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Cited by 610Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyGenetics and Physical PerformanceGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height

Open access
Marouli, Eirini, Graff, Mariaelisa, Medina-Gomez, Carolina, Lo, Ken Sin, Wood, Andrew R., Kjaer, Troels R., Fine, Rebecca S., Lu, Yingchang, Schurmann, Claudia, Highland, Heather M., Rüeger, Sina, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Justice, Anne E., Lamparter, David, Stirrups, Kathleen E., Turcot, Valérie, Young, Kristin L., Winkler, Thomas W., Esko, Tõnu, Karaderi, Tugce, Locke, Adam E., Masca, Nicholas G. D., Ng, Maggie C. Y., Mudgal, Poorva, Rivas, Manuel A., Vedantam, Sailaja, Mahajan, Anubha, Guo, Xiuqing, Abecasis, Goncalo, Aben, Katja K., Adair, Linda S., Alam, Dewan S., Albrecht, Eva, Allin, Kristine H., Allison, Matthew, Amouyel, Philippe, Appel, Emil V., Arveiler, Dominique, Asselbergs, Folkert W., Auer, Paul L., Balkau, Beverley, Banas, Bernhard, Bang, Lia E., Benn, Marianne, Bergmann, Sven, Bielak, Lawrence F., Blüher, Matthias, Boeing, Heiner, Boerwinkle, Eric, Böger, Carsten A., Bonnycastle, Lori L., Bork-Jensen, Jette, Bots, Michiel L., Bottinger, Erwin P., Bowden, Donald W., Brandslund, Ivan, Breen, Gerome, Brilliant, Murray H., Broer, Linda, Burt, Amber A., Butterworth, Adam S., Carey, David J., Caulfield, Mark J., Chambers, John C., Chasman, Daniel I., Chen, Yii-Der Ida, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Cramer, Chu, Audrey Y., Cocca, Massimiliano, Collins, Francis S., Cook, James P., Corley, Janie, Galbany, Jordi Corominas, Cox, Amanda J., Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel, Danesh, John, Davies, Gail, de Bakker, Paul I. W., de Borst, Gert J., de Denus, Simon, de Groot, Mark C. H., de Mutsert, Renée, Deary, Ian J., Dedoussis, George, Demerath, Ellen W., den Hollander, Anneke I., Dennis, Joe G., Di Angelantonio, Emanuele, Drenos, Fotios, Du, Mengmeng, Dunning, Alison M., Easton, Douglas F., Ebeling, Tapani, Edwards, Todd L., Ellinor, Patrick T., Elliott, Paul, Evangelou, Evangelos, Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni, Faul, Jessica D., Feitosa, Mary F., Feng, Shuang, Ferrannini, Ele, Ferrario, Marco M., Ferrieres, Jean, Florez, Jose C., Ford, Ian, Fornage, Myriam, Franks, Paul W., Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Galesloot, Tessel E., Gan, Wei, Gandin, Ilaria, Gasparini, Paolo, Giedraitis, Vilmantas, Giri, Ayush, Girotto, Giorgia, Gordon, Scott D., Gordon-Larsen, Penny, Gorski, Mathias, Grarup, Niels, Grove, Megan L., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Gustafsson, Stefan, Hansen, Torben, Harris, Kathleen Mullan, Harris, Tamara B., Hattersley, Andrew T., Hayward, Caroline, He, Liang, Heid, Iris M., Heikkilä, Kauko, Helgeland, Øyvind, Hernesniemi, Jussi, Hewitt, Alex W., Hocking, Lynne J., Hollensted, Mette, Holmen, Oddgeir L., Hovingh, G. Kees, Howson, Joanna