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Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria
Open accessAbstract
A prominent feature of the bacterial domain is a radiation of major lineages that are defined as candidate phyla because they lack isolated representatives. Bacteria from these phyla occur in diverse environments and are thought to mediate carbon and hydrogen cycles. Genomic analyses of a few representatives suggested that metabolic limitations have prevented their cultivation. Here we reconstructed 8 complete and 789 draft genomes from bacteria representing >35 phyla and documented features that consistently distinguish these organisms from other bacteria. We infer that this group, which may comprise >15% of the bacterial domain, has shared evolutionary history, and describe it as the candidate phyla radiation (CPR). All CPR genomes are small and most lack numerous biosynthetic pathways. Owing to divergent 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences, 50-100% of organisms sampled from specific phyla would evade detection in typical cultivation-independent surveys. CPR organisms often have self-splicing introns and proteins encoded within their rRNA genes, a feature rarely reported in bacteria. Furthermore, they have unusual ribosome compositions. All are missing a ribosomal protein often absent in symbionts, and specific lineages are missing ribosomal proteins and biogenesis factors considered universal in bacteria. This implies different ribosome structures and biogenesis mechanisms, and underlines unusual biology across a large part of the bacterial domain.
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“Trees visualized at https://itol.embl.de/itol.cgiusing Netwick files from Hug et al. (2016) concatenated ribosomal proteins in place of 16S rRNA genes (Fig. 3B) indicate that a large radiation of predominantly uncultured mesophilic taxa, which are comprised of potentially symbiotic organisms with small cells and genomes and are referred to as the bacterial candidate phyla radiation (CPR) and the”
From The Emergence of Life (2019) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2015
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“Furthermore, after extracting 16S rRNA genes directly from the SAG assemblies, we found that 33% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences either had mismatches to the employed 16S rRNA gene primers or had large introns, both of which are known to hamper efficient amplification [18, 20, 21, 71].”
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BackgroundFlood, B. E., Fliss, P. S., Jones, D. S., Dick, G. J., Jain, S., Kaster, A., Winkel, M., Mußmann, M., & Bailey, J. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00603 · Cited by 30
“PCR primers were designed using Primer3 (Untergasser et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLinking prokaryotic genome size variation to metabolic potential and environment
Rodríguez-Gijón, A., Buck, M., Andersson, A., Izabel-Shen, D., Nascimento, F. J. A., & Garcia, S. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1038/s43705-023-00231-x · Cited by 29
“In the case of 398 phylum Patescibacteria, we used a custom set of maker genes provided by CheckM (69,74).”
MethodInfluentialUnexpected absence of ribosomal protein genes from metagenome-assembled genomes
Mise, K., & Iwasaki, W. (2022) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1038/s43705-022-00204-6 · Cited by 35
“The first hypothesis may align with the fact that some uncultivated prokaryotes, such as Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria, lack some ribosomal protein genes [3, 51].”
BackgroundGeesink, P., Taubert, M., Jehmlich, N., von Bergen, M., & Küsel, K. (2022) · Microbiology spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00437-22 · Cited by 29
“In addition, members of the candidate phyla radiation (CPR), a clade of bacteria that lack critical metabolic pathways (17, 25, 26), have been hypothesized to use necromass as a source of OC and metabolites that they cannot synthesize themselves (27–29).”
BackgroundStrain-Level Variation and Diverse Host Bacterial Responses in Episymbiotic Saccharibacteria
Nie, J., Utter, D., Kerns, K. A., Lamont, E., Hendrickson, E., Liu, J., Wu, T., He, X., McLean, J., & Bor, B. (2022) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.01488-21 · Cited by 29
“genomes from obligate symbionts that lack universal genes found in free-living bacteria (28, 29).”
BackgroundCurrent Status and Potential Applications of Underexplored Prokaryotes
Goh, K., Shahar, S., Chan, K.-G., Chong, C., Amran, S., Sani, M. H., Zakaria, I. I., & Kahar, U. M. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7100468 · Cited by 29
“(ii) Cells from the environment are in the dormancy stage, and none of the resuscitation approaches can make them appear on the Petri dish, and (iii) having a smaller genome size causes most candidate CPR to lack numerous biosynthesis pathways, to be absent of ATP synthase, and to lack the electron transport chain com…”
BackgroundSizing Up the Uncultured Microbial Majority
Hug, L. (2018) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00185-18 · Cited by 29
Self-citationIdeas and perspectives: Strengthening the biogeosciences in environmental research networks
Richter, D., Billings, S., Groffman, P., Kelly, E., Lohse, K., McDowell, W., White, T., Anderson, S. P., Baldocchi, D., Banwart, S., et al. (2018) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018 · Cited by 29
“The new analyses illuminate not only the identity of organisms but their metabolic capacities, with the diversification of bacteria particularly notable (Brown et al., 2015).”
