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Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria
Open accessAbstract
A prominent feature of the bacterial domain is a radiation of major lineages that are defined as candidate phyla because they lack isolated representatives. Bacteria from these phyla occur in diverse environments and are thought to mediate carbon and hydrogen cycles. Genomic analyses of a few representatives suggested that metabolic limitations have prevented their cultivation. Here we reconstructed 8 complete and 789 draft genomes from bacteria representing >35 phyla and documented features that consistently distinguish these organisms from other bacteria. We infer that this group, which may comprise >15% of the bacterial domain, has shared evolutionary history, and describe it as the candidate phyla radiation (CPR). All CPR genomes are small and most lack numerous biosynthetic pathways. Owing to divergent 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences, 50-100% of organisms sampled from specific phyla would evade detection in typical cultivation-independent surveys. CPR organisms often have self-splicing introns and proteins encoded within their rRNA genes, a feature rarely reported in bacteria. Furthermore, they have unusual ribosome compositions. All are missing a ribosomal protein often absent in symbionts, and specific lineages are missing ribosomal proteins and biogenesis factors considered universal in bacteria. This implies different ribosome structures and biogenesis mechanisms, and underlines unusual biology across a large part of the bacterial domain.
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“Trees visualized at https://itol.embl.de/itol.cgiusing Netwick files from Hug et al. (2016) concatenated ribosomal proteins in place of 16S rRNA genes (Fig. 3B) indicate that a large radiation of predominantly uncultured mesophilic taxa, which are comprised of potentially symbiotic organisms with small cells and genomes and are referred to as the bacterial candidate phyla radiation (CPR) and the”
From The Emergence of Life (2019) · cites this paper as Brown et al. 2015
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Self-citationTree of motility – A proposed history of motility systems in the tree of life
Miyata, M., Robinson, R. C., Uyeda, T. Q. P., Fukumori, Y., Fukushima, S., Haruta, S., Homma, M., Inaba, K., Ito, M., Kaito, C., et al. (2020) · Genes to Cells · doi:10.1111/gtc.12737 · Cited by 174
“According to the latest data analyses, life on the Earth can be divided into two or three groups (Brown et al., 2015; Castelle & Banfield, 2018; Hug et al., 2016; Williams, Foster, Cox, & Embley, 2013): Bacteria, which includes the subgroup of Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), species whose…”
MethodThe fourth wave of biocatalysis is approaching
Bornscheuer, U. T. (2017) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0063 · Cited by 161
“As an example of the ‘information content’ now accessible by next-generation sequencing technology, the Banfield group identified 8 complete and 789 draft genomes in a single metagenome library from an aquifer water sample [32].”
BackgroundMilici, M., Deng, Z.-L., Tomasch, J., Decelle, J., Wos‐Oxley, M. L., Wang, H., Jáuregui, R., Plumeier, I., Giebel, H., Badewien, T. H., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00649 · Cited by 146
“However, this number refers only to the domains of bacteria and archaea without taking into account eukaryotic microorganisms (Caron et al., 2012; de Vargas et al., 2015), viruses (Suttle, 2005; Brum et al., 2015) or the ultra-small bacteria discovered recently (Brown et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGenomic inference of the metabolism and evolution of the archaeal phylum Aigarchaeota
Hua, Z., Qu, Y.-N., Zhu, Q., Zhou, E.-M., Qi, Y.-L., Yin, Y.-R., Rao, Y.-Z., Tian, Y., Li, Y.-X., Liu, L., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05284-4 · Cited by 133
Self-citationGroundwater Isolation Governs Chemistry and Microbial Community Structure along Hydrologic Flowpaths
Maamar, S. B., Aquilina, L., Quaiser, A., Pauwels, H., Michon-Coudouel, S., Vergnaud, V., Labasque, T., Roques, C., Abbott, B. W., & Dufresne, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01457 · Cited by 154
“Keywords: aquifers, hydrology, 16S rRNA, pyrosequencing, groundwater, bacterial communities, iron oxidation, nitrate Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 1 December 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1457”
MethodRuiz-Pérez, C. A., Conrad, R. E., & Konstantinidis, K. T. (2021) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-020-03940-5 · Cited by 141
Water Table Dynamics and Biogeochemical Cycling in a Shallow, Variably-Saturated Floodplain.
