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Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria
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A prominent feature of the bacterial domain is a radiation of major lineages that are defined as candidate phyla because they lack isolated representatives. Bacteria from these phyla occur in diverse environments and are thought to mediate carbon and hydrogen cycles. Genomic analyses of a few representatives suggested that metabolic limitations have prevented their cultivation. Here we reconstructed 8 complete and 789 draft genomes from bacteria representing >35 phyla and documented features that consistently distinguish these organisms from other bacteria. We infer that this group, which may comprise >15% of the bacterial domain, has shared evolutionary history, and describe it as the candidate phyla radiation (CPR). All CPR genomes are small and most lack numerous biosynthetic pathways. Owing to divergent 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences, 50-100% of organisms sampled from specific phyla would evade detection in typical cultivation-independent surveys. CPR organisms often have self-splicing introns and proteins encoded within their rRNA genes, a feature rarely reported in bacteria. Furthermore, they have unusual ribosome compositions. All are missing a ribosomal protein often absent in symbionts, and specific lineages are missing ribosomal proteins and biogenesis factors considered universal in bacteria. This implies different ribosome structures and biogenesis mechanisms, and underlines unusual biology across a large part of the bacterial domain.
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“Trees visualized at https://itol.embl.de/itol.cgiusing Netwick files from Hug et al. (2016) concatenated ribosomal proteins in place of 16S rRNA genes (Fig. 3B) indicate that a large radiation of predominantly uncultured mesophilic taxa, which are comprised of potentially symbiotic organisms with small cells and genomes and are referred to as the bacterial candidate phyla radiation (CPR) and the”
From The Emergence of Life (2019) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2015
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“Compared to our previous similar census (109), the distributions have shifted to the left owing to the discovery of numerous genomes with few identifiable defense systems, the socalled candidate phyla radiation (CPR) of bacteria, and novel phyla of archaea with small genomes (17, 62).”
BackgroundTargeted isolation and cultivation of uncultivated bacteria by reverse genomics
Cross, K. L., Campbell, J. H., Balachandran, M., Campbell, A. G., Cooper, C. J., Griffen, A. L., Heaton, M., Joshi, S. S., Klingeman, D. M., Leys, E. J., et al. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0260-6 · Cited by 380
Phylogenomics of 10,575 genomes reveals evolutionary proximity between domains Bacteria and Archaea
Zhu, Q., Mai, U., Pfeiffer, W., Janssen, S., Asnicar, F., Sanders, J. G., Belda‐Ferre, P., Al‐Ghalith, G. A., Kopylova, E., McDonald, D. T., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13443-4 · Cited by 355
Ecology of the Oral Microbiome: Beyond Bacteria
Baker, J. L., Bor, B., Agnello, M., Shi, W., & He, X. (2017) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.012 · Cited by 376
“Like other CPR members, TM7x has an ultra-small cell size (200–300 nm) and a reduced genome lacking essential pathways (~700 genes) [32, 33].”
BackgroundTwenty years of bacterial genome sequencing
Loman, N. J., & Pallen, M. J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3565 · Cited by 361
GUNC: detection of chimerism and contamination in prokaryotic genomes
Orakov, A. N., Fullam, A., Coelho, L. P., Khedkar, S., Szklarczyk, D., Mende, D. R., Schmidt, T., & Bork, P. (2021) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02393-0 · Cited by 307
A rooted phylogeny resolves early bacterial evolution
Coleman, G. A., Davín, A. A., Mahendrarajah, T. A., Szánthó, L. L., Spang, A., Hugenholtz, P., Szöllősi, G. J., & Williams, T. A. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe0511 · Cited by 285
“Recent phylogenomic analyses of expanded sets of diverse bacteria have placed the root between one of the recently identified groups, the Candidate Phyla Radiation [CPR, also knownasPatescibacteria (15, 16)] and all other Bacteria (11, 16, 17).”
BackgroundGrad-seq guides the discovery of ProQ as a major small RNA-binding protein
Smirnov, A., Förstner, K. U., Holmqvist, E., Otto, A., Günster, R. A., Becher, D., Reinhardt, R., & Vogel, J. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609981113 · Cited by 302
“Conclusions The Grad-seq approach provides an experimental and analytical framework to rapidly visualize the major RNA collectives of an organism of interest, which will be particularly useful in drafting initial functional RNA landscapes for many understudied microbes with unexplored RNA biology (41, 42).”