Cai, L., Krafft, T., Chen, T.-B., Lv, W., Gao, D., & Zhang, H.-Y. (2017) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.118 · Cited by 29
Okazaki, Y., Nakano, S., Toyoda, A., & Tamaki, H. (2022) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00433-22 · Cited by 29
“Notably, among these cases, the highest nonsynonymous SNV ratio was observed in rMAG_34, which is affiliated with Levybacteria (OP11), a member of the Candidate phyla radiation (CPR) (71).”
BackgroundInfluentialGoffredi, S., Motooka, C., Fike, D., Gusmão, L., Tilic, E., Rouse, G., & Rodríguez, E. (2021) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00921-1 · Cited by 28
Liu, J., Li, B., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Jiang, X., & Li, X.-Y. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104998 · Cited by 28
Getz, E. W., Tithi, S. S., Zhang, L., & Aylward, F. O. (2018) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01089-18 · Cited by 32
“More recent studies in nonmarine environments have continued to identify small, streamlined genomes, suggesting that these processes may be widespread across the biosphere (17, 18).”
BackgroundPinheiro, J., Biboy, J., Vollmer, W., Hirt, R., Keown, J., Artuyants, A., Black, M. M., Goldstone, D., & Simoes-Barbosa, A. (2018) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01784-18 · Cited by 28
A novel Chromatiales bacterium is a potential sulfide oxidizer in multiple orders of marine sponges
Lavy, A., Keren, R., Yu, K., Thomas, B., Alvarez-Cohen, L., Banfield, J., & Ilan, M. (2017) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14013 · Cited by 28
“Scaffolding errors introduced by idba_ud were corrected using an in‐house script as described by Brown et al. (2015), and fusion of overlapping scaffolds was done with Geneious version 8.0 [https://www.geneious.com, (Kearse et al., 2012)].”
InfluentialSelf-citationHigh niche specificity and host genetic diversity of groundwater viruses
Gios, E., Mosley, O. E., Hoggard, M., & Handley, K. M. (2024) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1093/ismejo/wrae035 · Cited by 33
“…it remains unclear how microorganisms with such small cell and genomes sizes (1 ± 0.4 Mbp [24]) are capable of supporting viral infection and replication, and as ultra-small prokaryotes are considered host-dependent themselves [85], what role viruses play in the three-way symbiotic relationship.”
InfluentialRuiz-González, C., Rodríguez-Pie, L., Maister, O., Rodellas, V., Alorda-Keinglass, A., Diego-Feliu, M., Folch, A., García-Orellana, J., & Gasol, J. (2022) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16695 · Cited by 27
Hwang, Y., Schulze‐Makuch, D., Arens, F. L., Sáenz, J. S., Adam, P. S., Sager, C., Bornemann, T. L. V., Zhao, W., Zhang, Y., Airo, A., et al. (2021) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01177-9 · Cited by 30
“ra2 [98] was used to fix assembly errors in all binned scaffolds.”
MethodAncient and modern geochemical signatures in the 13,500-year sedimentary record of Lake Cadagno
Berg, J., Lepine, M., Laymand, E., Han, X.-G., Vogel, H., Morlock, M., Gajendra, N., Gilli, A., Bernasconi, S., Schubert, C., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.3389/feart.2021.754888 · Cited by 27
“Members of Parcubacteria, which account for 5-10% of reads in the top 35 cm and fall into the enigmatic Candidate Phyla Radiation (Brown et al., 2015), are widespread in diverse oxic and anoxic habitats, including lake water columns and terrestrial aquifers, and are potentially involved in…”
BackgroundInfluentialCampen, R., Kowalski, J., Lyons, W. B., Tulaczyk, S. M., Dachwald, B., Pettit, E. C., Welch, K. A., & Mikucki, J. A. (2019) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14607 · Cited by 29
Microbiota and Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Continuum for Plant and Soil Health
Hakeem, K. R., Dar, G., Mehmood, M. A., & Bhat, R. (2021) · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48771-3 · Cited by 27
A Comprehensive Review for the Surveillance of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms in Shellfish
Desdouits, M., Reynaud, Y., Philippe, C., & Guyader, F. L. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11092218 · Cited by 26
“Previous MAG studies of environmental [181,182] and gut microbiomes [183] revealed genomic particularities of uncultured bacterial lineages, like reduced genomes missing common biological functions (for example maintenance of osmotic pressure and protection against oxidative stress), slow replication and the absence o…”
BackgroundCharacterization of chlorinated paraffin-degrading bacteria from marine estuarine sediments.