Yabusaki, S., Wilkins, M., Fang, Y.-L., Williams, K., Arora, B., Bargar, J., Beller, H., Bouskill, N., Brodie, E., Christensen, J., et al. (2017) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04873 · Cited by 123
Self-citationSporulation, bacterial cell envelopes and the origin of life
Tocheva, E. I., Ortega, D. R., & Jensen, G. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.85 · Cited by 121
Yuan, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Palomo, A., Zhou, J. Z., Smets, B. F., Bürgmann, H., & Ju, F. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c02483 · Cited by 142
Large freshwater phages with the potential to augment aerobic methane oxidation
Chen, L.-X., Méheust, R., Crits-Christoph, A., McMahon, K., Nelson, T., Slater, G. F., Warren, L., & Banfield, J. (2020) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0779-9 · Cited by 121
Self-citationCulturomics of the plant prokaryotic microbiome and the dawn of plant-based culture media – A review
Sarhan, M. S., Hamza, M. A., Youssef, H. H., Patz, S., Becker, M., Elsawey, H., Nemr, R. A., Daanaa, H.-S. A., Mourad, E. F., Morsi, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2019.04.002 · Cited by 161
“Moreover, phyla composed exclusively of uncultured representatives are referred to as Candidate Phyla (CP) [27,28].”
BackgroundOrigin of microbial biomineralization and magnetotaxis during the Archean
Lin, W., Paterson, G. A., Zhu, Q., Wang, Y., Kopylova, E., Li, Y., Knight, R. D., Bazylinski, D. A., Zhu, R., Kirschvink, J. L., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1614654114 · Cited by 134
“Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing combined with improving computational methods are enabling the successful recovery of high-quality population genomes directly from metagenomic data (19, 20).”
BackgroundAssembling metagenomes, one community at a time
van der Walt, A. J., Goethem, M. W. V., Ramond, J., Makhalanyane, T. P., Reva, O. N., & Cowan, D. A. (2017) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3918-9 · Cited by 128
“However, within the scope of metagenome assembly, essential details are often omitted when describing methods [56].”
BackgroundWrighton, K., Castelle, C., Varaljay, V., Satagopan, S., Brown, C., Wilkins, M., Thomas, B., Sharon, I., Williams, K., Tabita, F., et al. (2016) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.53 · Cited by 119
“Phylogenetic analyses that include these and other recently reported sequences (Rinke et al., 2014; Brown et al., 2015) support the identification of this lineage as a separate phylum (Candidatus Peregrinibacteria).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationUndinarchaeota illuminate DPANN phylogeny and the impact of gene transfer on archaeal evolution
Dombrowski, N., Williams, T. A., Sun, J., Woodcroft, B. J., Lee, J.-H., Minh, B. Q., Rinke, C., & Spang, A. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17408-w · Cited by 127
Bäckström, D., Yutin, N., Jørgensen, S. L., Dharamshi, J. E., Homa, F., Zaremba-Niedźwiedzka, K., Spang, A., Wolf, Y. I., Koonin, E. V., & Ettema, T. J. G. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02497-18 · Cited by 155
Metabolic versatility of small archaea Micrarchaeota and Parvarchaeota
Chen, L.-X., Méndez-García, C., Dombrowski, N., Servín-Garcidueñas, L. E., Eloe-Fadrosh, E., Fang, B.-Z., Luo, Z.-H., Tan, S., Zhi, X.-Y., Hua, Z., et al. (2017) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-017-0002-z · Cited by 115
The changing view of eukaryogenesis – fossils, cells, lineages and how they all come together
Dacks, J. B., Field, M. C., Buick, R., Eme, L., Gribaldo, S., Roger, A. J., Brochier‐Armanet, C., & Devos, D. P. (2016) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.178566 · Cited by 131
“However, as the clustering of fast-evolving lineages in molecular phylogenies is a well-known artefact (Gribaldo and Philippe, 2002), the branching of the DPANN in the archaeal tree, or even their very existence, is another issue that requires resolution.”