M. M., Hoyng, Carel B., Huang, Paul L., Hveem, Kristian, Ikram, M. Arfan, Ingelsson, Erik, Jackson, Anne U., Jansson, Jan-Håkan, Jarvik, Gail P., Jensen, Gorm B., Jhun, Min A., Jia, Yucheng, Jiang, Xuejuan, Johansson, Stefan, Jørgensen, Marit E., Jørgensen, Torben, Jousilahti, Pekka, Jukema, J. Wouter, Kahali, Bratati, Kahn, René S., Kähönen, Mika, Kamstrup, Pia R., Kanoni, Stavroula, Kaprio, Jaakko, Karaleftheri, Maria, Kardia, Sharon L. R., Karpe, Fredrik, Kee, Frank, Keeman, Renske, Kiemeney, Lambertus A., Kitajima, Hidetoshi, Kluivers, Kirsten B., Kocher, Thomas, Komulainen, Pirjo, Kontto, Jukka, Kooner, Jaspal S., Kooperberg, Charles, Kovacs, Peter, Kriebel, Jennifer, Kuivaniemi, Helena, Küry, Sébastien, Kuusisto, Johanna, La Bianca, Martina, Laakso, Markku, Lakka, Timo A., Lange, Ethan M., Lange, Leslie A., Langefeld, Carl D., Langenberg, Claudia, Larson, Eric B., Lee, I-Te, Lehtimäki, Terho, Lewis, Cora E., Li, Huaixing, Li, Jin, Li-Gao, Ruifang, Lin, Honghuang, Lin, Li-An, Lin, Xu, Lind, Lars, Lindström, Jaana, Linneberg, Allan, Liu, Yeheng, Liu, Yongmei, Lophatananon, Artitaya, Luan, Jian'an, Lubitz, Steven A., Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka, Mackey, David A., Madden, Pamela A. F., Manning, Alisa K., Männistö, Satu, Marenne, Gaëlle, Marten, Jonathan, Martin, Nicholas G., Mazul, Angela L., Meidtner, Karina, Metspalu, Andres, Mitchell, Paul, Mohlke, Karen L., Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O., Morgan, Anna, Morris, Andrew D., Morris, Andrew P., Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, Munroe, Patricia B., Nalls, Mike A., Nauck, Matthias, Nelson, Christopher P., Neville, Matt, Nielsen, Sune F., Nikus, Kjell, Njølstad, Pål R., Nordestgaard, Børge G., Ntalla, Ioanna, O'Connel, Jeffrey R., Oksa, Heikki, Loohuis, Loes M. Olde, Ophoff, Roel A., Owen, Katharine R., Packard, Chris J., Padmanabhan, Sandosh, Palmer, Colin N. A., Pasterkamp, Gerard, Patel, Aniruddh P., Pattie, Alison, Pedersen, Oluf, Peissig, Peggy L., Peloso, Gina M., Pennell, Craig E., Perola, Markus, Perry, James A., Perry, John R. B., Person, Thomas N., Pirie, Ailith, Polasek, Ozren, Posthuma, Danielle, Raitakari, Olli T., Rasheed, Asif, Rauramaa, Rainer, Reilly, Dermot F., Reiner, Alex P., Renström, Frida, Ridker, Paul M., Rioux, John D., Robertson, Neil, Robino, Antonietta, Rolandsson, Olov, Rudan, Igor, Ruth, Katherine S., Saleheen, Danish, Salomaa, Veikko, Samani, Nilesh J., Sandow, Kevin, Sapkota, Yadav, Sattar, Naveed, Schmidt, Marjanka K., Schreiner, Pamela J., Schulze, Matthias B., Scott, Robert A., Segura-Lepe, Marcelo P., Shah, Svati, Sim, Xueling, Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh, Small, Kerrin S., Smith, Albert Vernon, Smith, Jennifer A., Southam, Lorraine, Spector, Timothy D., Speliotes, Elizabeth K., Starr, John M., Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, Stringham, Heather M., Stumvoll, Michael, Surendran, Praveen, ‘t Hart, Leen M., Tansey, Katherine