Lyu, L., He, Y., Dong, C., Li, G.-Z., Wei, G.-S., Shao, Z., & Zhang, S. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129699 · Cited by 26
Hickl, O., Queirós, P., Wilmes, P., May, P., & Heintz‐Buschart, A. (2022) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbac431 · Cited by 30
Xu, Y.-F., Teng, Y., Dong, X.-Y., Wang, X.-M., Zhang, C., Ren, W.-J., Zhao, L., Luo, Y.-M., & Greening, C. (2021) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108464 · Cited by 26
Savvichev, A., Kadnikov, V., Rusanov, I., Beletsky, A., Krasnova, E., Voronov, D., Kallistova, A., Veslopolova, E., Zakharova, E., Kokryatskaya, N., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01945 · Cited by 26
“Genomics studies of Patescibacteria revealed that they have small genomes (∼1 Mbp or less) with limited capacities for fermentative metabolism, and lacked amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid biosynthetic pathways, which suggests the lifestyle of a scavenger or symbiot/parasit (Brown et al., 2015; Castelle et al., 2018).”
BackgroundZinke, L., Evans, P., Santos-Medellín, C., Schroeder, A. L., Parks, D., Varner, R., Rich, V., Tyson, G., & Emerson, J. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.984617 · Cited by 26
Blair, K. M., Mears, K. S., Taylor, J. A., Fero, J., Jones, L. A., Gafken, P. R., Whitney, J. C. C., & Salama, N. R. (2018) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.14087 · Cited by 27
“© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Molecular Microbiology , 110, 114–127 extensions in MurF from Gram (–), Gram (+), and organisms with minimal or reduced genomes (Brown et al., 2015; Nelson and Stegen, 2015) (data not shown).”
BackgroundNovel approaches in function-driven single-cell genomics
Doud, D. F. R., & Woyke, T. (2017) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fux009 · Cited by 30
“, microbes that lack characterized cultured representatives (Rinke et al. 2013; Kamke et al. 2014; Brown et al. 2015) and whose genes often lack functional prediction (Youssef et al.”
BackgroundRNA-Dependent Cysteine Biosynthesis in Bacteria and Archaea
Mukai, T., Crnković, A., Umehara, T., Ivanova, N., Kyrpides, N. C., & Söll, D. G. (2017) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00561-17 · Cited by 31
“Most importantly, single-cell genomics and the composite-genome approach have dissected microbial dark matter (MDM) (28), the candidate phylum radiation (CPR) (29, 30), and the Asgard archaeal superphylum (31) by detecting and classifying uncultivated microbes (28, 29, 31–34).”
BackgroundBioinformatic Analysis Reveals Archaeal tRNATyr and tRNATrp Identities in Bacteria
Mukai, T., Reynolds, N. M., Crnković, A., & Söll, D. G. (2017) · Life · doi:10.3390/life7010008 · Cited by 25
“While one is Pandoravirus-like, as previously mentioned, the other is most similar to the TyrRS ‘domain’ sequence of the B2-TyrRS species of WS6 bacterium GW2011 GWA2_37_6 (Figures 2 and 3A).”
BackgroundOlm, M., Butterfield, C., Copeland, A., Boles, T. C., Thomas, B., & Banfield, J. (2017) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01969-16 · Cited by 26
Self-citationMicrobial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments
Eugenia Farías, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36192-1 · Cited by 43
Suarez, C., Rosenqvist, T., Dimitrova, I., Sedlacek, C. J., Modin, O., Paul, C. J., Hermansson, M., & Persson, F. (2024) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-024-01762-8 · Cited by 32
“In the phylum Patescibacteria, terminal oxidases are absent [59] and this was also observed for the five Patescibacteria MAGs found in the current study.”