BackgroundAcquisition and Adaptation of Ultra-small Parasitic Reduced Genome Bacteria to Mammalian Hosts
McLean, J. S., Bor, B., Kerns, K. A., Liu, Q., To, T. T., Solden, L., Hendrickson, E. L., Wrighton, K. C., Shi, W., & He, X. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107939 · Cited by 138
“The environmental genomes RAAC3 and GWC2 are found in deep groundwater, where the vast majority of other new CPR members occur (Brown et al., 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEcogenomics and Taxonomy of Cyanobacteria Phylum
Walter, J. M., Coutinho, F. H., Dutilh, B. E., Swings, J., Thompson, F. L., & Thompson, C. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02132 · Cited by 124
“The CGT system should maintain all of the existing information, integrating it with new data on DNA, genomes, isolates/strains, cultured and uncultured, “Candidatus” cases and reconstructed genomes from metagenomes (Brown et al., 2015; Hugerth et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialTowards a balanced view of the bacterial tree of life
Schulz, F., Eloe‐Fadrosh, E. A., Bowers, R. M., Jarett, J. K., Nielsen, T., Ivanova, N., Kyrpides, N. C., & Woyke, T. (2017) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0360-9 · Cited by 128
“The underrepresentation of these so-called “blind spots” in PCR-based studies is thus not surprising [4, 7].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRokubacteria: Genomic Giants among the Uncultured Bacterial Phyla
Becraft, E., Woyke, T., Jarett, J., Ivanova, N., Godoy-Vitorino, F., Poulton, N., Brown, J. M., Brown, J., Lau, M., Onstott, T., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02264 · Cited by 111
“Also displayed are the estimated genome sizes for Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) genomes (green; R2 = 0.02) and candidate phyla genomes not a part of the CPR lineage (orange; R2 = 0.25).”
BackgroundInfluentialLemos, L. N., Medeiros, J. D., Dini‐Andreote, F., Fernandes, G. D. R., Varani, A. M., Oliveira, G., & Pylro, V. S. (2019) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15208 · Cited by 127
“Recent advances in metagenomics with respect to in silico recon‐ struction of metagenome‐assembled genomes (MAGs) have en‐ abled a deeper investigation of unculturable organisms, such as the new bacterial superphyla Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR)/ Patescibacteria (Brown et al., 2015).”
BackgroundReductive evolution and unique predatory mode in the CPR bacterium Vampirococcus lugosii
Moreira, D., Zivanovic, Y., López‐Archilla, A. I., Iniesto, M., & López‐García, P. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22762-4 · Cited by 126
Delmont, T. O., Kiefl, E., Kilinc, O., Esen, Ö. C., Uysal, I., Rappé, M. S., Giovannoni, S. J., & Eren, A. M. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.46497 · Cited by 142
“While advances in genome-resolved metagenomics have made microbial clades more accessible without cultivation (Spang et al., 2015; Brown et al., 2015; Anantharaman et al., 2016), reconstructing SAR11 genomes from the surface ocean remains a difficult endeavor, as evident in recent comprehensive surveys of metagenome-a…”
BackgroundWang, Y., Gallagher, L. A., Andrade, P. A., Liu, A., Humphreys, I. R., Turkarslan, S., Cutler, K. J., Arrieta-Ortiz, M. L., Li, Y., Radey, M. C., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.017 · Cited by 108
Donhauser, J., Qi, W., Pinto, B. B., & Frey, B. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15492 · Cited by 134
“A primer bias is a likely cause for the discrimination against Patescibacteria in amplicon sequencing data (Brown et al., 2015; Dudek et al., 2017; Eloe-Fadrosh et al., 2016; Klindworth et al., 2013), while the lack of matches in the functional databases is likely explained by the fact that the…”
BackgroundKocur, C. M. D., Lomheim, L., Molenda, O., Weber, K. P., Austrins, L. M., Sleep, B. E., Boparai, H. K., Edwards, E. A., & O’Carroll, D. M. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01745 · Cited by 126
Chipashvili, O., Utter, D. R., Bedree, J. K., Ma, Y., Schulte, F., Mascarin, G., Alayyoubi, Y., Chouhan, D., Hardt, M., Bidlack, F. B., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.09.009 · Cited by 116
Farag, I., Youssef, N. H., & Elshahed, M. S. (2017) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00521-17 · Cited by 119
High-quality genome sequences of uncultured microbes by assembly of read clouds
Bishara, A., Moss, E. L., Kolmogorov, M., Parada, A. E., Weng, Z., Sidow, A., Dekas, A., Batzoglou, S., & Bhatt, A. S. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4266 · Cited by 115
Proctor, C. R., Besmer, M. D., Langenegger, T., Beck, K., Walser, J., Ackermann, M., Bürgmann, H., & Hammes, F. (2018) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0070-8 · Cited by 119
“with small genomes and have similarities with symbiotic bacteria [18, 56].”
Gao, S., Páez-Espino, D., Li, J., Ai, H., Liang, J., Luo, Z., Zheng, J. H., Chen, H. H., Shu, W., & Huang, L. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30049-5 · Cited by 109
Functional and evolutionary significance of unknown genes from uncultivated taxa
del Río, Á. R., Giner‐Lamia, J., Cantalapiedra, C. P., Botas, J., Deng, Z., Hernández-Plaza, A., Palmer, M. M., Santamaría‐Hernando, S., Rodríguez‐Herva, J. J., Ruscheweyh, H., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06955-z · Cited by 110
Active virus-host interactions at sub-freezing temperatures in Arctic peat soil
Trubl, G., Kimbrel, J. A., Liquet-Gonzalez, J., Nuccio, E., Weber, P., Pett-Ridge, J., Jansson, J., Waldrop, M., & Blazewicz, S. (2021) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01154-2 · Cited by 98
“12 [64], using the CPR marker set [65].”