MethodMalla, M. A., Dubey, A., Kumar, A., Yadav, S., Hashem, A., & Allah, E. F. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02868 · Cited by 366
“Some of the novel findings enabled by metagenomics involve the identification of endosymbiotic bacterial phyla (46), nitrification processes (47, 48), human disease pathogens associated with epidemics (49), bacteria (50), and viruses (51) associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, and the identification of commensal…”
BackgroundMethanogenesis in oxygenated soils is a substantial fraction of wetland methane emissions
Angle, J., Morin, T., Solden, L., Narrowe, A. B., Smith, G., Borton, M., Rey-Sánchez, C., Daly, R., Mirfenderesgi, G., Hoyt, D., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01753-4 · Cited by 272
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“Among the other sequences included in the family, several are assigned to other bacteria, in particular, Chlamydia trachomatis, as well as several members of the recently identified candidate phyla radiation (CPR) 16 .”
Structure of the bacterial ribosome at 2 Å resolution
Watson, Z. L., Ward, F. R., Méheust, R., Ad, O., Schepartz, A., Banfield, J. F., & Cate, J. H. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.60482 · Cited by 263
“, 2009) and fully described in (Brown et al., 2015).”
Self-citationProbst, A. J., Ladd, B., Jarett, J. K., Geller‐McGrath, D., Sieber, C. M. K., Emerson, J., Anantharaman, K., Thomas, B. C., Malmstrom, R. R., Stieglmeier, M., et al. (2018) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0098-y · Cited by 267
Self-citationPresent and Future of Culturing Bacteria
Overmann, J., Abt, B., & Sikorski, J. (2017) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093449 · Cited by 283
The bright side of microbial dark matter: lessons learned from the uncultivated majority.
Solden, L., Lloyd, K., & Wrighton, K. (2016) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.04.020 · Cited by 253
Self-citationGarber, A. I., Nealson, K. H., Okamoto, A., McAllister, S. M., Chan, C. S., Barco, R. A., & Merino, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00037 · Cited by 438
“While we present results for only a select set of 17 candidate taxa ( Supplementary Data Sheets S8, S9 ), all publicly-available genomes from the CPR and other candidate strains were analyzed ( Supplementary Data Sheets S10, S11 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBoers, S. A., Jansen, R., & Hays, J. P. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03520-3 · Cited by 297
Machine learning for microbiologists
Asnicar, F., Thomas, A. M., Passerini, A., Waldron, L., & Segata, N. (2023) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-023-00984-1 · Cited by 284
“…was applied on Jaccard distances calculated using the protein content of 3,598 genomes collected by Méheust et al. 121 from four published data sets 122–125 The genomes were sorted using agglomerative hierarchical clustering applied on Jaccard pairwise distances and calculated using the protein…”
Major bacterial lineages are essentially devoid of CRISPR-Cas viral defence systems
Burstein, D. E., Sun, C. L., Brown, C. T., Sharon, I., Anantharaman, K., Probst, A. J., Thomas, B. C., & Banfield, J. F. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10613 · Cited by 247
“Notably, organisms from CPR, TM6 and Chlamydiae have very small genomes ( B 1 Mbp) and they are inferred to be obligate symbionts 11,25–29 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationCryptic inoviruses revealed as pervasive in bacteria and archaea across Earth’s biomes
Roux, S., Krupovìč, M., Daly, R. A., Borges, A. L., Nayfach, S., Schulz, F., Sharrar, A. M., Carnevali, P. B. M., Cheng, J., Ivanova, N., et al. (2019) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0510-x · Cited by 291
Self-citationVollmers, J., Wiegand, S., & Kaster, A.-K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169662 · Cited by 240
Gifted microbes for genome mining and natural product discovery
Baltz, R. H. (2016) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10295-016-1815-x · Cited by 280
Palomo, A., Fowler, J., Gülay, A., Rasmussen, S., Sicheritz‐Pontén, T., & Smets, B. F. (2016) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.63 · Cited by 233
“, 2015) and the expansion of the tree of life (Brown et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDoolittle, W. F., & Brunet, T. D. P. (2016) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005912 · Cited by 45
“Several recent metagenomic surveys have uncovered heterogeneous populations of previously unknown small-genomed bacteria or archaea that may be metabolically dependent on each other in this way [31,32].”
