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Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
Open accessAbstract
One aim of modern astronomy is to detect temperate, Earth-like exoplanets that are well suited for atmospheric characterization. Recently, three Earth-sized planets were detected that transit (that is, pass in front of) a star with a mass just eight per cent that of the Sun, located 12 parsecs away. The transiting configuration of these planets, combined with the Jupiter-like size of their host star-named TRAPPIST-1-makes possible in-depth studies of their atmospheric properties with present-day and future astronomical facilities. Here we report the results of a photometric monitoring campaign of that star from the ground and space. Our observations reveal that at least seven planets with sizes and masses similar to those of Earth revolve around TRAPPIST-1. The six inner planets form a near-resonant chain, such that their orbital periods (1.51, 2.42, 4.04, 6.06, 9.1 and 12.35 days) are near-ratios of small integers. This architecture suggests that the planets formed farther from the star and migrated inwards. Moreover, the seven planets have equilibrium temperatures low enough to make possible the presence of liquid water on their surfaces.
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“Better understanding the impact of environmental limitations on the origin and early evolution of life, such as UV flux, can help determine the habitability of planetary bodies that are even outside our own solar system, such as planets around stars with high UV fluxes, e.g., the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017;O'Malley-James and Kaltenegger 2017).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Gillon et al. 2017
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“Ongoing ground-and space-based observations have discovered thousands of exoplanetary systems ( 55 ), among which two systems were identified to host Earth-size rocky planets that potentially maintain liquid water on their surfaces ( 56 , 57 ).”
Selection for Gaia across Multiple Scales
Lenton, T. M., Daines, S. J., Dyke, J. G., Nicholson, A., Wilkinson, D. M., & Williams, H. T. P. (2018) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.006 · Cited by 117
High-precision stellar abundances of the elements: methods and applications
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BackgroundKopparapu, R. K., Wolf, E. T., & Meadows, V. S. (2005) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816540068 · Cited by 127
“…handful of good targets are known, including the HZ transiting planets TRAPPIST-1 e, f and g in the 7- planet TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017) and LHS 1140 b (Dittmann et al. 2017) and the RVdetected Proxima Centauri b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), and Ross 128 b…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Rossiter–McLaughlin Effect in Exoplanet Research
Triaud, A. H. M. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_2 · Cited by 126
Self-citationVenus as a Laboratory for Exoplanetary Science
Kane, S. R., Arney, G., Crisp, D., Domagal‐Goldman, S., Glaze, L. S., Goldblatt, C., Grinspoon, D., Head, J. W., III, Lenardic, A., Unterborn, C. T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2019je005939 · Cited by 107
“The top-down view of the orbital architectures for two of these systems are shown in Figure 3; the K2-3 (left, Crossfield et al. 2015) and TRAPPIST-1 (right, Gillon et al. 2017) planetary systems, where the green regions indicate the extent of the HZ (Kane & Gelino 2012).”
BackgroundThe First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System
Gilbert, E. A., Barclay, T., Schlieder, J. E., Quintana, E. V., Hord, B. J., Kostov, V. B., Lopez, E. D., Rowe, J. F., Hoffman, K., Walkowicz, L. M., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba4b2 · Cited by 109
“The TRAPPIST-1 system, for example, is a late-M dwarf that harbors seven small transiting planets (Gillon et al. 2017), three of which reside in the star’s habitable zone.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEarly 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer
Delrez, L., Gillon, M., Triaud, A., Demory, B., DeWit, J., Ingalls, J., Agol, E., Bolmont, É., Burdanov, A., Burgasser, A., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty051 · Cited by 83
“The seven Earth-sized worlds orbiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017, hereafter G16 and G17 respectively) have become prime targets for the study of small planets beyond the Solar system, including the study of their atmospheres, owing to their transiting…”
BackgroundSelf-citationStrategies for Constraining the Atmospheres of Temperate Terrestrial Planets with JWST
Batalha, N. E., Lewis, N. K., Line, M. R., Valenti, J. A., & Stevenson, K. B. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aab896 · Cited by 105
“There are currently four Earth-sized (0.9 R⊕ <Rp <1.5 R⊕) planets in the habitable zone of their host stars that are amenable to atmospheric follow-up with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST ): TRAPPIST-1d,e,f and LHS 1140b (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Dittmann et al. 2017; Grimm et al. 2018).”