E., Tardif, Jean-Claude, Taylor, Kent D., Teumer, Alexander, Thompson, Deborah J., Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Thuesen, Betina H., Tönjes, Anke, Tromp, Gerard, Trompet, Stella, Tsafantakis, Emmanouil, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne, Tyrer, Jonathan P., Uher, Rudolf, Uitterlinden, André G., Ulivi, Sheila, van der Laan, Sander W., Van Der Leij, Andries R., van Duijn, Cornelia M., van Schoor, Natasja M., van Setten, Jessica, Varbo, Anette, Varga, Tibor V., Varma, Rohit, Edwards, Digna R. Velez, Vermeulen, Sita H., Vestergaard, Henrik, Vitart, Veronique, Vogt, Thomas F., Vozzi, Diego, Walker, Mark, Wang, Feijie, Wang, Carol A., Wang, Shuai, Wang, Yiqin, Wareham, Nicholas J., Warren, Helen R., Wessel, Jennifer, Willems, Sara M., Wilson, James G., Witte, Daniel R., Woods, Michael O., Wu, Ying, Yaghootkar, Hanieh, Yao, Jie, Yao, Pang, Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M., Young, Robin, Zeggini, Eleftheria, Zhan, Xiaowei, Zhang, Weihua, Zhao, Jing Hua, Zhao, Wei, Zhao, Wei, Zheng, He, Zhou, Wei, The EPIC-InterAct Consortium, CHD Exome+ Consortium, ExomeBP Consortium, T2D-Genes Consortium, GoT2D Genes Consortium, Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, ReproGen Consortium, MAGIC Investigators, Rotter, Jerome I, Boehnke, Michael, Kathiresan, Sekar, McCarthy, Mark I., Willer, Cristen J., Stefansson, Kari, Borecki, Ingrid B., Liu, Dajiang J., North, Kari E., Heard-Costa, Nancy L., Pers, Tune H., Lindgren, Cecilia M., Oxvig, Claus, Kutalik, Zoltán, Rivadeneira, Fernando, Loos, Ruth J. F., Frayling, Timothy M., Hirschhorn, Joel N., Deloukas, Panos, Lettre, Guillaume·2017·Nature
DOI 10.1038/nature21039PMC PMC5302847
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Abstract

Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with approximately 700 common associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies so far. Here, we report 83 height-associated coding variants with lower minor-allele frequencies (in the range of 0.1-4.8%) and effects of up to 2 centimetres per allele (such as those in IHH, STC2, AR and CRISPLD2), greater than ten times the average effect of common variants. In functional follow-up studies, rare height-increasing alleles of STC2 (giving an increase of 1-2 centimetres per allele) compromised proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A and increased cleavage of IGFBP-4 in vitro, resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors. These 83 height-associated variants overlap genes that are mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates (such as ADAMTS3, IL11RA and NOX4) and pathways (such as proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis) involved in growth. Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low-frequency variants of moderate-to-large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes, and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways.

