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Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
Open accessAbstract
One aim of modern astronomy is to detect temperate, Earth-like exoplanets that are well suited for atmospheric characterization. Recently, three Earth-sized planets were detected that transit (that is, pass in front of) a star with a mass just eight per cent that of the Sun, located 12 parsecs away. The transiting configuration of these planets, combined with the Jupiter-like size of their host star-named TRAPPIST-1-makes possible in-depth studies of their atmospheric properties with present-day and future astronomical facilities. Here we report the results of a photometric monitoring campaign of that star from the ground and space. Our observations reveal that at least seven planets with sizes and masses similar to those of Earth revolve around TRAPPIST-1. The six inner planets form a near-resonant chain, such that their orbital periods (1.51, 2.42, 4.04, 6.06, 9.1 and 12.35 days) are near-ratios of small integers. This architecture suggests that the planets formed farther from the star and migrated inwards. Moreover, the seven planets have equilibrium temperatures low enough to make possible the presence of liquid water on their surfaces.
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“Better understanding the impact of environmental limitations on the origin and early evolution of life, such as UV flux, can help determine the habitability of planetary bodies that are even outside our own solar system, such as planets around stars with high UV fluxes, e.g., the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017;O'Malley-James and Kaltenegger 2017).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Gillon et al. 2017
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The Impact of Stellar Distances on Habitable Zone Planets
Kane, S. R. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aad094 · Cited by 33
“TRAPPIST-1 The TRAPPIST-1 planetary system was first discovered to harbor three planets by Gillon et al. (2016), with an additional four later found (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMartínez, R. R., Gaudi, B. S., Rodriguez, J. E., Zhou, G., Labadie-Bartz, J. M., Quinn, S. N., Penev, K., Tan, T.-G., Latham, D. W., Paredes, L. A., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9f2d · Cited by 43
“In addition, based largely on arguments presented in Gould et al. (2003) and Blake et al. (2007), targeted ground-based surveys were initiated, such as MEarth (Nutzman & Charbonneau 2008; Charbonneau et al. 2009; Berta et al. 2012), TRAPPIST (Gillon et al. 2017), and SPECULOOS (Delrez et al. 2018), which primarily con…”
Turrini, D., Zinzi, A., & Belinchon, J. A. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936301 · Cited by 37
Bolmont, É., Breton, S., Tobie, G., Dumoulin, C., Mathis, S., & Grasset, O. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038204 · Cited by 37
Lin, Z., MacDonald, R. J., Kaltenegger, L., & Wilson, D. J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1486 · Cited by 41
The habitability of stagnant-lid Earths around dwarf stars
Godolt, M., Tosi, N., Stracke, B., Grenfell, J. L., Ruedas, T., Spohn, T., & Rauer, H. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834658 · Cited by 35
Galactic habitable zone around M and FGK stars with chemical evolution models that include dust
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The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
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“Furthermore, the TRAPPIST-1 system was detected by transit search and the planet’s dynamical masses have been inferred from transit timing variations (Gillon et al. 2017; Grimm et al. 2018).”
BackgroundA Second Earth-sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of the M Dwarf, TOI-700
Gilbert, E. A., Vanderburg, A. M., Rodriguez, J. E., Hord, B. J., Clement, M. S., Barclay, T., Quintana, E. V., Schlieder, J. E., Kane, S. R., Jenkins, J. M., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb599 · Cited by 36
Reliable Detections of Atmospheres on Rocky Exoplanets with Photometric JWST Phase Curves
Hammond, M., Guimond, C. M., Lichtenberg, T., Nicholls, H., Fisher, C., Luque, R., Meier, T. G., Taylor, J., Changeat, Q., Dang, L., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ada0bc · Cited by 36
Hints for Small Disks around Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
Hendler, N., Mulders, G., Pascucci, I., Greenwood, A., Kamp, I., Henning, T., Ménard, F., Dent, W., & Evans, N. J. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa71b8 · Cited by 31
“Indeed, the recent discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanet system at the sub-stellar boundary (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017) suggest that brown dwarfs may be capable of forming planetary systems.”
