The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 39 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning
Open accessAbstract
Individuals make choices and prioritize goals using complex processes that assign value to rewards and associated stimuli. During Pavlovian learning, previously neutral stimuli that predict rewards can acquire motivational properties, becoming attractive and desirable incentive stimuli. However, whether a cue acts solely as a predictor of reward, or also serves as an incentive stimulus, differs between individuals. Thus, individuals vary in the degree to which cues bias choice and potentially promote maladaptive behaviour. Here we use rats that differ in the incentive motivational properties they attribute to food cues to probe the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in stimulus–reward learning. We show that intact dopamine transmission is not required for all forms of learning in which reward cues become effective predictors. Rather, dopamine acts selectively in a form of stimulus–reward learning in which incentive salience is assigned to reward cues. In individuals with a propensity for this form of learning, reward cues come to powerfully motivate and control behaviour. This work provides insight into the neurobiology of a form of stimulus–reward learning that confers increased susceptibility to disorders of impulse control.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Dopamine is not required for all forms of stimulus-reward learning; it selectively supports the attribution of incentive salience to reward cues. In rats, sign-trackers show increasing CS-evoked and decreasing US-evoked nucleus accumbens dopamine during Pavlovian conditioning, and dopamine antagonism prevents acquisition of sign-tracking but not goal-tracking conditioned responses.
Key findings
- Systemic flupenthixol attenuated performance of the conditioned response in both bHRs and bLRs, but only bHRs failed to acquire a sign-tracking CR when trained on drug; on drug-free session 8, bHRs still failed to show sign-tracking (P≤0.01 vs saline), whereas bLRs showed a fully developed goal-tracking CR (session 8 vs session 1, P≤0.0002; vs bLR saline, P≥0.6).
- During acquisition, CS-evoked dopamine release increased in bHRs relative to unpaired controls (pairing × session: F(5,35)=4.58, P=0.003) but not bLRs (F(5,35)=0.94, P=0.46); trial-by-trial correlation with trial number was significant for bHR (r²=0.14, P<0.0001) but not bLR (r²=0.003, P=0.54), with different slopes (P=0.005) and higher CS-evoked dopamine in bHRs after acquisition (session six, P=0.04).
- US-evoked dopamine release was lower after acquisition in bHRs (session six, P=0.002), and CS and US signals diverged in bHRs (stimulus × session: F(5,40)=5.47, P=0.0006) but not bLRs (F(5,40)=0.28, P=0.92).
- Outbred rats reproduced the pattern: sign-trackers showed increased CS-evoked and decreased US-evoked dopamine during learning (stimulus × session: F(5,50)=4.43, P=0.002), whereas goal-trackers did not (F(5,40)=0.48, P=0.72); the lever-CS was also a more effective conditioned reinforcer in bHRs than bLRs (phenotype × group interaction for active nose pokes: F(1,33)=4.82, P=0.04).
Methods
- Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats from a selective-breeding colony (bHR/bLR, generations S18–S22) and commercially obtained outbred rats underwent Pavlovian conditioning with a lever-CS paired with food; conditioned responses were classified as sign-tracking (approach lever-CS) or goal-tracking (approach food-tray).
- Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes in the nucleus accumbens core measured phasic dopamine (scans every 100 ms, 10 Hz) during conditioning; recording sites were verified histologically.
- Flupenthixol (i.p.) was given for performance (150, 300, or 600 μg/kg before sessions 9, 11, 13, counterbalanced with saline before sessions 8, 10, 12, 14) and for acquisition (225 μg/kg before sessions 1–7); main analyses used ANOVA/ANOVA with session as a continuous variable and correlations.
Limitations
- Stated: the neural mechanisms underlying sign-tracking and goal-tracking behavior remain to be elucidated; the neurochemical data alone do not rule out the possibility that prediction-error signals are present in other dopamine terminal regions.
- Stated: the post-acquisition flupenthixol finding needs cautious interpretation because of a non-specific effect on activity.