InfluentialTurbet, M., Bolmont, É., Ehrenreich, D., Gratier, P., Leconte, J., Selsis, F., Hara, N., & Lovis, C. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937151 · Cited by 108
“With the discovery of the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017), we now have seven rocky planets in temperate orbits for which both radii (Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017; Delrez et al. 2018) and masses (Grimm et al. 2018) have been measured with unprecedented…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPredicting the long-term stability of compact multiplanet systems
Tamayo, D., Cranmer, M., Hadden, S., Rein, H., Battaglia, P., Obertas, A., Armitage, P. J., Ho, S., Spergel, D. N., Gilbertson, C., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2001258117 · Cited by 108
Convergent Migration Renders TRAPPIST-1 Long-lived
Tamayo, D., Rein, H., Petrovich, C., & Murray, N. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa70ea · Cited by 107
“However, the simulations of Gillon et al. (2017) imply that the fraction of phase space occupied by such trajectories is small, and that the large uncertainties in the planetary masses, eccentricities and apsidal alignments render it unlikely for initial conditions drawn from the high-dimensional…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWarm terrestrial planet with half the mass of Venus transiting a nearby star
Demangeon, O. D. S., Osorio, M. R. Z., Alibert, Y., Barros, S. C. C., Adibekyan, V., Tabernero, H. M., Antoniadis-Karnavas, A., Camacho, J. D., Mascareño, A. S., Oshagh, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140728 · Cited by 117
SPECULOOS: Ultracool dwarf transit survey
Sebastian, D., Gillon, M., Ducrot, E., Pozuelos, F. J., Garcia, L. J., Günther, M. N., Delrez, L., Queloz, D. P., Demory, B.-O., Triaud, A. H. M. J., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038827 · Cited by 106
Self-citationObertas, A., Laerhoven, C. V., & Tamayo, D. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.010 · Cited by 105
“An interesting example is the TRAPPIST-1 system which contains seven Earth-size planets, several of which orbit within the habitable zone (Gillon et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLuque, R., Pallé, E., Kossakowski, D., Dreizler, S., Kemmer, J., Espinoza, N., Burt, J., Anglada-Escudé, G., Béjar, V. J. S., Caballero, J. A., et al. (2019) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935801/pdf · Cited by 105
Wordsworth, R., Schaefer, L., & Fischer, R. A. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aab608 · Cited by 121
“All data on exoplanet mass, radius and orbit and their host star luminosities is taken from the relevant discovery papers (Berta-Thompson et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2017; Dittmann et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialHabitability and Biosignatures of Hycean Worlds
Madhusudhan, N., Piette, A. A. A., & Constantinou, S. (2021) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.76040 · Cited by 104
pyaneti : a fast and powerful software suite for multiplanet radial velocity and transit fitting
Barragán, O., Gandolfi, D., & Antoniciello, G. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2472 · Cited by 107
A super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes transiting the nearby and quiet M dwarf TOI-270
Günther, M. N., Pozuelos, F. J., Dittmann, J., Dragomir, D., Kane, S. R., Daylan, T., Feinstein, A. D., Huang, C. X., Morton, T. D., Bonfanti, A., et al. (2019) · Cited by 103
Self-citationNGTS-1b: a hot Jupiter transiting an M-dwarf
Bayliss, D., Gillen, E., Eigmüller, P., McCormac, J., Alexander, R. D., Armstrong, D. J., Booth, R. S., Bouchy, F., Burleigh, M. R., Cabrera, J., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2778 · Cited by 102
“Two important recent discoveries in the field of exoplanets relate to planets orbiting M-dwarfs: Proxima Centauri (AngladaEscudé et al. 2016) and Trappist-1 (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWilson, T. G., Farihi, J., Gänsicke, B. T., & Swan, A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1050 · Cited by 102
Renaud, J. P., & Henning, W. G. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab784 · Cited by 99
“For instance, the ratio m m˜ is about five timeslarger for Io than for the median TRAPPIST-1 planet where m =˜ m´ -1.52 10 10 compared to Io’s m´ -8.23 10 10 (Gillon et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialZodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT). VIII. A Two-planet System in Praesepe from K2 Campaign 16
Rizzuto, A. C., Vanderburg, A. M., Mann, A. W., Kraus, A. L., Dressing, C. D., Agüeros, M. A., Douglas, S. T., & Krolikowski, D. M. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aadf37 · Cited by 101
“In cases where the planets’ eccentricities can be independently constrained (e.g., through dynamics; Deck & Agol 2016; Gillon et al. 2017), multi-transiting systems can be used to constrain stellar densities with a precision that rivals eclipsing binaries (e.g., Mann et al. 2017a).”
BackgroundAtmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets
Wordsworth, R., & Kreidberg, L. (2022) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-052920-125632 · Cited by 128
Beaton, R. L., Oelkers, R. J., Hayes, C. R., Covey, K. R., Chojnowski, S. D., Lee, N. D., Sobeck, J. S., Majewski, S. R., Cohen, R. E., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac260c · Cited by 100
“Finally, their small radii (R*∼ 0.1 Re), close-in habitable zones ( ~-dR 1* 10–30), and apparent preference for forming Earth-sized planets (Dressing & Charbonneau 2013) make VLM dwarfs ideal targets for probing Galactic habitability through the transit method (e.g., Trappist-1; Gillon et al. 2017).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationAn Earth-mass Planet in a 1 au Orbit around an Ultracool Dwarf
Shvartzvald, Y., Yee, J. C., Novati, S. C., Gould, A. P., Lee, C., Beichman, C., Bryden, G., Carey, S. J., Gaudi, B. S., Henderson, C. B., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa6d09 · Cited by 99
“Recently, Gillon et al. (2017) detected seven terrestrial planets transiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1, whose host mass 0.080 ± 0.007M places it slightly above the hydrogen burning limit.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDisentangling the Planet from the Star in Late-Type M Dwarfs: A Case Study of TRAPPIST-1g
Wakeford, H. R., Lewis, N. K., Fowler, J., Bruno, G., Wilson, T. J., Moran, S. E., Valenti, J. A., Batalha, N. E., Filippazzo, J., Bourrier, V., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf04d · Cited by 98
“The TRAPPIST-1 system has been the subject of many investigations since the discovery of seven Earthsized worlds orbiting this ultra-cool M dwarf (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPeacock, S., Barman, T., Shkolnik, E. L., Hauschildt, P. H., & Baron, E. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf891 · Cited by 98
A temperate exo-Earth around a quiet M dwarf at 3.4 parsec
Bonfils, X., Astudillo-Defru, N., Díaz, R., Almenara, J.-M., Forveille, T., Bouchy, F., Delfosse, X., Lovis, C., Mayor, M., Murgas, F., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731973 · Cited by 97
“M dwarfs have also been the focus of several other planet searches with spectacular discoveries, including Proxima Cen b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), TRAPPIST-1 planets (Gillon et al. 2017), and LHS1140b (Dittmann et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe case and context for atmospheric methane as an exoplanet biosignature
Thompson, M., Krissansen‐Totton, J., Wogan, N. F., Telus, M., & Fortney, J. J. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2117933119 · Cited by 112
Triaud, A. H. M. J., Martin, D. V., Ségransan, D., Smalley, B., Maxted, P., Anderson, D. R., Bouchy, F., Cameron, A. C., Faedi, F., Chew, Y. G. M., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730993 · Cited by 95
“The bottom of the main sequence is also where it is most optimal to discover and to study the atmospheres of Earth-sized worlds (e.g. de Wit et al. 2016; He et al. 2017), with the recently discovered TRAPPIST-1, a particularly suited example (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPebble-driven planet formation for TRAPPIST-1 and other compact systems
Schoonenberg, D., Liu, B., Ormel, C. W., & Dorn, C. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935607 · Cited by 95
“The cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 has been found to be the host of an ultra-compact system of seven Earth-sized planets (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundA Pair of TESS Planets Spanning the Radius Valley around the Nearby Mid-M Dwarf LTT 3780
Cloutier, R., Eastman, J. D., Rodriguez, J. E., Astudillo-Defru, N., Bonfils, X., Mortier, A., Watson, C. A., Stalport, M., Pinamonti, M., Lienhard, F., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab91c2 · Cited by 93
“…Montet et al. 2015; Cloutier et al. 2019b, L 98-59; Kostov et al. 2019; Cloutier et al. 2019a, LHS 1140; Dittmann et al. 2017; Ment et al. 2019, LP 791- 18; Crossfield et al. 2019, TOI-270; Günther et al. 2019, TOI-700; Gilbert et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020, TRAPPIST-1; Gillon et al. 2017).”
Santos, N., Adibekyan, V., Dorn, C., Mordasini, C., Noack, L., Barros, S., Delgado-Mena, E., Demangeon, O., Faria, J., Israelian, G., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731359 · Cited by 48
“Curiously, the planets discovered in this system that have a good mass estimate have been proposed to have a low density (favouring a volatile-rich composition – Gillon et al. 2017), a result compatible with our model.”
ResultJWST Noise Floor. I. Random Error Sources in JWST NIRCam Time Series
Schlawin, E. A., Leisenring, J., Misselt, K. A., Greene, T. P., McElwain, M. W., Beatty, T. G., & Rieke, M. J. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abb811 · Cited by 94
“The TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017) presents an exciting opportunity to study Earth-sized planets orbiting a 0.1Re M-type star.”
MethodUV surface habitability of the TRAPPIST-1 system
O’Malley-James, J. T., & Kaltenegger, L. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx047 · Cited by 93
“The ultra-cool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 hosts seven Earthsized planets (Gillon et al. 2017, Gillon et al. 2016).”
BackgroundBitsch, B., Raymond, S. N., & Izidoro, A. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935007 · Cited by 100
“The densities of the planets in the Trappist-1 system are roughly 0.6-1.0 ρE (Gillon et al. 2017), indicating that a larger fraction of water compared to Earth could be present in the planets supporting this scenario.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA Review of Possible Planetary Atmospheres in the TRAPPIST-1 System
Turbet, M., Bolmont, É., Bourrier, V., Demory, B.-O., Leconte, J., Owen, J. E., & Wolf, E. T. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00719-1 · Cited by 101
Self-citationThe High-energy Radiation Environment around a 10 Gyr M Dwarf: Habitable at Last?