BackgroundResonance capture and dynamics of three-planet systems
Charalambous, C., Martí, J. G., Beaugé, C., & Ramos, X. S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty676 · Cited by 36
“In this scenario, the current orbital configuration of planets b-c-d of TRAPPIST-1 (see middle plot of Fig.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNew inner boundaries of the habitable zones around M dwarfs
Bin, J., Tian, F., & Liu, L. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.003 · Cited by 36
Chiavassa, A., & Brogi, M. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936566 · Cited by 36
“Another important aspect is also the extension of the method described in this work to M-dwarf stars that are increasing in number of detections due to their abundance in the solar neighbourhood and the favourable planet/star contrast (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017).”
MethodExoplanets around Low-mass Stars Unveiled by K2
Hirano, T., Dai, F., Gandolfi, D., Fukui, A., Livingston, J. H., Miyakawa, K., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Kuzuhara, M., et al. (2018) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) · Cited by 36
The First Habitable-zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. II. Spitzer Confirms TOI-700 d
(2020) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 36
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Self-citationThe Fundamental Connections between the Solar System and Exoplanetary Science
Kane, S. R., Arney, G., Byrne, P. K., Dalba, P. A., Desch, S. J., Horner, J., Izenberg, N. R., Mandt, K. E., Meadows, V. S., & Quick, L. C. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2020je006643 · Cited by 41
“, 2017), and how do the interaction of continents and ocean depth influence planetary habitability (e.g., Cowan & Abbot, 2014; Glaser et al., 2020)? 7.”
BackgroundMass and density of the transiting hot and rocky super-Earth LHS 1478 b (TOI-1640 b)
Soto, M. G., Anglada-Escudé, G., Dreizler, S., Molaverdikhani, K., Kemmer, J., López, C., Lillo-Box, J., Πάλλη, Ε., Espinoza, N., Caballero, J. A., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140618 · Cited by 36
TOI-1634 b: An Ultra-short-period Keystone Planet Sitting inside the M-dwarf Radius Valley
Cloutier, R., Charbonneau, D., Stassun, K. G., Murgas, F., Mortier, A., Massey, B., Lissauer, J. J., Latham, D. W., Irwin, J., Haywood, R. D., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0157 · Cited by 35
Fossati, L., Guilluy, G., Шайхисламов, И. Ф., Carleo, I., Borsa, F., Bonomo, A. S., Giacobbe, P., Rainer, M., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Khodachenko, M. L., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142336 · Cited by 36
Self-consistent Spin, Tidal, and Dynamical Equations of Motion in the REBOUNDx Framework
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Toward Robust Corrections for Stellar Contamination in JWST Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
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“However, empirical approaches to TLS corrections (e.g., TRAPPIST-1 JWST Community Initiative et al. 2023; Berardo et al. 2024) and other considerations, such as stellar variability, will warrant longer out-of-transit baselines in some cases.”
BackgroundRadio signatures of star–planet interactions, exoplanets and space weather
Callingham, J. R., Pope, B. J. S., Kavanagh, R. D., Bellotti, S., Daley-Yates, S., Damasso, M., Grießmeier, J. ‐., Güdel, M., Günther, M. N., Kao, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02405-6 · Cited by 45
“Although challenging, searches for planets around UCDs are ongoing 195–197 , with TRAPPIST-1 198 providing a proto-typical example.”