- Evident from the text: the causal dopamine manipulation was systemic flupenthixol, and the sample was male rats (selectively bred plus outbred); no female or human data are reported.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
22 Own result · 19 Not checked yet · 19 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systemic administration of flupenthixol, a nonspecific dopamine receptor antagonist, attenuated performance of the CR for both bHRs and bLRs.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With training, bHRs came to rapidly approach and engage the lever-CS (Fig. 1a-b)”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect was clearly evident when the antagonist was administered during training (Fig. 4, sessions 1–7).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, US-evoked dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens decreased during training in sign-trackers, but not in goal-trackers.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, in outbred rats where this baseline difference in responding does not exist, we have found similar results, indicating that the lever-CS is a more effective conditioned reinforcer for sign-trackers than goal-trackers13.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Boakes, R. in Operant-Pavlovian Interactions (eds Davis, H. & Hurwitz, H. M. B.) 67–97 (Erlbaum, 1977)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, experiments conducted in commercially-obtained outbred rats reproduced the pattern of dopamine release observed in the selectively-bred rats (Fig. 3, Fig. S4).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show that intact dopamine transmission is not required for all forms of learning in which reward cues become effective predictors.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: It has been difficult to determine whether dopamine mediates the predictive or the motivational properties of reward-associated cues, because these two features are often acquired together.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, rats that received non-contiguous (pseudorandom) presentations of the CS and the US did not learn either a sign-tracking or a goal-tracking CR (Fig. 1e).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During four additional sessions, the profound differences in dopamine release between sign- and goal-trackers were stable (Fig. S5), demonstrating that these differences are not limited to the initial stages of learning.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas upon CS presentation bLRs came to rapidly approach and engage the location where food would be delivered (Fig. 1c-d; see detailed statistics in Supplementary Information).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both bHRs and bLRs acquired their respective CRs as a function of training, as there was a significant effect of session for all measures of sign-tracking behavior for bHRs (a-b; P≤0.0001), and of goal-tracking behavior for bLRs (c-d; P≤0.0001).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“US-evoked dopamine release also differed between bHR and bLR rats during training (session x phenotype interaction: F(5,40) = 6.09, P = 0.0003), but for this stimulus dopamine release was lower after acquisition in bHRs (session six; P = 0.002; Fig. S4).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the trial-by-trial correlation between CS-evoked dopamine release and trial number was significant for bHR (r2=0.14, P < 0.0001) but not bLR (r2=0.003, P=0.54) rats, producing significantly different slopes (P=0.005) and higher CS-evoked dopamine release in bHR rats after acquisition (Fig. S4, session six; P = 0.04).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the acquisition of conditioned approach, CS-evoked dopamine release (Fig. 2, Fig. S3) increased in bHR rats relative to unpaired controls (pairing x session interaction: F(5,35) = 4.58, P = 0.003), but there was no such effect in bLRs (Fig. 2, Fig. S3; pairing x session interaction: F(5,35) = 0.94, P = 0.46).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Third, bHR rats that underwent Pavlovian training in the presence of a dopamine receptor antagonist did not acquire a sign-tracking CR, consistent with previous reports24; however, dopamine antagonism had no effect on learning a goal-tracking CR in bLR rats.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Clark, J. J. et al. Chronic microsensors for longitudinal, subsecond dopamine detection in behaving animals. Nature Methods 7, 126–129 (2010) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, bHRs and bLRs learned their respective CRs at the same rate, as indicated by analyses of variance in which session was treated as a continuous variable and the phenotypes were directly compared.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CS and US signals diverge in bHR rats (stimulus x session interaction: F(5,40) = 5.47, P = 0.0006; Fig. 2c) but not bLR rats (stimulus x session interaction: F(5,40) = 0.28, P = 0.92; Fig. 2f).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, there was an increase in CS-evoked and a decrease in US-evoked dopamine release during learning in outbred rats that learned a sign-tracking CR (stimulus x session interaction: F(5,50) = 4.43, P = 0.002; Fig. 3d), but not in those that learned a goal-tracking CR (stimulus x session interaction: F(5,40) = 0.48, P = 0.72; Fig. 3f).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When presentation of a lever-CS was paired with food delivery both bHRs and bLRs developed a Pavlovian CR, but as we have described previously15, the topography of the CR was different in the two groups.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Stead, J. D. et al. Selective breeding for divergence in novelty-seeking traits: heritability and enrichment in spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors. Behav. Genet. 36, 697–712 (2006) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the lever-CS was a more effective conditioned reinforcer in bHR than bLR animals, as indicated by a significant phenotype x group interaction for active nose pokes (F(1,33)=4.82, P=0.04), which controls for “basal” differences in nosepoke responding.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, flupenthixol had no effect on learning the CS-US association that lead to a goal-tracking CR (P≥0.6 vs. saline, session 8; Fig. 4d-f), because on the drug-free session bLRs showed a fully developed goal-tracking CR—their session 8 performance differed significantly from their session 1 performance (P≤0.0002).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both conditioned bHRs and bLRs made more active than inactive nose pokes, and more active nose pokes than control groups that received pseudorandom presentations of the CS and the US (Fig. 1f-g; detailed statistics in Supplementary Information).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the CS evoked dopamine release in both sign- and goal-tracking rats, but this signal increased to a greater degree in sign-trackers, which attributed incentive salience to the CS.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to surgically naïve animals, bHRs learned a sign-tracking CR (session effect on lever contacts: F(5,20) = 5.76, P = 0.002) and bLRs a goal-tracking CR (session effect on food-receptacle contacts: F(5,20) = 5.18, P = 0.003) during neurochemical data collection (Fig. S2).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was also observed after the rats had already acquired their respective CR (Fig. S6), but this latter finding needs to be interpreted cautiously because of a non-specific effect on activity (Figure S6e).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Outbred rats with similar baseline locomotor activity13 and similar baseline levels of reward-related dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (see Fig. 3), differ in whether they are prone to learn a sign-tracking or goal-tracking CR, but they still develop patterns of dopamine release specific to that CR.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Boakes, R. in Operant-Pavlovian Interactions (eds Davis, H. & Hurwitz, H. M. B.) 67–97 (Erlbaum, 1977)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, learning a goal-tracking CR does not require intact dopamine transmission, whereas learning a sign-tracking CR does.