Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium and Vanadium
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Characteristics, origins, and significance of pyrites in deep-water shales
Liang, C., Ji, S., Cao, Y., Liu, K., Wu, J., & Hao, F. (2024) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-022-1200-0 · Cited by 38
“The mobility from continent to ocean of trace element, especially redox sensitive trace elements (RSE), depends on the redox state of the environment (Taylor and McLennan, 1995; Scott et al., 2008).”
The Cosmic Zoo: The (Near) Inevitability of the Evolution of Complex, Macroscopic Life
Bains, W., & Schulze‐Makuch, D. (2016) · Life · doi:10.3390/life6030025 · Cited by 37
“Oxygen may also have been valuable in oxidizing, and hence mobilizing, Mo and V necessary for nitrogenase function [95].”
BackgroundLu, X., Kendall, B., Stein, H., & Hannah, J. (2017) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.06.046 · Cited by 30
“Recently, such temporal compilations have been presented for several trace metals that are bioessential and/or redox-sensitive (e.g., Mo, Ni, Zn, U, V, Cr, Co, Se; Scott et al., 2008; Konhauser et al., 2009, 2015; Sahoo et al., 2012; Partin et al., 2013a, 2013b; Reinhard et al., 2013; Robbins et al., 2013; Scott et al…”
BackgroundInfluentialKnoll, A. H. (2012) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b30685.1 · Cited by 40
Extensive sea-floor oxygenation during the early Mesoproterozoic
Xu, D., Qin, Z., Wang, X., Li, J., Shi, X., Tang, D., & Liu, J. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.06.007 · Cited by 36
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“The Makran stromatolites represent a stromatolite growth mechanism that was feasible on an early Earth, with mainly oxygen-deficient deep water, abundant methanotrophic microbes, and microbial denitrification present (Hinrichs, 2002; Scott et al., 2008; Godfrey and Falkowski, 2009).”
Volcanically modulated pyrite burial and ocean–atmosphere oxidation
Olson, S. L., Ostrander, C. M., Gregory, D. D., Roy, M., Anbar, A. D., & Lyons, T. W. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.015 · Cited by 34
Self-citationThe evolving redox chemistry and bioavailability of vanadium in deep time
Moore, E. K., Hao, J., Spielman, S. J., & Yee, N. (2020) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12375 · Cited by 34
“…due to expanded oxidizing conditions is similar to geochemical models and sedimentary records indicating that the concentration of Mo, Ni, Zn, and Cu increased with ocean oxygenation (Canfield, 1998; Saito et al., 2003; Zerkle et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2008; Anbar, 2008; Hardisty et al., 2014).”
BackgroundYoung, S. A., Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K., & Pratt, L. M. (2013) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.004 · Cited by 35
Huang, W., Tarduno, J. A., Zhou, T., Ibáñez-Mejía, M., Olmo‐Barbosa, L. D., Koester, E., Blackman, E. G., Smirnov, A. V., Ahrendt, G. C., Cottrell, R. D., et al. (2024) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-024-01360-4 · Cited by 34
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Continental margin molybdenum isotope signatures from the early Eocene
Dickson, A. J., Cohen, A. S., & Coe, A. L. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.08.004 · Cited by 35
Emerging Biogeochemical Views of Earth's Ancient Microbial Worlds
Lyons, T. W., Fike, D. A., & Zerkle, A. (2015) · Elements · doi:10.2113/gselements.11.6.415 · Cited by 33
Self-citationMoore, E. K., Hao, J., Prabhu, A., Zhong, H., Jelen, B. I., Meyer, M., Hazen, R. M., & Falkowski, P. G. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2017jg004067 · Cited by 36
Gilleaudeau, G. J., Sahoo, S., Ostrander, C. M., Owens, J. D., Poulton, S. W., Lyons, T. W., & Anbar, A. D. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105718 · Cited by 34
Self-citationCui, M.-M., Mohajerin, T. J., Adebayo, S. B., Datta, S., & Johannesson, K. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.04.004 · Cited by 28
Goto, K. T., Sekine, Y., Shimoda, G., Hein, J. R., Aoki, S., Ishikawa, A., Suzuki, K., Gordon, G. W., & Anbar, A. D. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.04.017 · Cited by 35
Self-citationPyrite mega-analysis reveals modes of anoxia through geological time
Emmings, J. F., Poulton, S. W., Walsh, J., Leeming, K., Ross, I., & Peters, S. E. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj5687 · Cited by 33
“This may reflect the initial onset of euxinia after ca. 2.20 to 1.84 Ga ( 43 , 47 ), which appears to have progressively contracted through the Mesoproterozoic, possibly due to extensive global burial of pyrite sulfur in persistently anoxic oceans ( 48 , 49 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLYONS, T. W., REINHARD, C. T., & SCOTT, C. (2009) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00222.x · Cited by 34
“In other words, the onset of euxinia yields a negative feedback subverting its sustainability (Scott et al., 2008; Lyons & Reinhard, 2009a).”
InfluentialSelf-citationNevalainen, T. J. (2010) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.01.019 · Cited by 34
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Fate of cobalt and nickel in mackinawite during diagenetic pyrite formation
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“As with modern sediments discussed above, the bulk rock inventory or trace metals in shales deposited throughout Earth’s history is useful for informing general metal availability in the early oceans (e.g., Scott et al. 2008, 2012).”
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Bedrosian, P. A., & Frost, C. D. (2022) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b36417.1 · Cited by 33
Stepwise oxygenation of early Cambrian ocean controls early metazoan diversification
Zhao, X., Wang, X., Shi, X., Tang, D., & Shi, Q. (2018) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.05.009 · Cited by 32
Moncel, M., & Ashton, N. M. (2018) · Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthroplogy series/Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75985-2_11 · Cited by 33
Analysis of Molecular Biomarkers Covalently Bound Within Neoproterozoic Sedimentary Kerogen
Love, G. D., Stalvies, C., Grosjean, E., Meredith, W., & Snape, C. E. (2008) · The Paleontological Society Papers · doi:10.1017/s1089332600001613 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, C., Lyons, T. W., Bekker, A., Shen, Y., Poulton, S. W., Chu, X., & Anbar, A. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, C.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 452
- Issue
- 7186
- Pages
- 456-459
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2041762395
- Cited by
- 1,098
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 37.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/C518465/2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- molybdenum, black shales, oxidative weathering, total organic carbon, ocean redox state, atmospheric oxygenation, Neoproterozoic, Precambrian, sulfur cycling, early animal evolution, Precambrian stratigraphy
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Molybdenum, Oceans and Seas, Oxygen, Seawater, Sulfides, Time Factors, Geologic Sediments, History, Ancient
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