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“1 system are likely to be Earth-sized and rocky [5], with the estimated low equilibrium temperatures — due to the exceptionally low stellar luminosity (1/1000th of the Sun), the insolation on the planets is equivalent to the insolation on the terrestrial group, thus allowing the possibility of liquid water on the surf…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe contribution of the ARIEL space mission to the study of planetary formation
Turrini, D., Miguel, Y., Zingales, T., Piccialli, A., Helled, R., Vazan, A., Oliva, F., Sindoni, G., Panić, O., Leconte, J., et al. (2018) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-017-9570-1 · Cited by 35
Self-citationTransition from eyeball to snowball driven by sea-ice drift on tidally locked terrestrial planets
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Ozone chemistry on tidally locked M dwarf planets
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“Recent surveys have detected Earth-sized planets on close orbits around cold M dwarf stars, notably Proxima Centauri b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016) and the TRAPPIST 1 planets (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Substellar Continent Size on Ocean Dynamics of Proxima Centauri b
Salazar, A. M., Olson, S. L., Komacek, T. D., Stephens, H., & Abbot, D. S. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab94c1 · Cited by 37
“Many planets in the HZ of M-dwarfs have already been observed (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundHow Jupiters Save or Destroy Inner Neptunes around Evolved Stars
Ronco, M. P., Schreiber, M. R., Giuppone, C. A., Veras, D., Cuadra, J., & Guilera, O. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba35f · Cited by 35
“However, so far we have only considered two-planet systems while packed planetary systems with more planets might be a frequent outcome of planet formation (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundNGTS-11 b (TOI-1847 b): A Transiting Warm Saturn Recovered from a TESS Single-transit Event
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Self-citationThe Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. II -- Population Synthesis in the Era of Kepler
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“The TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017) is a clear example as it hosts 7 Earth-mass planets inside 0.07 au despite being 10% the mass of the Sun.”
BackgroundInfluentialMagma Ocean Evolution of the TRAPPIST-1 Planets
Barth, P., Carone, L., Barnes, R., Noack, L., Mollière, P., & Henning, T. K. (2021) · Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) · doi:10.17169/refubium-31613 · Cited by 35
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“…et al. 2016), the bulk densities of these planets have made it possible to identify planets with terrestrial compositions (e.g., Batalha et al. 2011; Carter et al. 2012; Dragomir et al. 2013; Barros et al. 2014; Dressing et al. 2015; Rogers 2015; Motalebi et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2017b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG
Mascareño, A. S., Hernández, J. I. G., Rebolo, R., Velasco, S., Toledo-Padrón, B., Affer, L., Perger, M., Micela, G., Ribas, I., Maldonado, J., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730957 · Cited by 35
“…Howard et al. 2014; Astudillo-Defru et al. 2015), and a rapidly increasing number of Earth-mass planets as well (Mayor et al. 2009; Berta-Thompson et al. 2015; Wright et al. 2016; Affer et al. 2016; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Jehin et al. 2016; Suárez Mascareño et al. 2017a; Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundA 1.55 R⊕ habitable-zone planet hosted by TOI-715, an M4 star near the ecliptic South Pole
Dransfield, G., Timmermans, M., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Dévora-Pajares, M., Aganze, C., Barkaoui, K., Burgasser, A. J., Collins, K. A., Cointepas, M., Ducrot, E., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1439 · Cited by 37
Self-citationA System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at 30 pc
Rodriguez, J. E., Vanderburg, A. M., Eastman, J. D., Mann, A. W., Crossfield, I. J. M., Ciardi, D. R., Latham, D. W., & Quinn, S. N. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa292 · Cited by 34
“In terms of the stellar irradiation of the seven planets, TRAPPIST-1 c resembles Venus, TRAPPIST-1 d resembles the Earth, and TRAPPIST-1 f is similar to Mars (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMasses and Radii of Four Very Low-mass Stars in F+M Eclipsing Binary Systems
Chaturvedi, P., Sharma, R., Chakraborty, A. G., Anandarao, B. G., & Prasad, N. J. S. S. V. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aac5de · Cited by 31
“These surveys have led to identification and characterization of several VLMS objects (Luhman et al. 2012; Gagné et al. 2014; Bardalez Gagliuffi et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2017; Suárez et al. 2017; Theissen et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMarino, S., Bonsor, A., Wyatt, M., & Kral, Q. (2018) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1475 · Cited by 21
“It is unclear though how these results extrapolate to close-in planetary systems of chains of super-Earths, or close-in Earth-sized planets around low mass stars (e.g. Trappist-1, Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThree Pathways for Observed Resonant Chains
MacDonald, M. G., & Dawson, R. I. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aae266 · Cited by 34
“The system was discovered by Gillon et al. (2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialDependence of Biological Activity on the Surface Water Fraction of Planets
Lingam, M., & Loeb, A. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf420 · Cited by 35
“This study employed Bayesian reasoning to conclude 1 In addition, planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system may also display similar tidal modulation (Lingam & Loeb 2018a). ar X iv :1 80 9.”