BackgroundLi, J.-T., Jia, P., Wang, X.-J., Ou, S.-N., Yang, T.-T., Feng, S.-W., Lu, J., Fang, Z., Liu, J., Liao, B., et al. (2022) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-022-00333-9 · Cited by 25
Vavourakis, C. D., Heijnen, L., Peters, M., Marang, L., Ketelaars, H., & Hijnen, W. (2020) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c04532 · Cited by 25
Ecogenomics and metabolic potential of the South Atlantic Ocean microbiome
Coutinho, F. H., von Meijenfeldt, F. A. B., Walter, J. M., Haro-Moreno, J. M., López‐Pérez, M., Verk, M. C. V., Thompson, C. C., Cosenza, C. A. N., Appolinario, L., Paranhos, R., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142758 · Cited by 32
Sjöberg, S., Stairs, C. W., Allard, B., Homa, F., Martin, T., Sjöberg, V., Ettema, T., & Dupraz, C. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiaa169 · Cited by 25
A genome compendium reveals diverse metabolic adaptations of Antarctic soil microorganismsPreprint
Ortiz, M., Leung, P. M., Shelley, G., Goethem, M. W. V., Bay, S. K., Jordaan, K., Vikram, S., Hogg, I. D., Makhalanyane, T. P., Chown, S. L., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.06.239558 · Cited by 27
Huddy, R., Sachdeva, R., Kadzinga, F., Kantor, R. S., Harrison, S., & Banfield, J. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.643368 · Cited by 25
“The series coverage information was used to create bins using ABAWACA [20], CONCOCT [21], MaxBin2 [22], and MetaBAT2 [23].”
MethodSelf-citationReconstructing single genomes from complex microbial communities
Kang, D., Rubin, E., & Wang, Z. (2016) · it - Information Technology · doi:10.1515/itit-2016-0011 · Cited by 25
“With a large number of samples, deep sequencing, and customized pre- and post-binning techniques it is possible to form a large number of high quality draft genomes from complex microbial communities [26, 36, 37].”
BackgroundDanczak, R., Yabusaki, S., Williams, K., Fang, Y.-L., Hobson, C., & Wilkins, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Earth Science · doi:10.3389/feart.2016.00057 · Cited by 25
“Using phylogenetic classifications developed by Brown et al. (2015) for OTU assignments, we identified numerous groups within the Microgenomates (OP11) and Parcubacteria (OD1) over the course of this experiment.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTong, J., Cui, L., Wang, D.-Q., Wang, X., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.108635 · Cited by 24
Genome-Resolved Meta-Analysis of the Microbiome in Oil Reservoirs Worldwide
Hidalgo, K., Sierra-Garcia, I. N., Zafra, G., & de Oliveira, V. D. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9091812 · Cited by 24
“lacking many metabolic functions like amino acid or nucleotide biosynthesis [44].”
BackgroundIbrahim, A., Maatouk, M., Rajaonison, A., Zgheib, R., Haddad, G., Khalil, J. Y. B., Raoult, D., & Bittar, F. (2021) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01069-21 · Cited by 31
“Although CPR members present high interindividual heterogeneity in genomic sequences, they do have certain common characteristics: they are morphologically small (100 to 300 nm) and have reduced genome sizes (usually less than 1 Mbp) (1), high percentages of hypothetical proteins (11), and a single copy of the 16S rRN…”
BackgroundWiegand, S., Dam, H., Riba, J., Vollmers, J., & Kaster, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.635506 · Cited by 24
pH and thiosulfate dependent microbial sulfur oxidation strategies across diverse environments
Twible, L. E., Whaley-Martin, K. J., Chen, L.-X., Nelson, T. C., Arrey, J. L. S., Jarolimek, C. V., King, J. J., Ramilo, L., Sonnenberg, H., Banfield, J. F., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1426584 · Cited by 29
“16S rRNA genes were predicted from 1k_scaffolds based on an HMM database in accordance with methods presented by Brown et al. (2015).”