France, K., Duvvuri, G. M., Egan, H., Koskinen, T., Wilson, D. J., Youngblood, A., Froning, C. S., Brown, A., Alvarado‐Gómez, J. D., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abb465 · Cited by 99
“The nearest known terrestrial planets in the liquid water habitable zone (HZ) orbit M dwarf stars (Teff ≤ 4000 K), e.g., Proxima Cen b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016) and the TRAPPIST-1 planets (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe rotational and divergent components of atmospheric circulation on tidally locked planets
Hammond, M., & Lewis, N. T. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2022705118 · Cited by 87
“The terrestrial simulation was run using the GCM Exo-FMS (24, 26), using parameters appropriate for typical terrestrial tidally locked planets, such as those in the Trappist-1 system (29).”
BackgroundMethodBean, J. L., Abbot, D. S., & Kempton, E. M.-R. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa738a · Cited by 86
“The search for exoplanets has recently culminated in the discovery of the first Earth-size planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars (AngladaEscudé et al. 2016; Dittmann et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundExoplanets around Low-mass Stars Unveiled by K2
Hirano, T., Dai, F., Gandolfi, D., Fukui, A., Livingston, J. H., Miyakawa, K., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Kuzuhara, M., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa9c1 · Cited by 89
The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I. Validation of the TOI-700 System
Barclay, T., Paudel, R. R., Al., E., & Pidhorodetska, D. (2020) · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) · doi:10.13016/m2zfvo-18ip · Cited by 89
Risks for Life on Habitable Planets from Superflares of Their Host Stars
Lingam, M., & Loeb, A. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8e96 · Cited by 86
“The energy deposited Ep is estimated by utilizing Equation (3), and we will choose ~a 0.01 au for the sake of convenience; this value is somewhat close to the orbital radii of Proxima b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016) and the TRAPPIST-1 planets (Gillon et al. 2017).”
MethodInfluentialExoplanet Classification and Yield Estimates for Direct Imaging Missions
Kopparapu, R. K., Hébrard, É., Belikov, R., Batalha, N. M., Mulders, G. D., Stark, C., Teal, D., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., & Mandell, A. M. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab205 · Cited by 88
“The discoveries of exoplanets over the last two decades has revealed planetary bodies of various sizes and masses around other stars (Rowe et al. 2014; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Coughlin et al. 2016; Kane et al. 2016; Morton et al. 2016; Dittman et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundEylen, V. V., Astudillo-Defru, N., Bonfils, X., Livingston, J. H., Hirano, T., Luque, R., Lam, K. W. F., Justesen, A. B., Winn, J. N., Gandolfi, D., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2143 · Cited by 88
An exomoon survey of 70 cool giant exoplanets and the new candidate Kepler-1708 b-i
Kipping, D., Bryson, S., Burke, C. J., Christiansen, J. L., Hardegree-Ullman, K. K., Quarles, B., Hansen, B. M. S., Szulágyi, J., & Teachey, A. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01539-1 · Cited by 105
“This is evaluated by taking the product of the three probabilities described thus far: (1) the probability that the second planet coincidentally transits during the local window used to regress Kepler-1708 b, (2) the probability that the two-planet model better explains the local data versus the one-planet model (in a…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhotochemistry of Anoxic Abiotic Habitable Planet Atmospheres: Impact of New H 2 O Cross Sections
Ranjan, S., Schwieterman, E. W., Harman, C. E., Fateev, A., Sousa‐Silva, C., Seager, S., & Hu, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9363 · Cited by 96
“…rocky, temperate exoplanets are common (Dressing & Charbonneau 2015) has received dramatic validation with the discovery of nearby potentially habitable worlds like LHS-1140b, TRAPPIST-1e, TOI-700d, and Kepler442b (Torres et al. 2015; Dittmann et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017; Gilbert et al. 2020).”
BackgroundChristiansen, J. L., Crossfield, I. J. M., Barentsen, G., Lintott, C. J., Barclay, T., Simmons, B. D., Petigura, E. A., Schlieder, J. E., Dressing, C. D., Vanderburg, A. M., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9be0 · Cited by 86
“Campaign 12 ( C12 ) , which was observed for 79 days from 2016 December 15 to 2017 March 4, contained the target star TRAPPIST-1 ( Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017 ) .”