BackgroundShelton, A. N., Seth, E. C., Mok, K. C., Han, A., Jackson, S. N., Haft, D. R., & Taga, M. E. (2018) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0304-9 · Cited by 246
Genomes OnLine database (GOLD) v.7: updates and new features
Mukherjee, S., Stamatis, D., Bertsch, J., Ovchinnikova, G., Katta, H. Y., Mojica, A., Chen, I.-M. A., Kyrpides, N. C., & Reddy, T. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky977 · Cited by 230
“This can be largely attributed to the increasing interest in sequencing of metagenome samples as well as several recent large-scale projects to identify novel MAGs from environmental samples (22,23).”
BackgroundMicrobial metabolisms in a 2.5-km-deep ecosystem created by hydraulic fracturing in shales
Daly, R. A., Borton, M., Wilkins, M. J., Hoyt, D. W., Kountz, D. J., Wolfe, R. A., Welch, S. A., Marcus, D. N., Trexler, R. V., MacRae, J. D., et al. (2016) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.146 · Cited by 247
Self-citationRecovering complete and draft population genomes from metagenome datasets
Sangwan, N., Xia, F., & Gilbert, J. A. (2016) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0154-5 · Cited by 255
“This method can be extrapolated to uncultured, unknown genomes without a close reference sequence [65, 66].”
BackgroundMethodInsights into the ecology, evolution, and metabolism of the widespread Woesearchaeotal lineages
Liu, X., Li, M., Castelle, C. J., Probst, A. J., Zhou, Z., Pan, J., Liu, Y., Banfield, J. F., & Gu, J. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0488-2 · Cited by 258
“[15, 27], sediment [28, 29], and freshwater [16].”
Self-citationBrooks, B., Olm, M. R., Firek, B. A., Baker, R., Thomas, B. C., Morowitz, M. J., & Banfield, J. F. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02018-w · Cited by 226
Self-citationMarine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea
Bik, E. M., Costello, E. K., Switzer, A. D., Callahan, B. J., Holmes, S., Wells, R. S., Carlin, K. P., Jensen, E. D., Venn-Watson, S. K., & Relman, D. A. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10516 · Cited by 283
Opportunities and challenges of using metagenomic data to bring uncultured microbes into cultivation
Liu, S., Moon, C. D., Zheng, N., Huws, S., Zhao, S., & Wang, J. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01272-5 · Cited by 278
“used this method to culture Saccharibacteria (TM7), a phylum belonging to the bacterial candidate phyla radiation [109], from human saliva samples, which represented three different species-level lineages of Saccharibacteria.”
MethodThe nature of the last universal common ancestor and its impact on the early Earth system
Moody, E. R. R., Álvarez-Carretero, S., Mahendrarajah, T., Clark, J., Betts, H. C., Dombrowski, N., Szánthó, L. L., Boyle, R. A., Daines, S. J., Chen, X., et al. (2024) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02461-1 · Cited by 285
“3), and a combination of both the DPANN and CPR constraints (topology 2); these were tested against the ML topo logy, both using the normal 20 amino acid alignments and also with Susko–Roger recoding 88 .”
InfluentialTransitory microbial habitat in the hyperarid Atacama Desert
Schulze‐Makuch, D., Wagner, D., Kounaves, S. P., Mangelsdorf, K., Devine, K. G., Vera, J.-P. P. D., Schmitt‐Kopplin, P., Grossart, H., Parro, V., Kaupenjohann, M., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1714341115 · Cited by 228
“No rain can fall from the Martian atmosphere today (35), but liquid water can be present near the Martian surface in the form of nightly snow storms/ice microbursts (36), fog (37), near-surface groundwater (38), and possibly also from mineral dehydration reactions (39).”