MethodSelf-citationCandidatus List. Lists of names of prokaryotic Candidatus phyla
Oren, A., & Göker, M. (2023) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005821 · Cited by 27
Sauk, A. H., & Hug, L. A. (2022) · ISME Communications · doi:10.1038/s43705-022-00141-4 · Cited by 38
“Previous landfill microbial diversity studies have relied on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, which may have systematically underestimated the abundance of Patescibacteria due to primer mismatches and long insertions in the rRNA genes [70].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMode and Structure of the Bacterial Community on Human Scalp Hair
Watanabe, K., Nishi, E., Tashiro, Y., & Sakai, K. (2019) · Microbes and Environments · doi:10.1264/jsme2.me19018 · Cited by 23
“In 2nd PCR, a universal primer set for the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and tailed sequences for MiSeq sequencing were used (1-515F, 5ʹ-TCG TCG GCA GCG TCA GAT GTG TAT AAG AGA CAG GTG CCA GCM GCC GCG GTA A-3ʹ and 1-806R, 5ʹ-GTC TCG TGG GCT CGG AGA TGT GTA TAA GAG ACA GGG ACT ACH VGG GTW TCT AAT-3ʹ) (2).”
Zhu, Q., Dupont, C. L., Jones, M. B., Pham, K. M., Jiang, Z., DuPont, H. L., & Highlander, S. K. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0579-0 · Cited by 30
“Phylogenetic analyses have placed novel organisms in proximity to known taxonomic groups—thereby expanding the “tree of life”—but have also revealed striking clustering patterns of a large number of deep branches, known as the candidate phyla radiation (CPR), which includes microbes that are substantially different fr…”
BackgroundTakenaka, R., Aoi, Y., Ozaki, N., Ohashi, A., & Kindaichi, T. (2018) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma11071129 · Cited by 23
“The CPR comprises >15% of all bacterial diversity and potentially contains >70 phyla [6].”
BackgroundShotgun proteomics of bacterial pathogens: advances, challenges and clinical implications
Šemanjski, M., & Maček, B. (2015) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1586/14789450.2016.1132168 · Cited by 22
“groundwater sample and identified a novel potential bacterial phylum, which may comprise more than 15% of the whole bacterial domain [121].”
BackgroundCha, J. H., Kim, N., Ma, J., Lee, S.-H., Koh, G., Yang, S., Beck, S., Byeon, I., Lee, B., & Lee, I. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.03.10.642329 · Cited by 22
Kuroda, K., Nakajima, M., Nakai, R., Hirakata, Y., Kagemasa, S., Kubota, K., Noguchi, T., Yamamoto, K., Satoh, H., Nobu, M., et al. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03102-23 · Cited by 22
García-Rodríguez, F., Piccini, C., Carrizo, D., Sánchez-García, L., Pérez, L., Crisci, C., Oaquim, A. B. J., Evangelista, H., Soutullo, Á., Azcune, G., et al. (2021) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142066 · Cited by 22
Discovery of Novel Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Diversity From a Soil Metagenomic Library
Santana-Pereira, A. L. R., Sandoval-Powers, M., Monsma, S. A., Zhou, J., Santos, S. R., Mead, D. A., & Liles, M. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.585398 · Cited by 34
“the library NGS, it is not surprising that a greater number of phyla were observed; however, these ribotypes identified sole from library NGS are affiliated with six classes of Patescibacteria, in addition to Armatimonadetes, Abditibacteria and Candidate division WS 2, all of which were also not identified from the or…”
BackgrounduBin – a manual refining tool for metagenomic bins designed for educational purposesPreprint
Bornemann, T., Esser, S., Stach, T., Burg, T., & Probst, A. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.15.204776 · Cited by 22
Carnevali, P. B. M., Lavy, A., Thomas, A., Crits-Christoph, A., Diamond, S., Méheust, R., Olm, M., Sharrar, A., Lei, S.-F., Dong, W., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.086363 · Cited by 22
“py [44], and contigs that fell below the 1-Kb length minimum after this step were removed from the bins.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarker genes as predictors of shared genomic function
Sevigny, J. L., Rothenheber, D., Diaz, K., Zhang, Y., Agustsson, K., Bergeron, R., & Thomas, W. (2019) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5641-1 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., Wilkins, M. J., Wrighton, K. C., Williams, K. H., & Banfield, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banfield, Jillian F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-06-15
- Volume
- 523
- Issue
- 7559
- Pages
- 208-211
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1528357204
- Cited by
- 1,216
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 50.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0004918, DE AC02 05CH11231)
- Joint Genome Institute
- Office of Science
- Biological and Environmental Research
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Candidate Phyla Radiation, uncultured bacteria, bacterial evolution, ribosome composition, ribosome biogenesis, self-splicing introns, small genomes, groundwater bacteria, metagenome-assembled genomes, symbionts
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Environmental Microbiology, Introns, Phylogeny, Ribosomal Proteins, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Genome, Bacterial
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