BackgroundInfluentialAlbedos, Equilibrium Temperatures, and Surface Temperatures of Habitable Planets
C, A. D. D. G., Kiang, N. Y.-L., Way, M. J., Amundsen, D. S., Sohl, L. E., Fujii, Y., Chandler, M. A., Aleinov, I., Colose, C. M., Guzewich, S. D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3be8 · Cited by 36
“Often this is reported as a nominal planetary equilibrium (blackbody) temperature T neq, assuming a Bond albedo A∼ 0.3 like Earth, or A= 0, an unrealizable value (e.g., Borucki et al. 2012; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Dittmann et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialK2 Ultracool Dwarfs Survey – V. High superflare rates on rapidly rotating late-M dwarfs
Paudel, R. R., Gizis, J. E., Mullan, D. J., Schmidt, S. J., Burgasser, A. J., Williams, P. K. G., Youngblood, A. A., & Stassun, K. G. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz886 · Cited by 34
“These results and the discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017) demonstrate that there is a significant chance of finding habitable planets around M dwarfs.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTime-variable Electromagnetic Star–Planet Interaction: The TRAPPIST-1 System as an Exemplary Case
Fischer, C., & Saur, J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aafaf2 · Cited by 34
“Gillon et al. (2016, 2017) discovered seven close-in, terrestrial planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system.”
BackgroundInfluentialOstberg, C. M., & Kane, S. R. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab44b0 · Cited by 34
“Furthermore, their cool temperatures result in compact Habitable Zones (HZ), such as that of the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundRosich, A., Herrero, E., Mallonn, M., Ribas, I., Morales, J. C., Perger, M., Anglada-Escudé, G., & Granzer, T. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037586 · Cited by 34
The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets
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Water Ice Cloud Variability and Multi-epoch Transmission Spectra of TRAPPIST-1e
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“We assume a planetary radius of 0.92 Earth radii, a surface gravity of 9.12 m s−2 and an incident stellar flux of 900.85 W m−2, derived from the observations of Gillon et al. (2017) and Grimm et al. (2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTOI-674b: An oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf
Murgas, F., Astudillo-Defru, N., Bonfils, X., Crossfield, I. J. M., Almenara, J. M., Livingston, J., Stassun, K. G., Korth, J., Orell-Miquel, J., Morello, G., et al. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140718/pdf · Cited by 34
Self-citationNear-infrared transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 h usingHubbleWFC3 G141 observations
Gressier, A., Mori, M., Changeat, Q., Edwards, B., Beaulieu, J., Marcq, E., & Charnay, B. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142140 · Cited by 34
SPECULOOS Northern Observatory: Searching for Red Worlds in the Northern Skies
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“Remarkably, three of the TRAPPIST-1 planets are located in the habitable zone of the host star (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017; Agol et al. 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPozuelos, F. J., Timmermans, M., Rackham, B. V., Garcia, L. J., Burgasser, A. J., Kane, S. R., Günther, M. N., Stassun, K. G., Grootel, V. V., Dévora-Pajares, M., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245440 · Cited by 34
Self-citationHerbst, K., Grenfell, J. L., Sinnhuber, M., Rauer, H., Heber, B., Banjac, S., Scheucher, M., Schmidt, V., Gebauer, S., Lehmann, R., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935888 · Cited by 38
Exploring the photometric variability of ultra-cool dwarfs with TESS
Petrucci, R., Chew, Y. G. M., Jofré, E., Segura, A., & Ferrero, L. V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3720 · Cited by 33
HAZMAT. II. Ultraviolet Variability of Low-mass Stars in the GALEX Archive
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“S R ] 1 0 the late-M star TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017).”
Zinzi, A., & Turrini, D. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731595 · Cited by 33
“The TRAPPIST-1 value is shown as a black triangle.”