BackgroundMethodIt’s the song, not the singer: an exploration of holobiosis and evolutionary theory
Doolittle, W. F., & Booth, A. (2016) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-016-9542-2 · Cited by 237
“Shared metabolisms are part of the fabric of Nature (Falkowski et al. 2008): very recent metagenomic sequencing surveys have uncovered communities made up of multiple bacterial or archaeal cellular lineages whose genomes lack one or another gene necessary for independent growth (Brown et al. 2015).”
BackgroundShaiber, A., Willis, A. D., Delmont, T. O., Roux, S., Chen, L.-X., Schmid, A. C., Yousef, M., Watson, A. R., Lolans, K., Esen, Ö. C., et al. (2020) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02195-w · Cited by 236
Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes
Eme, L., Tamarit, D., Caceres, E., Stairs, C. W., Anda, V. D., Schön, M. E., Seitz, K. W., Dombrowski, N., Lewis, W. H., Homa, F., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 · Cited by 247
“The ggKbase genome bins were individually curated to fix local assembly errors using ra2.py 59 .”
Self-citationMetagenomics uncovers gaps in amplicon-based detection of microbial diversity
Eloe‐Fadrosh, E. A., Ivanova, N., Woyke, T., & Kyrpides, N. C. (2016) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.32 · Cited by 230
PCycDB: a comprehensive and accurate database for fast analysis of phosphorus cycling genes
Zeng, J., Tu, Q., Yu, X., Qian, L., Wang, C., Shu, L., Liu, F., Liu, S., Huang, Z., He, J., et al. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01292-1 · Cited by 234
“Also, it has been reported that about 20% of bacteria would be undetectable using currently available primers due to well-recognized biases [20].”
BackgroundHerrmann, M., Wegner, C., Taubert, M., Geesink, P., Lehmann, K., Yan, L., Lehmann, R. G., Totsche, K. U., & Küsel, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01407 · Cited by 236
“Patescibacteria depend on the uptake of nucleotides and amino acids from co-localized organisms (Brown et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialStarr, E. P., Nuccio, E., Pett-Ridge, J., Banfield, J., & Firestone, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1908291116 · Cited by 209
“com/christophertbrown/ fix_assembly_errors) (90).”
Self-citationReference standards for next-generation sequencing
Hardwick, S. A., Deveson, I. W., & Mercer, T. R. (2017) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.44 · Cited by 227
Resilience of the oral microbiome
Wade, W. G. (2021) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12365 · Cited by 205
He, C., Keren, R., Whittaker, M., Farag, I., Doudna, J. A., Cate, J. H. D., & Banfield, J. F. (2021) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00840-5 · Cited by 228
Self-citationSequence-based classification and identification of Fungi
Hibbett, D., Abarenkov, K., Kõljalg, U., Öpik, M., Chai, B., Cole, J., Wang, Q., Crous, P., Robert, V., Helgason, T., et al. (2016) · Mycologia · doi:10.3852/16-130 · Cited by 203
“Given the restrictions on naming uncultured species, microbiologists have made wide use of informal names for new species, as well as phyla and divisions (Brown et al. 2015, Spang et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSaccharibacteria (TM7) in the Human Oral Microbiome
Bor, B., Bedree, J. K., Shi, W., McLean, J. S., & He, X. (2019) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034519831671 · Cited by 228
Probst, A. J., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., Brown, C. T., Anantharaman, K., Sharon, I., Hug, L. A., Burstein, D. E., Emerson, J., Thomas, B. C., et al. (2016) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13362 · Cited by 195
“The phylogenetic analyses also identified a new highly divergent lineage that branches as a sibling lineage to the CPR in the concatenated ribosomal protein tree (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA distinct abundant group of microbial rhodopsins discovered using functional metagenomics
Pushkarev, A., Inoue, K., Larom, S., Flores‐Uribe, J., Singh, M. P., Konno, M., Tomida, S., Ito, S., Nakamura, R., Tsunoda, S. P., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0225-9 · Cited by 234
Self-citationKarst, S. M., Dueholm, M. S., McIlroy, S. J., Kirkegaard, R. H., Nielsen, P. H., & Albertsen, M. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4045 · Cited by 227
Consistent Metagenome-Derived Metrics Verify and Delineate Bacterial Species Boundaries
Olm, M. R., Crits‐Christoph, A., Diamond, S., Lavy, A., Carnevali, P. B. M., & Banfield, J. F. (2020) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00731-19 · Cited by 201
“Absent dramatic improvements in sequencing technologies, complex communities can be more fully characterized through analysis of assembled and unbinned single-copy marker genes, for example, the 16S rRNA gene, ribosomal genes, or tRNA-ligase genes (27–30).”