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: It has been difficult to determine whether dopamine mediates the predictive or the motivational properties of reward-associated cues, because these two features are often acquired together.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the lever-CS was equally predictive, evoking a CR in both groups, but it acquired two properties of an incentive stimulus to a greater degree in bHRs than bLRs: it was more attractive, as indicated by approach behavior (Fig. 1a) and more desirable, as indicated by the ability to serve as a conditioned reinforcer (Fig. 1f).”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phasic neurotransmission in the mesolimbic dopamine system is initially triggered by the receipt of reward (unconditional stimulus; US), but shifts to a cue predictive of reward (conditional stimulus; CS) after associative learning3,4.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Day, J. J., Roitman, M. F., Wightman, R. M. & Carelli, R. M. Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Nature Neurosci. 10, 1020–1028 (2007) source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Schultz, W., Dayan, P. & Montague, P. R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275, 1593–1599 (1997) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, only in sign-trackers is the CS an attractive incentive stimulus, and only in sign-trackers is it strongly desired (i.e. “wanted”), in the sense that animals will work avidly to get it13.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Boakes, R. in Operant-Pavlovian Interactions (eds Davis, H. & Hurwitz, H. M. B.) 67–97 (Erlbaum, 1977)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These behavioral phenotypes are accompanied by baseline differences in dopamine transmission, with bHRs showing elevated sensitivity to dopamine agonists, increased proportion of striatal D2receptors in a high-affinity state, greater frequency of spontaneous dopamine transients15, and higher reward-related dopamine release prior to conditioning, all of which could enhance their attribution of in”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Stead, J. D. et al. Selective breeding for divergence in novelty-seeking traits: heritability and enrichment in spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors. Behav. Genet. 36, 697–712 (2006) source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Wyvell, C. L. & Berridge, K. C. Intra-accumbens amphetamine increases the conditioned incentive salience of sucrose reward: enhancement of reward "wanting" without enhanced "liking" or response reinforcement. J. Neurosci. 20, 8122–8130 (2000) source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Wyvell, C. L. & Berridge, K. C. Incentive sensitization by previous amphetamine exposure: increased cue-triggered "wanting" for sucrose reward. J. Neurosci. 21, 7831–7840 (2001) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while dopamine may be necessary for the performance of both sign-tracking and goal-tracking CRs, it is only necessary for acquisition of a sign-tracking CR, indicating that these forms of learning are mediated by distinct neural systems.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The selectively-bred rats used in this study have distinctive behavioral phenotypes, including greater behavioral disinhibition and reduced impulse control in bHRs15.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Stead, J. D. et al. Selective breeding for divergence in novelty-seeking traits: heritability and enrichment in spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors. Behav. Genet. 36, 697–712 (2006) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More importantly, when examined off flupenthixol during the 8th test session, bHRs still failed to demonstrate a sign-tracking CR (P≤0.01 vs. saline, session 8; Fig. 4a-c), indicating that dopamine is necessary for both the performance and the learning of a sign-tracking CR, consistent with previous findings20.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Dalley, J. W. et al. Time-limited modulation of appetitive Pavlovian memory by D1 and NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 6189–6194 (2005) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The core of the nucleus accumbens is an important anatomical substrate for motivated behavior17,18 and has been specifically implicated as a site where dopamine acts to mediate the acquisition and/or performance of Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior19–22.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Berridge, K. C. in Psychology of Learning and Motivation (ed. Medin, D. L.) 223–278 (Academic Press, 2001)
- Not checked yetcites [18] Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J. & Everitt, B. J. Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26, 321–352 (2002) source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Kelley, A. E. Functional specificity of ventral striatal compartments in appetitive behaviors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 877, 71–90 (1999) source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Dalley, J. W. et al. Time-limited modulation of appetitive Pavlovian memory by D1 and NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 6189–6194 (2005) source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Di Ciano, P., Cardinal, R. N., Cowell, R. A., Little, S. J. & Everitt, B. J. Differential involvement of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens core in the acquisition and performance of pavlovian approach behavior. J. Neurosci. 21, 9471–9477 (2001) source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Parkinson, J. A. et al. Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion impairs both acquisition and performance of appetitive Pavlovian approach behaviour: implications for mesoaccumbens dopamine function. Behav. Brain Res. 137, 149–163 (2002) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In rats selectively-bred for differences in locomotor responses to a novel environment14, high responders to novelty (bHR) consistently learn a sign-tracking CR but low responders to novelty (bLR) consistently learn a goal-tracking CR15.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Robinson, T. E. & Flagel, S. B. Dissociating the predictive and incentive motivational properties of reward-related cues through the study of individual differences. Biol. Psychiat. 65, 869–873 (2009) source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Stead, J. D. et al. Selective breeding for divergence in novelty-seeking traits: heritability and enrichment in spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors. Behav. Genet. 36, 697–712 (2006) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CS is an effective predictor in animals that learn either a sign-tracking or a goal-tracking response; it acts as an “excitor”, evoking a CR in both.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another feature of an incentive stimulus is to be “wanted” and as such animals should work to obtain it10,16.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E. & Aldridge, J. W. Dissecting components of reward: 'liking', 'wanting', and learning. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 9, 65–73 (2009) source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Flagel, S. B. et al. An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: implications for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 388–400 (2010) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collectively, these data provide several lines of evidence demonstrating that dopamine does not act as a universal teaching signal in reward learning, but selectively participates in a form of stimulus-reward learning whereby Pavlovian incentive value is attributed to a CS.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: It has been difficult to determine whether dopamine mediates the predictive or the motivational properties of reward-associated cues, because these two features are often acquired together.