MethodRosselli, R., Romoli, O., Vitulo, N., Vezzi, A., Campanaro, S., Pascale, F. D., Schiavon, R., Tiarca, M., Poletto, F., Concheri, G., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32165 · Cited by 102
Permafrost Meta-Omics and Climate Change
Mackelprang, R., SALESKA, S. R., Jacobsen, C. S., Jansson, J. K., & Taş, N. (2016) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105126 · Cited by 99
Phylogenomic analysis of lipid biosynthetic genes of Archaea shed light on the ‘lipid divide’
Villanueva, L., Stefan Schouten, A., & Damsté, J. S. S. (2016) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13361 · Cited by 98
“newly proposed Parcubacteria group (Brown et al., 2015),”
BackgroundCastelle, C., Brown, C., Thomas, B., Williams, K., & Banfield, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40101 · Cited by 96
Self-citationAn estimate of the deepest branches of the tree of life from ancient vertically evolving genes
Moody, E. R., Mahendrarajah, T. A., Dombrowski, N., Clark, J. W., Petitjean, C., Offre, P., Szöllősi, G. J., Spang, A., & Williams, T. A. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66695 · Cited by 95
“In particular, our analysis placed the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) (Brown et al., 2015) as a sister lineage to Chloroflexi (Chloroflexota) rather than as a deep- branching bacterial superphylum.”
MethodResultInfluentialPredicted microbial secretomes and their target substrates in marine sediment
Orsi, W., Richards, T., & Francis, W. (2017) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0047-9 · Cited by 95
Xiang, G., Li, Y., Sun, J., Huo, Y., Cao, S., Cao, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, L., Cai, Y., Zhang, Y. E., et al. (2023) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01857-x · Cited by 106
“One possible reason is that these bacteria are less studied, and no TnpB systems have been annotated 27,28 .”
STRONG: metagenomics strain resolution on assembly graphs
Quince, C., Nurk, S., Raguideau, S., James, R., Soyer, O. S., Summers, J., Limasset, A., Eren, A. M., Chikhi, R., & Darling, A. (2021) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-021-02419-7 · Cited by 94
Bor, B., Poweleit, N., Bois, J. S., Cen, L., Bedree, J. K., Zhou, Z. H., Gunsalus, R. P., Lux, R., McLean, J. S., He, X., et al. (2015) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-015-0711-7 · Cited by 98
Highly active rubiscos discovered by systematic interrogation of natural sequence diversity
Davidi, D., Shamshoum, M., Guo, Z., Bar‐On, Y. M., Prywes, N., Oz, A., Jabłońska, J., Flamholz, A. I., Wernick, D. G., Antonovsky, N., et al. (2020) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2019104081 · Cited by 105
“…(i) the non-redundant database from NCBI (Benson et al , 2013), (ii) TARA ocean metagenomics (assemblies of 244 samples) (Pesant et al , 2015), and (iii) a database of candidate phyla radiation genomes recovered from sediment metagenomes (Brown et al , 2015); data were downloaded on April 2017.”
Self-citationMicrobial Community Cohesion Mediates Community Turnover in Unperturbed Aquifers
Danczak, R., Johnston, M., Kenah, C., Slattery, M. T., & Wilkins, M. J. (2018) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00066-18 · Cited by 99
Self-citationThe importance of designating type material for uncultured taxa
Chuvochina, M. S., Rinke, C., Parks, D. H., Rappé, M. S., Tyson, G. W., Yilmaz, P., Whitman, W. B., & Hugenholtz, P. (2018) · Systematic and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2018.07.003 · Cited by 95
“Some studies aimed to designate type species for higher taxa [2,35] but many uncultured lineages are only named at the phylum-level [1,3,8,14,17].”