Self-citationBeresford-Jones, B. S., Forster, S. C., Stares, M. D., Notley, G., Viciani, E., Browne, H. P., Boehmler, D. J., Soderholm, A. T., Kumar, N., Vervier, K., et al. (2022) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.003 · Cited by 194
“For example, genomes of the large clade of uncultured bacteria, candidate phyla radiation (CPR), cannot be assigned a high-quality genome status using current single copy number gene methods (Brown et al., 2015).”
A decade of irrigation transforms the soil microbiome of a semi‐arid pine forest
Hartmann, M., Brunner, I., Hagedorn, F., Bardgett, R., Stierli, B., Herzog, C., Chen, X.-M., Zingg, A., Graf-Pannatier, E., Rigling, A., et al. (2017) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.13995 · Cited by 194
“Members of these uncultured groups of bacteria have only recently been 337 characterized in more detail and feature small streamlined genomes with limited metabolic capabilities 338 and potentially symbiotic lifestyles (Brown et al. 2015; Youssef et al. 2015).”
BackgroundA census-based estimate of Earth's bacterial and archaeal diversity
Louca, S., Mazel, F., Doebeli, M., & Parfrey, L. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000106 · Cited by 193
Megaphages infect Prevotella and variants are widespread in gut microbiomes
Devoto, A. E., Santini, J. M., Olm, M. R., Anantharaman, K., Munk, P., Tung, J., Archie, E. A., Turnbaugh, P. J., Seed, K. D., Blekhman, R., et al. (2019) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0338-9 · Cited by 217
Self-citationThe last universal common ancestor between ancient Earth chemistry and the onset of genetics
Weiss, M. C., Preiner, M., Xavier, J. C., Zimorski, V., & Martin, W. F. (2018) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007518 · Cited by 186
“New insights about microbial phylogeny are emerging from concatenated alignments [24,29,30,42,48,68].”
BackgroundStepanauskas, R., Fergusson, E. A., Brown, J., Poulton, N. J., Tupper, B., Labonté, J., Becraft, E. D., Brown, J. M., Pachiadaki, M., Povilaitis, T., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00128-z · Cited by 196
Methods for the extraction, storage, amplification and sequencing of DNA from environmental samples
Lear, G., Dickie, I. A., Banks, J. C., Boyer, S., Buckley, H. L., Buckley, T. R., Cruickshank, R., Dopheide, A., Handley, K. M., Hermans, S. M., et al. (2018) · New Zealand Journal of Ecology · doi:10.20417/nzjecol.42.9 · Cited by 200
“Results can also generate clues about the lifestyle of candidate phyla that elude cultivation efforts (Wrighton et al. 2012; Kantor et al. 2013; Brown et al. 2015).”
BackgroundHug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Brown, C. T., Sharma, R., Hettich, R. L., Wilkins, M. J., Williams, K. H., Singh, A., & Banfield, J. F. (2015) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12930 · Cited by 211
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., Wilkins, M. J., Wrighton, K. C., Williams, K. H., & Banfield, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banfield, Jillian F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-06-15
- Volume
- 523
- Issue
- 7559
- Pages
- 208-211
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1528357204
- Cited by
- 1,216
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 50.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0004918, DE AC02 05CH11231)
- Joint Genome Institute
- Office of Science
- Biological and Environmental Research
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Candidate Phyla Radiation, uncultured bacteria, bacterial evolution, ribosome composition, ribosome biogenesis, self-splicing introns, small genomes, groundwater bacteria, metagenome-assembled genomes, symbionts
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Environmental Microbiology, Introns, Phylogeny, Ribosomal Proteins, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Genome, Bacterial
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