In the paper
“Human motivated behavior is subject to a wide span of individual differences ranging from highly deliberative to highly impulsive actions directed towards the acquisition of rewards32.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Kuo, W. J., Sjostrom, T., Chen, Y. P., Wang, Y. H. & Huang, C. Y. Intuition and deliberation: two systems for strategizing in the brain. Science 324, 519–522 (2009) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current work demonstrates that dopamine-encoded prediction-error signals are indeed present in the nucleus accumbens of sign-trackers, but not in the accumbens of goal-trackers.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, we show that dopamine is an integral part of reward learning that is specifically associated with the attribution of incentive salience to reward cues.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: It has been difficult to determine whether dopamine mediates the predictive or the motivational properties of reward-associated cues, because these two features are often acquired together.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous research using site-specific dopamine antagonism20 and dopamine-specific lesions21 indicated that dopamine acts in the nucleus accumbens core to support the learning and performance of sign-tracking behavior.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Dalley, J. W. et al. Time-limited modulation of appetitive Pavlovian memory by D1 and NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 6189–6194 (2005) source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Di Ciano, P., Cardinal, R. N., Cowell, R. A., Little, S. J. & Everitt, B. J. Differential involvement of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens core in the acquisition and performance of pavlovian approach behavior. J. Neurosci. 21, 9471–9477 (2001) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these neurochemical data alone do not rule out the possibility that prediction-error signals are present in other dopamine terminal regions, the results from systemic dopamine antagonism demonstrate that intact dopamine transmission is generally not required for learning of a goal-tracking CR.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals who attribute reward cues with incentive salience find it more difficult to resist such cues, a feature associated with reduced impulse control15,31.”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Stead, J. D. et al. Selective breeding for divergence in novelty-seeking traits: heritability and enrichment in spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors. Behav. Genet. 36, 697–712 (2006) source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Tomie, A., Aguado, A. S., Pohorecky, L. A. & Benjamin, D. Ethanol induces impulsive-like responding in a delay-of-reward operant choice procedure: impulsivity predicts autoshaping. Psychopharmacology 139, 376–382 (1998) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
It has been difficult to determine whether dopamine mediates the predictive or the motivational properties of reward-associated cues, because these two features are often acquired together.
“To date, it has been difficult to determine whether dopamine mediates the predictive or the motivational properties of reward-associated cues, because these two features are often acquired together.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The neural mechanisms underlying sign-tracking and goal-tracking behavior remain to be elucidated.
“The neural mechanisms underlying sign-tracking and goal-tracking behavior remain to be elucidated.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These attentional influences are difficult to overcome and may underlie maladaptive reactions in psychiatric disorders, such as the enhanced susceptibility of addicted patients to drug-related cues (Flagel et al., 2011).”
From Attention, learning, and the value of information (2012) · cites this paper as Flagel et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Although not guided by reliability or expected information, this form of attention is a powerful mechanism, which automatically draws resources to stimuli that have intrinsic emotional or conditioned associations (Damaraju et al., 2009; Flagel et al., 2011; Hickey et al., 2010a, b; Hogarth et al., 2010; Libera and Chelazzi, 2009; Vuilleumier, 2005).”
From Attention, learning, and the value of information (2012) · cites this paper as Flagel et al., 2011
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F(5,40) = 0.48, P = 0.72”
§ A selective role for dopamine in reward learning > Abstract
Reported p = .72 · recomputed p = .789
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(5, 40) = 0.48reported p = .72 · recomputed p = .789
“F(5,40) = 0.48, p = .72”
- ConsistentF(1, 236) = 3.02reported p = .08 · recomputed p = .084
“F(1,236)=3.02, p = .08”
- ConsistentF(1, 236) = 0.93reported p = .34 · recomputed p = .336
“F(1,236)=0.93, p = .34”
- ConsistentF(1, 33) = 4.82reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .035
“F(1,33)=4.82, p = .04”
- ConsistentF(5, 20) = 5.76reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“F(5,20) = 5.76, p = .002”
- ConsistentF(5, 20) = 5.18reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F(5,20) = 5.18, p = .003”
- ConsistentF(5, 40) = 10.5reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(5,40) = 10.5, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 8) = 0.13reported p = .73 · recomputed p = .728
“F(1,8) = 0.13, p = .73”
- ConsistentF(5, 40) = 1.16reported p = .35 · recomputed p = .346
“F(5,40) = 1.16, p = .35”
- ConsistentF(5, 35) = 4.58reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F(5,35) = 4.58, p = .003”
- ConsistentF(5, 35) = 0.94reported p = .46 · recomputed p = .467
“F(5,35) = 0.94, p = .46”
- ConsistentF(5, 40) = 6.09reported p = .0003 · recomputed p < .001
“F(5,40) = 6.09, p = .0003”
- ConsistentF(5, 40) = 5.47reported p = .0006 · recomputed p < .001
“F(5,40) = 5.47, p = .0006”
- ConsistentF(5, 40) = 0.28reported p = .92 · recomputed p = .921
“F(5,40) = 0.28, p = .92”
- ConsistentF(5, 50) = 4.43reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“F(5,50) = 4.43, p = .002”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585
A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388 · cited 3×
“The following events were recorded using Med Associates software: (1) the number of lever-CS contacts, (2) the latency to the first lever-CS contact, (3) the number of food-tray entries during lever-CS presentation, and (4) the latency to the first food-tray entry during lever-CS presentation.”