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Marouli, E., Graff, M., Medina-Gomez, C., Lo, K. S., Wood, A. R., Kjaer, T. R., Fine, R. S., Lu, Y., Schurmann, C., Highland, H. M., Rüeger, S., Thorleifsson, G., Justice, A. E., Lamparter, D., Stirrups, K. E., Turcot, V., Young, K. L., Winkler, T. W., Esko, T., Karaderi, T., Locke, A. E., Masca, N. G. D., Ng, M. C. Y., Mudgal, P., Rivas, M. A., Vedantam, S., Mahajan, A., Guo, X., Abecasis, G., Aben, K. K., Adair, L. S., Alam, D. S., Albrecht, E., Allin, K. H., Allison, M., Amouyel, P., Appel, E. V., Arveiler, D., Asselbergs, F. W., Auer, P. L., Balkau, B., Banas, B., Bang, L. E., Benn, M., Bergmann, S., Bielak, L. F., Blüher, M., Boeing, H., Boerwinkle, E., Böger, C. A., Bonnycastle, L. L., Bork-Jensen, J., Bots, M. L., Bottinger, E. P., Bowden, D. W., Brandslund, I., Breen, G., Brilliant, M. H., Broer, L., Burt, A. A., Butterworth, A. S., Carey, D. J., Caulfield, M. J., Chambers, J. C., Chasman, D. I., Chen, Y.-D. I., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, C., Chu, A. Y., Cocca, M., Collins, F. S., Cook, J. P., Corley, J., Galbany, J. C., Cox, A. J., Cuellar-Partida, G., Danesh, J., Davies, G., de Bakker, P. I. W., de Borst, G. J., de Denus, S., de Groot, M. C. H., de Mutsert, R., Deary, I. J., Dedoussis, G., Demerath, E. W., den Hollander, A. I., Dennis, J. G., Di Angelantonio, E., Drenos, F., Du, M., Dunning, A. M., Easton, D. F., Ebeling, T., Edwards, T. L., Ellinor, P. T., Elliott, P., Evangelou, E., Farmaki, A.-E., Faul, J. D., Feitosa, M. F., Feng, S., Ferrannini, E., Ferrario, M. M., Ferrieres, J., Florez, J. C., Ford, I., Fornage, M., Franks, P. W., Frikke-Schmidt, R., Galesloot, T. E., Gan, W., Gandin, I., Gasparini, P., Giedraitis, V., Giri, A., Girotto, G., Gordon, S. D., Gordon-Larsen, P., Gorski, M., Grarup, N., Grove, M. L., Gudnason, V., Gustafsson, S., Hansen, T., Harris, K. M., Harris, T. B., Hattersley, A. T., Hayward, C., He, L., Heid, I. M., Heikkilä, K., Helgeland, Ø., Hernesniemi, J., Hewitt, A. W., Hocking, L. J., Hollensted, M., Holmen, O. L., Hovingh, G. K., Howson, J. M. M., Hoyng, C. B., Huang, P. L., Hveem, K., Ikram, M. A., Ingelsson, E., Jackson, A. U., Jansson, J.-H., Jarvik, G. P., Jensen, G. B., Jhun, M. A., Jia, Y., Jiang, X., Johansson, S., Jørgensen, M. E., Jørgensen, T., Jousilahti, P., Jukema, J. W., Kahali, B., Kahn, R. S., Kähönen, M., Kamstrup, P. R., Kanoni, S., Kaprio, J., Karaleftheri, M., Kardia, S. L. R., Karpe, F., Kee, F., Keeman, R., Kiemeney, L. A., Kitajima, H., Kluivers, K. B., Kocher, T., Komulainen, P., Kontto, J., Kooner, J. S., Kooperberg, C., Kovacs, P., Kriebel, J., Kuivaniemi, H., Küry, S., Kuusisto, J., La Bianca, M., Laakso, M., Lakka, T. A., Lange, E. M., Lange, L. A., Langefeld, C. D., Langenberg, C., Larson, E. B., Lee, I.-T., Lehtimäki, T., Lewis, C. E., Li, H., Li, J., Li-Gao, R., Lin, H., Lin, L.-A., Lin, X., Lind, L., Lindström, J., Linneberg, A., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Lophatananon, A., Luan, J., Lubitz, S. A., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Mackey, D. A., Madden, P. A. F., Manning, A. K., Männistö, S., Marenne, G., Marten, J., Martin, N. G., Mazul, A. L., Meidtner, K., Metspalu, A., Mitchell, P., Mohlke, K. L., Mook-Kanamori, D. O., Morgan, A., Morris, A. D., Morris, A. P., Müller-Nurasyid, M., Munroe, P. B., Nalls, M. A., Nauck, M., Nelson, C. P., Neville, M., Nielsen, S. F., Nikus, K., Njølstad, P. R., Nordestgaard, B. G., Ntalla, I., O'Connel, J. R., Oksa, H., Loohuis, L. M. O., Ophoff, R. A., Owen, K. R., Packard, C. J., Padmanabhan, S., Palmer, C. N. A., Pasterkamp, G., Patel, A. P., Pattie, A., Pedersen, O., Peissig, P. L., Peloso, G. M., Pennell, C. E., Perola, M., Perry, J. A., Perry, J. R. B., Person, T. N., Pirie, A., Polasek, O., Posthuma, D., Raitakari, O. T., Rasheed, A., Rauramaa, R., Reilly, D. F., Reiner, A. P., Renström, F., Ridker, P. M., Rioux, J. D., Robertson, N., Robino, A., Rolandsson, O., Rudan, I., Ruth, K. S., Saleheen, D., Salomaa, V., Samani, N. J., Sandow, K., Sapkota, Y., Sattar, N., Schmidt, M. K., Schreiner, P. J., Schulze, M. B., Scott, R. A., Segura-Lepe, M. P., Shah, S., Sim, X., Sivapalaratnam, S., Small, K. S., Smith, A. V., Smith, J. A., Southam, L., Spector, T. D., Speliotes, E. K., Starr, J. M., Steinthorsdottir, V., Stringham, H. M., Stumvoll, M., Surendran, P., ‘t