Sarkis, P., Henning, T., Kürster, M., Trifonov, T., Zechmeister, M., Tal-Or, L., Anglada-Escud'e, G., Hatzes, A., Lafarga, M., Dreizler, S., et al. (2018) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aac108 · Cited by 54
“…low-mass planets orbiting in the habitable zones of M stars have demonstrated the importance of these targets (e.g., Crossfield et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2017; Dittmann et al. 2017; Bonfils et al. 2017), with perhaps the most exciting discovery being the detection of a potentially…”
BackgroundA Panchromatic View of Brown Dwarf Aurorae
Pineda, J. S., Hallinan, G., & Kao, M. M. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8596 · Cited by 85
“Analogous systems have not yet been confirmed around very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs; however there have been recent detections of small potentially rocky planets around UCDs with significant tidal interactions (Udalski et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundPhase transitions in MgSiO3 post-perovskite in super-Earth mantles
Umemoto, K., Wentzcovitch, R. M. M., Wu, S., Ji, M., Wang, C., & Ho, K.-M. (2017) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.032 · Cited by 90
Stellar Parameters for Trappist-1
Grootel, V. V., Fernandes, C. S., Gillon, M., Jehin, E., Manfroid, J., Scuflaire, R., Burgasser, A., Barkaoui, K., Benkhaldoun, Z., Burdanov, A., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa023 · Cited by 74
“The stellar parameters we propose in this paper represents a significant improvement compared to the priors used in previous transit analyses (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017), which were based on stellar evolution models only and correspond to a young star, which is discarded for TRAPPIST-1.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationKomacek, T. D., & Abbot, D. S. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aafb33 · Cited by 85
“This is enabled by the recent detection of a variety of nearby stellar systems with temperate terrestrial exoplanets, including TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017), Proxima Centauri (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), and GJ 1132 (Berta-Thompson et al. 2015).”
BackgroundBitsch, B., & Battistini, C. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936463 · Cited by 41
Magma oceans and enhanced volcanism on TRAPPIST-1 planets due to induction heating
Kislyakova, K. G., Noack, L., Johnstone, C. P., Zaitsev, V. V., Fossati, L., Lammer, H., Khodachenko, M. L., Odert, P., & Güdel, M. (2017) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0284-0 · Cited by 82
“If one introduces the relation Rj = Cj/Dj, one can obtain from equation (8) a recursive formula”
BackgroundMethodA More Comprehensive Habitable Zone for Finding Life on Other Planets
Ramirez, R. M. (2018) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences8080280 · Cited by 92
“One-dimensional modeling results suggest that 3 TRAPPIST-1 planets (e, f, and g) should be inside the classical HZ [208], which also agrees with 3D modeling simulations [161].”
The Boundary between Gas-rich and Gas-poor Planets
Lee, E. J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1b40 · Cited by 84
“Some planetary systems, such as TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017), betray signatures of migration with their complex web of resonances, but they are likely a minority.”
BackgroundIdentifying Candidate Atmospheres on Rocky M Dwarf Planets via Eclipse Photometry
Koll, D. D. B., Malik, M., Mansfield, M., Kempton, E. M.-R., Kite, E., Abbot, D., & Bean, J. L. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c91 · Cited by 84
“…detected before the launch of TESS (Demory et al. 2011; Winn et al. 2011; Berta-Thompson et al. 2015; Becker et al. 2015; Dittmann et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017), orange dots show planets or planet candidates that were announced recently (Vanderspek et al. 2019; Dumusque et al. 2019;…”
BackgroundIyer, A. R., Line, M., Muirhead, P. S., Fortney, J. J., & Gharib-Nezhad, E. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acabc2 · Cited by 84
“Numerous space and ground-based exoplanet finding surveys have discovered many terrestrial planets orbiting M dwarf host stars (Gillon et al. 2017; Nutzman & Charbonneau 2008; Irwin et al. 2009).”
BackgroundPebble-driven planet formation around very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
Liu, B., Lambrechts, M., Johansen, A., Pascucci, I., & Henning, T. K. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037720 · Cited by 83
“The planets discovered around TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017) and Teegarden’s star (Zechmeister et al. 2019) are two known systems in these pioneering explorations.”
BackgroundPlanet Formation: Key Mechanisms and Global Models
Raymond, S. N., & Morbidelli, A. (2022) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88124-5_1 · Cited by 133
“A small fraction of resonant chains remain stable after the disk dissipates; these may represent iconic systems such as Trappist-1 [162, 290] and Kepler-223 [326].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe runaway greenhouse radius inflation effect
Turbet, M., Ehrenreich, D., Lovis, C., Bolmont, É., & Fauchez, T. J. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935585 · Cited by 94
“Secondly, such abrupt density change could be detected locally in multiplanetary systems, such as the TRAPPIST-1 resonant chain (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017) - when planet masses will be known with good enough precision.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGround-based Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Small, Rocky Exoplanet GJ 1132b
Diamond-Lowe, H., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Charbonneau, D., & Kempton, E. M.-R. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aac6dd · Cited by 80
“The same can be said for many of the TRAPPIST-1 planets (Gillon et al. 2017; de Wit et al. 2018).”