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346
Self-citationThe Psychology of Learning and Motivation
(2021) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(21)x0002-3 · Cited by 5,082
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127
Self-citationLinear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data
Verbeke, G. (1997) · Lecture Notes in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2294-1_3 · Cited by 3,506
Dopamine, learning and motivation.
Wise, R. A. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1406 · Cited by 3,379 · cited 4×
“08) and (2) the latency to approach the lever-CS for bHR rats versus the”
InfluentialLinear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data
Molenberghs, G., & Verbeke, G. N. (2000) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0300-6 · Cited by 2,681
The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: the case for incentive salience
Berridge, K. C. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0578-x · Cited by 2,347
Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex
Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J., & Everitt, B. J. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00007-6 · Cited by 2,129
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 998
Subtypes of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons
Subramaniam, M., & Roeper, J. (2016) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00016-7 · Cited by 7
Shi, Z., Wen, K., Sammudin, N. H., LoRocco, N. C., & Zhuang, X. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03013-0 · Cited by 7
“[ 133 , 134 ] Se n s i t i z a t i o n o f h a l o p e r i d o l - i n d u c e d c a t a l e p s y i n r a t s i s a c o n t e x t - d e p e n d e n t l e a r n i ng p h e n o m e n o n [ 167 ] D 2 r e c e p t o r b l o c k a d e i n d u c e d g r a d u a l a n d l o ng - l a s t i ng m o t o r p e…”
Garre-Frutos, F., Ariza, A., & González, F. (2025) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-025-02115-2 · Cited by 7
“As we review above, cues that have the potential to predict significant outcomes in the environment often also gain motivational salience (Berridge et al., 2009; Flagel & Rob-inson, 2017; Flagel et al., 2011), both at the response and the attentional level (Colaizzi et al., 2020).”
Herring, E. W., Lear, K. B., Zeng, S., McLaughlin, E. F. B., Syamala, T., Patel, E. D., Duffer, K., & Morrison, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0061-25.2025 · Cited by 5
Prediction error in models of adaptive behavior
Navarro, V. M., Dwyer, D. M., & Honey, R. C. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.043 · Cited by 5
“Experiment 3 tested whether the effects of forward and backward trials interact.”
Grizzell, J. A., Vanbaelinghem, M., Westerman, J. D., & Saddoris, M. P. (2023) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2023.2278315 · Cited by 5
“Furthermore, animals selectively bred to express high nov-elty seeking show relevant phenotypic traits such as impulsivity and compulsive behaviors (Flagel et al., 2011, 2014; stead et al., 2006).”
BackgroundKocharian, A., Redish, A. D., & Rothwell, P. E. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02015-z · Cited by 5
“Dopamine dynamics have been widely investigated in the context of decision-making 40,41 , with some evidence of individual differences related to stimulus reward learning 12 .”
NMDA receptor blockade specifically impedes the acquisition of incentive salience attribution
Chow, J. J., & Beckmann, J. S. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.013 · Cited by 5
Ceccanti, M., Blum, K., Bowirrat, A., Dennen, C. A., Braverman, E. R., Baron, D. A., McLaughlin, T., Giordano, J., Gupta, A., Downs, B. W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12122015 · Cited by 5
Affective imagery boosts the reward related delta power in hazardous drinkers
Singh, G., Campbell, E. M., Hogeveen, J., Witkiewitz, K. A., Claus, E. D., & Cavanagh, J. F. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111685 · Cited by 6
Li, Y., Huang, Y., Chen, J. J., Hyland, B. I., & Wickens, J. R. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16269 · Cited by 5
“For example, in rodents, smaller striatal dopamine responses to reward-predicting cues are associated with a tendency toward goal-tracking behaviour, and conversely, larger dopamine responses to cues are associated with sign-tracking (Flagel et al., 2012).”