BackgroundBernard, G., Pathmanathan, J. S., Lannes, R., Lopez, P., & Bapteste, E. P. (2018) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evy031 · Cited by 114
Uncovering oral Neisseria tropism and persistence using metagenomic sequencing
Donati, C., Zolfo, M., Albanese, D., Truong, D. T., Asnicar, F., Iebba, V., Cavalieri, D., Jousson, O., Filippo, C. D., Huttenhower, C., et al. (2016) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.70 · Cited by 93
Carbon fixation rates in groundwater similar to those in oligotrophic marine systems
Overholt, W. A., Trumbore, S. E., Xu, X., Bornemann, T. L. V., Probst, A. J., Krüger, M., Herrmann, M., Thamdrup, B., Bristow, L. A., Taubert, M., et al. (2022) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-022-00968-5 · Cited by 103
Zhou, Y., Liu, M., & Yang, J. (2022) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2022.127023 · Cited by 109
Diversity and ecology of and biomineralization by magnetotactic bacteria
Lin, W., Pan, Y., & Bazylinski, D. A. (2017) · Environmental Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12550 · Cited by 130
“The rapid development of metagenomic methods, high-throughput DNA sequencing and efficient computational tools now allows for the rapid assembly of reliable DNA reads and binning of genomic contigs/scaffolds directly from metagenome datasets (Brown et al., 2015; Evans et al., 2015).”
BackgroundUnifying the known and unknown microbial coding sequence spacePreprint
Vanni, C., Schechter, M. S., Acinas, S. G., Barberán, A., Buttigieg, P. L., Casamayor, E. O., Delmont, T. O., Duarte, C. M., Eren, A. M., Finn, R. D., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.30.180448 · Cited by 15
Zambrano, M. C., Pawlak, J. J., Daystar, J., Ankeny, M., Goller, C., & Venditti, R. A. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110826 · Cited by 114
Méheust, R., Castelle, C. J., Carnevali, P. B. M., Farag, I., He, C., Chen, L.-X., Amano, Y., Hug, L. A., & Banfield, J. F. (2020) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0716-1 · Cited by 110
Self-citationOn the Origin of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis
Hoshino, Y., & Gaucher, E. (2018) · Molecular biology and evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msy120 · Cited by 88
“CPR is taxonomically divided into two major groups: microgenomates (previously known as OP11) and parcubacteria (OD1) (Rinke et al. 2013; Brown et al. 2015).”
BackgroundTechnological Microbiology: Development and Applications
Vitorino, L. C., & Bessa, L. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00827 · Cited by 116
“CPR bacteria have small genomes and unusual ribosomal compositions, in addition to lacking numerous biosynthetic pathways (Brown et al., 2015), whereas DPANN has been defined as a function of the metabolic capacity (Rinke et al., 2013; Castelle et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSequencing-based analysis of microbiomes
Pinto, Y., & Bhatt, A. S. (2024) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-024-00746-6 · Cited by 109
“…metagenomic studies have identified a new taxon of archaea that was posited to bridge the evolutionary gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes 64 and a new phylum (named candidate phyla radiation) with unique genomic characteristics such as compact genomes and proteins encoded within rRNA genes 65 .”
Kuroda, K., Yamamoto, K., Nakai, R., Hirakata, Y., Kubota, K., Nobu, M., & Narihiro, T. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01711-22 · Cited by 87
“One major lineage of the domain Bacteria, Candidatus Patescibacteria (also known as the Candidate Phyla Radiation/CPR superphylum) (1, 2), is a highly diverse”
BackgroundHosokawa, S., Kuroda, K., Narihiro, T., Aoi, Y., Ozaki, N., Ohashi, A., & Kindaichi, T. (2021) · Water · doi:10.3390/w13020208 · Cited by 87
“The numbers in square brackets on the horizontal axis represent the following genes: [1] ammonia oxidation (amoA and amoBC, pmmo), [2] hydroxylamine oxidation (hao), [3] nitrite oxidation (nxrAB), [4] dissimilatory nitrate reduction (narGH and/or napAB), [5] DNRA (nirBD and/or nrfAH), [6] nitrite reduction (nirK or ni…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChen, L., Qin, Y.-J., Chen, B., Wu, C., Zheng, S., Chen, R., Yang, S.-H., Yang, L., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109743 · Cited by 87
Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., Wilkins, M. J., Wrighton, K. C., Williams, K. H., & Banfield, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banfield, Jillian F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-06-15
- Volume
- 523
- Issue
- 7559
- Pages
- 208-211
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1528357204
- Cited by
- 1,216
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 101 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 50.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DESC0004918, DE AC02 05CH11231)
- Joint Genome Institute
- Office of Science
- Biological and Environmental Research
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Candidate Phyla Radiation, uncultured bacteria, bacterial evolution, ribosome composition, ribosome biogenesis, self-splicing introns, small genomes, groundwater bacteria, metagenome-assembled genomes, symbionts
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Environmental Microbiology, Introns, Phylogeny, Ribosomal Proteins, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Genome, Bacterial
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