BackgroundHoward, W. S., Corbett, H., Law, N. M., Ratzloff, J. K., Glazier, A., Fors, O., del Ser, D., & Haislip, J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2767 · Cited by 80
“Temperate rocky planets have already been discovered in orbit around several nearby cool stars, e.g., Anglada-Escudé et al. (2016), Dittmann et al. (2017), Gillon et al. (2017), and Bonfils et al. (2018).”
BackgroundDelrez, L., Gillon, M., Queloz, D., Demory, B., Almleaky, Y., de Wit, J., Jehin, E., Triaud, A., Barkaoui, K., Burdanov, A., et al. (2018) · Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation · doi:10.1117/12.2312475 · Cited by 77
Self-citationTESS Delivers Its First Earth-sized Planet and a Warm Sub-Neptune*
Dragomir, D., Teske, J., Günther, M. N., Ségransan, D., Burt, J., Huang, C. X., Vanderburg, A. M., Matthews, E. C., Dumusque, X., Stassun, K. G., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab12ed · Cited by 79
“…with measured masses are known to have orbital periods greater than 5 days and transit stars with V-band magnitudes brighter than 10: π Men c (Huang et al. 2018a), HD 219134c (Gillon et al. 2017), and HD 97658b (Dragomir et al. 2013), the latter having the longest period of the three, at 9.5 days.”
BackgroundInfluentialIdentifying Atmospheres on Rocky Exoplanets through Inferred High Albedo
Mansfield, M., Kite, E. S., Hu, R., Koll, D. D. B., Malik, M., Bean, J. L., & Kempton, E. M.-R. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c90 · Cited by 77
“…a very small star and so is a relatively highsignal transiting planet with an equilibrium temperature near the lower end of our temperature range (Gillon et al. 2017); and the newly discovered TESS planet LHS3844b, which is representative of the type of planets the TESS mission will continue to…”
BackgroundTRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI): motivations and protocol version 1.0
Fauchez, T. J., Turbet, M., Wolf, E. T., Boutle, I., Way, M. J., C, A. D. D. G., Mayne, N. J., Tsigaridis, K., Kopparapu, R. K., Yang, J., et al. (2020) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-13-707-2020 · Cited by 79
Self-citationA temperate exo-Earth around a quiet M dwarf at 3.4 parsec
Bonfils, X., Astudillo-Defru, N., Díaz, R. F., Almenara, J. M., Forveille, T., Bouchy, F., Delfosse, X., Lovis, C., Mayor, M., Murgas, F., et al. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731973/pdf · Cited by 79
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
Nowak, G., Luque, R., Parviainen, H., Πάλλη, Ε., Molaverdikhani, K., Béjar, V. J. S., Lillo-Box, J., López, C., Caballero, J. A., Zechmeister, M., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037867 · Cited by 79
Self-citationThe Exoplanet Radius Valley from Gas-driven Planet Migration and Breaking of Resonant Chains
Izidoro, A., Schlichting, H. E., Isella, A., Dasgupta, R., Zimmermann, C., & Bitsch, B. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac990d · Cited by 79
“Iconic examples of resonant chains are TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017), Kepler-223 (Mills et al. 2016), and TOI-178 (Leleu et al. 2021) systems.”
BackgroundK2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey. III. White Light Flares Are Ubiquitous in M6-L0 Dwarfs
Paudel, R. R., Gizis, J. E., Mullan, D. J., Schmidt, S. J., Burgasser, A. J., Williams, P. K. G., & Berger, E. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab8fe · Cited by 86
“The discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017) around an M8.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRajpurohit, A. S., Allard, F. C., Rajpurohit, S., Sharma, R., Teixeira, G. D. C., Mousis, O. J., & Kamlesh, R. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833500 · Cited by 78
Planetary magnetic field control of ion escape from weakly magnetized planets
Egan, H., Jarvinen, R., Ma, Y., & Brain, D. A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1819 · Cited by 78
Pebbles versus planetesimals: the case of Trappist-1
Coleman, G. A. L., Leleu, A., Alibert, Y., & Benz, W. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935922 · Cited by 78
“The recent discovery of seven Earth-sized planets orbiting the low mass star Trappist-1 (Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017) has led to many questions about the formation and evolution of such a complex system.”