BackgroundLesaint, F., Sigaud, O., & Khamassi, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111050 · Cited by 6
Animal Models of Addiction: Genetic Influences
Holtz, N. A., & Carroll, M. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3777-6_10 · Cited by 6
Jaquins‐Gerstl, A., & Michael, A. C. (2013) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-370-1_3 · Cited by 5
Schuweiler, D. R., Athens, J. M., Thompson, J., Vazhayil, S. T., & Garris, P. A. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.003 · Cited by 5
Karcher, N. R., Cicero, D. C., & Kerns, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.041814 · Cited by 7
Incentive salience & psychopathy: A bio-behavioral exploration
Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.037 · Cited by 5
Cieślak, P. E., & Parkitna, J. M. R. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.037 · Cited by 7
Individual variation in the attribution of incentive salience to social cues
Fitzpatrick, C. J., & Morrow, J. D. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59378-5 · Cited by 5
Qualitative Approaches to the Study of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Simpson, K. A., & Bluthenthal, R. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.013 · Cited by 10
Aggarwal, M., & Wickens, J. R. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.016 · Cited by 6
Lefner, M. J., Magnon, A. P., Gutierrez, J. M., Lopez, M. R., & Wanat, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0438-21.2021 · Cited by 6
Sebold, M., Garbusow, M., Müller, C. A., Charlet, K., & Heinz, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_2 · Cited by 6
Soto, A. J., Vargas, J. P., Díaz, E., & López, J. C. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.94507 · Cited by 5
Khoo, S. Y., Uhrig, A., Samaha, A., & Chaudhri, N. (2022) · Neuroanatomy and Behaviour · doi:10.35430/nab.2022.e46 · Cited by 3
Animal Models of Gambling-Related Behaviour
Cocker, P., & Winstanley, C. (2019) · Gambling Disorder · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03060-5_6 · Cited by 5
Saddoris, M. P., Siletti, K. A., Stansfield, K. J., & Bercum, F. M. (2018) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.047019.117 · Cited by 8
“In contrast, animals who approach a foodcup during reward-related cues show more blunted dopamine responses to the cue but slightly elevated responses to reward receipt (relative to sign trackers) (Flagel et al. 2011).”
BackgroundAvvisati, R., Kaufmann, A.-K., Young, C. J., Portlock, G. E., Cancemi, S., Costa, R. P., Magill, P. J., & Dodson, P. D. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.18.500429 · Cited by 5
Medial prefrontal dopamine dynamics reflect allocation of selective attentionPreprint
Melugin, P. R., Nolan, S. O., Kandov, E., Ferrara, C. F., Farahbakhsh, Z. Z., & Siciliano, C. A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.04.583245 · Cited by 6
Deliberating on the role of dopamine
Walker, L. C., & Sharpe, M. J. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.09.008 · Cited by 4
Sulaman, B. A., Chen, E., Crane, A. M., Lee, S.-J., Rothschild, G., & Eban-Rothschild, A. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw7427 · Cited by 4
“Dopamine is well established as critical for learning processes, including stimulus-reward associations and reward prediction errors ( 34 , 35 , 57 ).”
Dopamine Supports Reward Prediction to Shape Reward-Pursuit Strategy
Malvaez, M., Suarez, A., Griffin, N. K., Ramírez-Armenta, K., Ostlund, S. B., & Wassum, K. M. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1636-25.2026 · Cited by 7
Adrenergic manipulation inhibits pavlovian conditioned approach behaviors
Pasquariello, K. Z., Han, M., Unal, C., & Meyer, P. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.037 · Cited by 4
Gheidi, A., Fitzpatrick, C. J., Gregory, J. D., & Morrow, J. D. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06328-4 · Cited by 6
Free will: An Example of the Dopaminergic System
Ivlieva, N. Y. (2024) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-024-09828-w · Cited by 4
“First, dopamine release precedes move - ment initiation (Coddington & Dudman, 2019 ; Flagel et al., 2011; Hamilos et al., 2021 ; Howe & Dombeck, 2016 ; Maiorov & Serkov, 2016 ; Pasquereau & Turner, 2015; Rios et al., 2023; da Silva et al., 2018), and the activity of the dopaminergic system…”
Neurobiology and computational structure of decision-making in addiction
Huys, Q. J. M., Beck, A., Dayan, P., & Heinz, A. (2014) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-91433 · Cited by 4
Clinical Syndromes of Substance Use Disorder
Addy, N., & Solecki, W. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800105-9.00038-x · Cited by 4
Neuroimaging to Study Brain Reward Processing and Reward-Based Learning in Binge Eating Pathology
DeGuzman, M. C., & Frank, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43562-2_9 · Cited by 4
Substance and Behavioral Addictions Assessment Instruments
Grigsby, T. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.012 · Cited by 6
Prevention and Treatment of Sex Addiction
Reid, R. C., Grubbs, J. B., & Kraus, S. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.025 · Cited by 4
Rohan, M. L., Lowen, S. B., Rock, A., & Andersen, S. L. (2021) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173117 · Cited by 4
The Optimality of “Suboptimal” Choice
Anselme, P. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768450.014 · Cited by 4
Turfe, A., Westbrook, S. R., Lopez, S. A., Chang, S. E., & Flagel, S. B. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105609 · Cited by 4
“The sign-tracker/goal-tracker animal model revealed that ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron activity (Iglesias et al., 2023) and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (Flagel et al., 2011) is necessary for the attribution of incentive value to reward cues, but not predictive value.”