Hart, L. M., Tansey, K. E., Tardif, J.-C., Taylor, K. D., Teumer, A., Thompson, D. J., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Thuesen, B. H., Tönjes, A., Tromp, G., Trompet, S., Tsafantakis, E., Tuomilehto, J., Tybjaerg-Hansen, A., Tyrer, J. P., Uher, R., Uitterlinden, A. G., Ulivi, S., van der Laan, S. W., Van Der Leij, A. R., van Duijn, C. M., van Schoor, N. M., van Setten, J., Varbo, A., Varga, T. V., Varma, R., Edwards, D. R. V., Vermeulen, S. H., Vestergaard, H., Vitart, V., Vogt, T. F., Vozzi, D., Walker, M., Wang, F., Wang, C. A., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Wareham, N. J., Warren, H. R., Wessel, J., Willems, S. M., Wilson, J. G., Witte, D. R., Woods, M. O., Wu, Y., Yaghootkar, H., Yao, J., Yao, P., Yerges-Armstrong, L. M., Young, R., Zeggini, E., Zhan, X., Zhang, W., Zhao, J. H., Zhao, W., Zhao, W., Zheng, H., Zhou, W., The EPIC-InterAct Consortium, CHD Exome+ Consortium, ExomeBP Consortium, T2D-Genes Consortium, GoT2D Genes Consortium, Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, ReproGen Consortium, MAGIC Investigators, Rotter, J. I., Boehnke, M., Kathiresan, S., McCarthy, M. I., Willer, C. J., Stefansson, K., Borecki, I. B., Liu, D. J., North, K. E., Heard-Costa, N. L., Pers, T. H., Lindgren, C. M., Oxvig, C., Kutalik, Z., Rivadeneira, F., Loos, R. J. F., Frayling, T. M., Hirschhorn, J. N., Deloukas, P., & Lettre, G.
Affiliations
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
  • University of Exeter (GB)
  • Broad Institute (US)
  • Vanderbilt University (US)
  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
  • SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
  • University of Regensburg (DE)
  • Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
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  • Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
  • Harbor–UCLA Medical Center (US)
  • Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
  • Helmholtz Munich (DE)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
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  • University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
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  • University of Southern Denmark (DK)
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  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
  • Oulu University Hospital (FI)
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  • Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
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  • Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist (US)
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  • Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
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  • Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
  • German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
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  • Tampere University Hospital (FI)
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  • Center for Non-Communicable Diseases (PK)
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  • Lund University (SE)
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Corresponding author
  • Hirschhorn, Joel N.