BackgroundTurbet, M., Bolmont, É., Ehrenreich, D., Gratier, P., Leconte, J., Selsis, F., Hara, N., & Lovis, C. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937151/pdf · Cited by 78
Self-citationMascareño, A., Rebolo, R., Hernández, J. I. G., Toledo-Padrón, B., Perger, M., Ribas, I., Affer, L., Micela, G., Damasso, M., Maldonado, J., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732143 · Cited by 32
“…already possible to detect potentially habitable Earth-like planets around them (Wright et al. 2016; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Jehin et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017; Astudillo-Defru et al. 2017b; Suárez Mascareño et al. 2017a,b), but stellar activity makes these Article published by EDP…”
BackgroundGuridi, J. A., Pertuzé, J. A., & Pfotenhauer, S. M. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2019.103899 · Cited by 79
Planet formation and migration near the silicate sublimation front in protoplanetary disks
Flock, M., Turner, N. J., Mulders, G. D., Hasegawa, Y., Nelson, R. P., & Bitsch, B. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935806 · Cited by 77
“The migration model appears most able to explain the fact that some systems, such as Trappist I which contains seven terrestial planets around an M star (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017), are composed of planets in chains of mean motion resonances.”
BackgroundThe TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). II. Moist Cases—The Two Waterworlds
Sergeev, D. E., Fauchez, T. J., Turbet, M., Boutle, I., Tsigaridis, K., Way, M. J., Wolf, E. T., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Forget, F., Haqq-Misra, J. D., et al. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac6cf2 · Cited by 79
“…Space Telescope (JWST) and the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), the characterization of a temperate rocky planet orbiting an M-dwarf star becomes highly likely (Snellen et al. 2015; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Lovis et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017, 2020; Fauchez et al. 2019; Turbet et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNo Snowball on Habitable Tidally Locked Planets
Checlair, J., Kristen Menou, A., & Abbot, D. S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa80e1 · Cited by 73
“This topic is particularly timely given the recent discoveries of likely terrestrial planets in the habitable zones of three M-dwarfs within 40 light years of Earth (TRAPPIST-1e, Proxima Centauri b, and LHS 1140b, Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017; Dittmann et al. 2017).”
BackgroundExoplanet classification and yield estimates for direct imaging missions
(21879248), R. K., (21856967), E. H., Belikov, R., (7803182), N. B., (21879251), G. M., (15975902), C. S., (21879254), D. T., (21879257), S. D.-G., & (21840608), A. M. (2025) · Figshare · Cited by 76
Radial velocity follow-up of GJ1132 with HARPS
Bonfils, X., Almenara, J. M., Cloutier, R., Wünsche, A., Astudillo-Defru, N., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Bouchy, F., Charbonneau, D., Delfosse, X., Díaz, R. F., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731884 · Cited by 77
“With a known transiting planet, we know the system is favorably aligned, and that additional planets have a high chance of being detected in transit as well (Gillon et al. 2011, 2017).”
BackgroundSixty Validated Planets from K2 Campaigns 5–8
Livingston, J. H., Crossfield, I. J. M., Petigura, E. A., Gonzales, E. J., Ciardi, D. R., Beichman, C. A., Christiansen, J. L., Dressing, C. D., Henning, T. K., Howard, A. W., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae778 · Cited by 80
“This growing population of resonant systems (e.g., TRAPPIST-1, Gillon et al. 2017; K2-138, Christiansen et al. 2018) provides important clues for planet formation theories.”
BackgroundHubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Habitable-zone Super-Earth LHS 1140 b
Edwards, B., Changeat, Q., Mori, M., Anisman, L., Morvan, M., Yip, K. H., Tsiaras, A., Al-Refaie, A. F., Waldmann, I. P., & Tinetti, G. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abc6a5 · Cited by 75
Interior structures and tidal heating in the TRAPPIST-1 planets
Barr, A. C., Dobos, V., & Kiss, L. L. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731992 · Cited by 74
“Using 1-dimensional and 3-dimensional climate models, Gillon et al. (2017) deduce that the surface temperatures of planets e, f, and g are suitable for harboring water oceans on their surface.”