Self-citationChernoff, C. S., Belin‐Rauscent, A., Puaud, M., Torrisi, S. A., Fouyssac, M., Németh, B., Yu, C., Higuera‐Matas, A., Jones, S., & Belin, D. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.07.012 · Cited by 4
Attention, Information-Seeking, and Active Sampling
Dey, A., & Gottlieb, J. P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316823279.010 · Cited by 4
Robinson, M. J. F., Caplan, K. A., Knes, A. S., Cruz, H. O. R., Clibanoff, C., & Freeland, C. M. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109795 · Cited by 4
PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF GLYT-1 INHIBITION AS A NEW CONCEPT FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Lidö, H. H. (2011) · Cited by 4
Reducing Data Density in Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements of Dopamine Dynamics
Lee, C. A., Qi, L., Amos, A., Blanton, K. C., McCarty, G. S., & Sombers, L. A. (2018) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0081812jes · Cited by 4
Peters, K. Z., Young, A. M. J., & McCutcheon, J. E. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15108 · Cited by 3
Dopamine regulates the exploration-exploitation trade-off in ratsPreprint
Cinotti, F., Fresno, V., Aklil, N., Coutureau, É., Girard, B., Marchand, A. R., & Khamassi, M. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/482802 · Cited by 4
Network of Evolvable Neural Units: Evolving to Learn at a Synaptic LevelPreprint
Bertens, P., & Lee, S.-W. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.07589 · Cited by 4
Hebda‐Bauer, E. K., Hagenauer, M. H., Munro, D. B., Blandino, P., Meng, F., Arakawa, K., Chitre, A. S., Ozel, A. B., Mohammadi, P., Watson, S. J., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.14.500129 · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe neural basis of flavour–nutrient learning
Grove, J. C. R., Hakimi, A. M., Li, Q., Zhang, J., Backes, H., Kuzmanovic, B., Choi, J. R., Ubadiah, V., Qiu, L., Liu, Z., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.637334 · Cited by 6
Cocaine seeking and consumption are oppositely regulated by mesolimbic dopamine in male rats
Burgeno, L. M., Farero, R. D., Murray, N. L., Panayi, M. C., Steger, J. S., Soden, M. E., Evans, S. B., Sandberg, S. G., Willuhn, I., Zweifel, L. S., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64885-y · Cited by 9
“This pattern is reminiscent of mesolimbic dopamine signaling patterns in sign-and goal-tracker rats during Pavlovian conditioning, with dynamic changes in sign trackers but relatively stable signals in goal trackers 33 .”
Self-citationXiang, J., Shi, M., Kang, J., Zhang, X., Ling, J., Zhan, W., Li, D., Hu, R. K., & Xu, H. (2026) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-025-00857-2 · Cited by 2
Unconscious will as a neurobehavioral mechanism against adversity
Anselme, P. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105985 · Cited by 4
“First, motivation directs (or guides) behavior toward detected or expected rewards or reward cues (Flagel et al., 2011; Meyer et al., 2012; Robinson and Berridge, 2013).”
The Role of D1 Dopamine Receptors on Incentive Salience Attribution
Chow, J. J. (2012) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · Cited by 3
Hurtado, M. M., García, R., & Puerto, A. (2017) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.21307/ane-2017-057 · Cited by 3
“…in goal‑directed behavior, in the attribution of incentive salience, and in behavioral reactivity (Salamone 1994, Peciña et al. 1997, Garris et al. 1999, Cannon and Pal‑ miter 2003, Phillips et al. 2003, Cannon and Bseikri 2004, Roitman et al. 2004, 2005, Robinson et al. 2005, Flagel et al. 2011).”
BackgroundGaming Disorder and Its Treatment
Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Pontes, H. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.029 · Cited by 6
Reward uncertainty and the aversion-attraction dilemma
Anselme, P. (2022) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2021.12.002 · Cited by 6
Differential Dopamine Dynamics in Adolescents and Adults
Toth, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2492-21.2022 · Cited by 3
Bailey, L. S., Bagley, J. R., Wherry, J. D., Chesler, E. J., Karkhanis, A. N., Jentsch, D., & Tarantino, L. M. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06256-9 · Cited by 3
“2016), as well as provide strong evidence linking dopamine to incentive motivation (Flagel et al. 2011; Salamone et al. 2007; Taylor and Robbins 1986), we also examined aspects of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) measurements in brain slices taken from these subjects.”
BackgroundDuffer, K., Gillis, Z. S., & Morrison, S. E. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0196-23.2023 · Cited by 3
The Continuing Challenges of Studying Parallel Behaviours in Humans and Animal Models
Crombag, H. S., Duka, T., & Stephens, D. (2024) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2024_485 · Cited by 3
Gold disk microelectrode-coupled label-free electrochemical aptasensor for dopamine assay
Yang, S., Cai, J., Su, L., et al. (2025) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d5an00511f · Cited by 3
Opioids and Exercise: Animal Models
Dishman, R. K., & Holmes, P. V. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3293-7_3 · Cited by 3
The Role of Culture in Addiction
Hoffman, B. R., & Unger, J. B. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.018 · Cited by 3
Fuentes-Verdugo, E., Pellón, R., Papini, M. R., Torres, C., & Anselme, P. (2021) · Psicologica · doi:10.2478/psicolj-2021-0005 · Cited by 4
Leach, A. C., Pitts, E. G., Siciliano, C. A., & Ferris, M. J. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15620 · Cited by 4
Ballaz, S., Perez, J., Waselus, M., Akil, H., & Watson, S. J. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.063 · Cited by 3
Self-citationThe Central Pattern Generator for Rhythmic Whisking
Kleinfeld, D., Deschênes, M., & Moore, J. D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2975-7_7 · Cited by 4
Eshel, N., & Steinberg, E. E. (2018) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000043 · Cited by 3
The Neurobiology of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Efferson, L. M., & Glenn, A. L. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119092254.ch9 · Cited by 50
The Kamin Blocking Effect in Sign and Goal TrackersPreprint
Aggarwal, M., & Wickens, J. R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.232553 · Cited by 2
Ebert, C. L., Heesemann, E., & Vollmer, S. (2023) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/729064 · Cited by 4
Tzanoulinou, S., Astori, S., Grandi, L. C., Gullo, F., Kalusivikako, R., Rai, S., Limorenko, G., Tafti, M., Becchetti, A., & Vassalli, A. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.05.022 · Cited by 5
Hebda‐Bauer, E. K., Hagenauer, M. H., Munro, D. B., Blandino, P., Meng, F., Arakawa, K., Stead, J. D. H., Chitre, A. S., Ozel, A. B., Mohammadi, P., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2025.1469467 · Cited by 3
Self-citationIndividual Differences in Reward Sensitivity in Nonhuman Animals
Pierce-Messick, Z. J., & Corbit, L. H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77967-1_7 · Cited by 1
Chang, S. E., Turner, C. A., Pagan, N. M., Pereira, D., Kleer, S. I., & Flagel, S. B. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07045-4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPascoli, V., Python, L., Hiver, A., van Zessen, R., Chaudun, F., Hinz, J., Flakowski, J., Girard, B. J. T., Reva, M., Bellone, C., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02331-y · Cited by 2
Phasic inhibition of dopamine neurons is an instrumental punisher.