  • Deloukas, Panos
  • Lettre, Guillaume
ORCID
Venue
Nature
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-02-01
Volume
542
Issue
7640
Pages
186-190
ISSN
  • 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/nature21039
PMC
PMC5302847
OpenAlex
W2584469054
Cited by
610
References
51
Citations by year
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FWCI
66.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
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  • Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
  • Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
  • VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders
  • Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2014105)
  • University of Southern California
  • Harvard University
  • Helsingin Yliopisto
  • University of Washington
  • European Hematology Association (TRTH136)
  • Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
  • Wellcome Trust (068545/Z/02), 202802/Z/16/Z, 098395/Z/12/Z)
  • United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration
  • University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
  • Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC 3.A Complications)
  • Sidra Medicine
  • National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0512-10165, ACF-2016-19-005, NF-SI-0611-10136, NF-SI-0512-10113, NF-SI-0611-10099, NF-SI-0611-10219, NF-SI-0616-10080)
  • British Heart Foundation (SP/13/2/30111, RG/08/014/24067, RG/14/5/30893)
  • University of Exeter
  • Imperial College London
  • University College London
  • University of Oxford
  • University of Glasgow
  • University of Aberdeen
  • Menzies Research Institute Tasmania
  • University of Tasmania
  • Universiteit Leiden
  • Aalborg Universitet
  • Gentofte Hospital
  • Erasmus Medisch Centrum
  • Lunds Universitet
  • Lundbeckfonden (R190 2014-3904, R16-2007-1691)
  • Tampereen Yliopisto
  • Université de Toulouse
  • Umeå Universitet (901 87)
  • Universitetet i Bergen
  • Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
  • Rigshospitalet
  • Region Hovedstaden
  • Università degli Studi dell'Insubria
  • Háskóli Íslands
  • Syddansk Universitet
  • Uppsala Universitet
  • Università di Pisa
  • Science for Life Laboratory
  • Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF14OC0010497, NNF16OC0021496)
  • Haukeland Universitetssjukehus
  • Tays
  • Hjartavernd
  • Menzies Institute for Medical Research
  • Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos
  • National Institutes of Health (1s10od018522-01, UL1TR000124, KL2TR001109, n01hc95159-40-0-1, UL1TR001881)
  • School of Medicine, Stanford University
  • University of California, Los Angeles
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Social Science Research Institute, Duke University
  • Medical Research Council (MR/K006584/1, MR/M501633/2, MR/L01341X/1, MR/L003120/1, MR/K002414/1, MR/L01632X/1, MR/K026992/1, MC_PC_13040, MC_UU_12015/2, MR/M501633/1, MC_PC_15018, MC_UU_12015/1, MR/K007017/1)
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F019394/1)
  • Helse Sør-Øst RHF
  • Helmholtz Zentrum München
  • NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
  • Netherlands Heart Institute
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL127564, HHSN268201300046C, N01-HC-095159, R01HL119443, R35HL135824, HHSN268201100046C, K99HL130580, K23HL114724, R01HL117078, T32HL007055)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH090553)
  • National Human Genome Research Institute (U01HG008657, U01HG007417)
  • National Eye Institute (R01EY022310)
  • National Cancer Institute (UM1CA182913, P30CA008748)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM096911)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072193, R01DK089256, U01DK062370, DP3DK108220, R01DK107904, R01DK106621, R01DK075787, P30DK020572, R01DK093757, P30DK063491)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD057194, P2CHD050924)
  • Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Institute of Genetics
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Keywords
adult height, rare coding variants, low-frequency variants, polygenic traits, STC2, PAPP-A, IGFBP-4, insulin-like growth factor, Ihh, AR, CRISPLD2, ADAMTS3, NOX4, proteoglycan synthesis, glycosaminoglycan synthesis
MeSH terms
ADAMTS Proteins, NADPH Oxidase 4, Adult, Alleles, Body Height, Female, Gene Frequency, Glycoproteins, Glycosaminoglycans, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A, Procollagen N-Endopeptidase, Proteoglycans, Receptors, Androgen, Somatomedins, Genetic Variation, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Genome, Human, NADPH Oxidases, Multifactorial Inheritance, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Interferon Regulatory Factors, Interleukin-11 Receptor alpha Subunit, Hedgehog Proteins, Proteolysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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