InfluentialExoplanet spectroscopy and photometry with the Twinkle space telescope
Edwards, B., Rice, M., Zingales, T., Tessenyi, M., Waldmann, I. P., Tinetti, G., Pascale, E., Savini, G., & Sarkar, S. (2018) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-018-9611-4 · Cited by 74
Formation of TRAPPIST-1 and other compact systems
Ormel, C. W., & Schoonenberg, D. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730826/pdf · Cited by 74
GJ 367b: A dense, ultrashort-period sub-Earth planet transiting a nearby red dwarf star
Lam, K. W. F., Csizmadia, S., Astudillo-Defru, N., Bonfils, X., Gandolfi, D., Padovan, S., Esposito, M., Hellier, C., Hirano, T., Livingston, J. H., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay3253 · Cited by 74
Self-citationThe TRAPPIST-1 system: orbital evolution, tidal dissipation, formation and habitability
Papaloizou, J. C. B., Szuszkiewicz, E., & Terquem, C. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2980 · Cited by 73
“Thus the initial conditions in most cases were taken to correspond to the tabulated orbital elements given by Gillon et al. (2017) and Luger et al. (2017) The eccentricities were assumed to be zero.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialQuanz, S. P., Absil, O., Benz, W., Bonfils, X., Berger, J.-P., Defrère, D., van Dishoeck, E. F., Ehrenreich, D., Fortney, J. J., Glauser, A. M., et al. (2021) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-021-09791-z · Cited by 106
Self-citationTOI-1136 is a Young, Coplanar, Aligned Planetary System in a Pristine Resonant Chain
Dai, F., Masuda, K., Beard, C., Robertson, P. M., Goldberg, M., Batygin, K., Bouma, L. G., Lissauer, J. J., Knudstrup, E., Albrecht, S. H., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aca327 · Cited by 73
“In TRAPPIST-1, it is also the case that the inner three planets are close to third-order (8:5) and second-order (5:3) MMR; Agol et al. (2021) showed that the 3-body resonant angle involving b, c, and d is likely librating.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAbundant hydrocarbons in the disk around a very-low-mass star
Arabhavi, A. M., Kamp, I., Henning, T. K., van Dishoeck, E. F., Christiaens, V., Gasman, D., Perrin, A. M., Güdel, M., Tabone, B., Kanwar, J., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adi8147 · Cited by 73
“The TRAPPIST-1 system consists of seven terrestrial planets orbiting within 0.1 au from the VLMS host ( 47 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialDetecting Ocean Glint on Exoplanets Using Multiphase Mapping
Lustig‐Yaeger, J., Meadows, V., Mendoza, G. T., Schwieterman, E. W., Fujii, Y., Luger, R., & Robinson, T. D. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaed3a · Cited by 73
“A promising few small exoplanets have been discovered in the habitable Corresponding author: Jacob Lustig-Yaeger jlustigy@uw.edu zones of their parent stars (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Dittmann et al. 2017).”
BackgroundTRAPPIST-1: Global results of theSpitzerExploration Science Program Red Worlds
Ducrot, E., Gillon, M., Delrez, L., Agol, E., Rimmer, P., Turbet, M., Günther, M. N., Demory, B.-O., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Bolmont, É., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937392 · Cited by 87
Self-citationWhy Do M Dwarfs Have More Transiting Planets?
Mulders, G. D., Drążkowska, J., van der Marel, N., Ciesla, F. J., & Pascucci, I. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac2947 · Cited by 72
The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets
Astudillo-Defru, N., Díaz, R. F., Bonfils, X., Almenara, J. M., Delisle, J.-B., Bouchy, F., Delfosse, X., Forveille, T., Lovis, C., Mayor, M., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731581 · Cited by 72
“…in the measured mass is important, but the majority of the systems has been detected through transits, where uncertainties are generally too large for a reliable physical characterization of the planets (e.g., Kepler-42 and Trappist-1, Muirhead et al. 2012; Gillon et al. 2017, respectively).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gillon, M., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Demory, B.-O., Jehin, E., Agol, E., Deck, K. M., Lederer, S. M., de Wit, J., Burdanov, A., Ingalls, J. G., Bolmont, E., Leconte, J., Raymond, S. N., Selsis, F., Turbet, M., Barkaoui, K., Burgasser, A., Burleigh, M. R., Carey, S. J., Chaushev, A., Copperwheat, C. M., Delrez, L., Fernandes, C. S., Holdsworth, D. L., Kotze, E. J., Van Grootel, V., Almleaky, Y., Benkhaldoun, Z., Magain, P., & Queloz, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Cadi Ayyad University (MA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- South African Astronomical Observatory (ZA)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Gillon, Michaël
- ORCID
- Gillon, Michaël
- Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.
- Demory, Brice-Olivier
- Jehin, Emmanuël
- Agol, Eric
- Deck, Katherine M.
- Lederer, Susan M.
- Burdanov, Artem
- Ingalls, James G.
- Raymond, Sean N.
- Selsis, Franck
- Turbet, Martin
- Barkaoui, Khalid
- Burgasser, Adam
- Burleigh, Matthew R.
- Carey, Sean J.
- Delrez, Laetitia
- Holdsworth, Daniel L.
- Kotze, Enrico J.
- Benkhaldoun, Zouhair
- Queloz, Didier
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 542
- Issue
- 7642
- Pages
- 456-460
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5330437
- OpenAlex
- W2590741408
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 251 · 2019: 207 · 2018: 260 · 2017: 164
- FWCI
- 131.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1615315)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AF62G)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-BS05-0003)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (163967)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (1362676, ST/L001306/1, ST/L00061X/1, ST/P006892/1, ST/N000757/1, ST/J001465/1, ST/M000966/1, ST/N001524/1, ST/P002218/1, ST/M003035/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- TRAPPIST-1, exoplanets, Earth-sized planets, transit photometry, orbital resonance, planet migration, equilibrium temperature, habitability, liquid water, atmospheric characterization, planetary system architecture
- MeSH terms
- Extraterrestrial Environment, Temperature, Water, Planets, Exobiology, Stars, Celestial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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