Peng, C. Y., Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P., Gilchrist, S., Power, J., & McNally, G. P. (2021) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000445 · Cited by 4
Critical periods when dopamine controls behavioral responding during Pavlovian learning
Lefner, M. J., Stelly, C. E., Fonzi, K. M., Zurita, H., & Wanat, M. J. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06182-w · Cited by 2
“Many lines of evidence highlight that dopamine is involved with learning in Pavlovian conditioning tasks (Flagel et al. 2011; Roughley and Killcross 2019; Sculfort et al. 2016; Stelly et al. 2021).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLapointe, T., Francis, T., Doray, K., & Leri, F. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109572 · Cited by 2
Treatment of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug (ATOD) Misuse
Sussman, S. Y., & Bolshakova, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.022 · Cited by 3
Patel, P. R., Gibson, M. D., Ludwig, K. A., et al. (2013) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2013.6696095 · Cited by 2
Ham, B., Greenberg, T., Chase, H. W., & Phillips, M. L. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115602486 · Cited by 2
Behavioral Phenotypes of Genetic Mouse Models
Moran, P. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801829-3.00029-x · Cited by 2
Wellness and the Neuroscience of Learning: Implications for Counselor Education
Hall, M. F., & Hall, S. E. (2014) · Cited by 2
A simplified LED-driven switch for fast-scan controlled-adsorption voltammetry instrumentation
Robke, R., Hashemi, P., & Ramsson, E. S. (2018) · HardwareX · doi:10.1016/j.ohx.2018.e00051 · Cited by 2
Electrochemical detection of serotonin release in rodents
Robke, R., Parthasarathy, A., Willuhn, I., & Hashemi, P. (2020) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64125-0.00008-6 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPhilosophical Issues in the Addictions
Glackin, S. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.007 · Cited by 2
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.020 · Cited by 2
Schultz, W. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00059-2 · Cited by 3
Kwon, C., Katnani, H. A., Patel, S. R., Abdel-Aziz, S., Gale, J. T., & Eskandar, E. N. (2015) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000467163.44160.7d · Cited by 2
Heinz, A., & Beck, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03060-5_1 · Cited by 2
Dopaminergic Neurotransmission
Eisenhofer, G., & Reichmann, H. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386525-0.00012-3 · Cited by 2
Koob, G. F., Arends, M. A., McCracken, M. L., & Moal, M. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816990-2.00001-6 · Cited by 4
Abhängiges Verhalten bei Suchterkrankungen
Kienast, T., & Heinz, A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_29 · Cited by 2
Colaizzi, J. M., Flagel, S. B., Gearhardt, A. N., Borowitz, M. A., Kuplicki, R., Zotev, V. S., Clark, G., Coronado, J., Abbott, T., & Paulus, M. P. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.29.477945 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Flagel, S. B., Clark, J. J., Robinson, T. E., Mayo, L., Czuj, A., Willuhn, I., Akers, C. A., Clinton, S. M., Phillips, P. E. M., & Akil, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Paul E. M.
- Akil, Huda
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2010-12-08
- Volume
- 469
- Issue
- 7328
- Pages
- 53-57
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC3058375
- OpenAlex
- W2116049552
- Semantic Scholar
- 38476c39379a177d3b95fa22125a1a7f09116670
- Cited by
- 1,026
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 24.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2t32da007278-31)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R00MH085859, R01MH079292)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F32-DA24540, P01DA021633, T32-DA07278, T32-DA007278, F32DA024540, R37DA004294, R37 DA04294, R01DA027858)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- dopamine, incentive salience, classical conditioning, incentive motivation, food cues, selective breeding, dopamine receptor blockade, cyclic voltammetry, individual differences, impulse control disorders, drug addiction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Dopamine, Flupenthixol, Food, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Learning, Male, Microelectrodes, Models, Neurological, Motivation, Synaptic Transmission, Nucleus Accumbens, Phenotype, Probability, Reward, Signal Transduction, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Dopamine Antagonists, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