BackgroundInfluentialAbsolute densities in exoplanetary systems: photodynamical modelling of Kepler-138
Almenara, J., Díaz, R., Dorn, C., Bonfils, X., & Udry, S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1050 · Cited by 21
“They contain a number of disconnected local maxima (Ragozzine & Holman 2010) that hinder correct exploration and makes it impossible to guarantee, in most cases, that the dominant mode in parameter space has been found (see e.g. Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundPinchuk, P., Margot, J.-L., Greenberg, A. H., Ayalde, T., Bloxham, C., Boddu, A., Chinchilla-Garcia, L. G., Cliffe, M., Gallagher, S., Hart, K., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab0105 · Cited by 33
“The TRAPPIST-1 system hosts seven Earth-sized, temperate exoplanets orbiting an ultra-cool dwarf star (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundTransits of Known Planets Orbiting a Naked-eye Star
Kane, S. R., Yalçınkaya, S., Osborn, H. P., Dalba, P. A., Nielsen, L., Vanderburg, A. M., Močnik, T., Hinkel, N. R., Ostberg, C. M., Esmer, E. M., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba835 · Cited by 33
“HD136352 is now also one of only three naked-eye stars that host more than one transiting planet, the other two systems being HD219134 (Motalebi et al. 2015; Vogt et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2017a) and HR858 (Vanderburg et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodA Volatile-poor Formation of LHS 3844b Based on Its Lack of Significant Atmosphere
Kane, S. R., Roettenbacher, R. M., Unterborn, C. T., Foley, B. J., & Hill, M. L. (2020) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abaab5 · Cited by 31
“The lowest mass host star represented in the figure is the well-known TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017), where the planets are shown as triangles.”
BackgroundThe nature of the giant exomoon candidate Kepler-1625 b-i
Heller, R. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731760 · Cited by 35
ESPRESSO on VLT: An Instrument for Exoplanet Research
Hernández, J. I. G., Pepe, F., Molaro, P., & Santos, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_157 · Cited by 33
“5 M ⊕ (Lovis et al. 2011), or the more recent discovery using transit technique from the ground of also seven planets with similar size as that of the Earth orbiting the late M dwarf TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundOceanic tides from Earth-like to ocean planets
Auclair-Desrotour, P., Mathis, S., Laskar, J., & Leconte, J. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732249 · Cited by 33
“TRAPPIST-1 f”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFraschetti, F., Drake, J. J., Alvarado‐Gómez, J. D., Moschou, S. P., Garraffo, C., & Cohen, O. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab05e4 · Cited by 32
“It was confirmed to host seven planets orbiting in a coplanar system (within ∼30 arcmin) viewed nearly edge-on (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialPlanetesimal formation in an evolving protoplanetary disk with a dead zone
Charnoz, S., Pignatale, F. C., Hyodo, R., Mahan, B., Chaussidon, M., Siebert, J., & Moynier, F. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833216 · Cited by 32
“While this does not seem compatible with the structure of our solar system, with a total mass inside 2 au of about 2 M⊕, it may be compatible with some exoplanetary systems with massive populations of super-Earths inward of the snow line, for example the Trappist system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundDiamond-Lowe, H., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Charbonneau, D., Dittmann, J., & Kempton, E. M.-R. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab935f · Cited by 32
“…GJ 1132, TRAPPIST-1, and LHS 1140, which follow-up observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope and K2 confirmed and, for the TRAPPIST-1 and LHS 1140 systems, bolstered with additional planet discoveries (Berta-Thompson et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2017a; Dittmann et al. 2017b,a; Ment et al. 2019).”
BackgroundLu, C. X., Schlaufman, K. C., & 程, S. 思. C. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abb773 · Cited by 32
“Assuming an Earth-like composition for the seven known TRAPPIST-1 planets implies a total mass of about 7M⊕ (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundRethinking CO Antibiosignatures in the Search for Life Beyond the Solar System
Schwieterman, E. W., Reinhard, C. T., Olson, S. L., Ozaki, K., Harman, C. E., Hong, P. K., & Lyons, T. W. (2019) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · doi:10.6082/87s5e-7ar65 · Cited by 32
Currie, M. H., Meadows, V., & Rasmussen, K. C. (2023) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/accf86 · Cited by 35
“This irradiance is approximately the same as that received by the M-dwarf HZ planets TRAPPIST-1e (Gillon et al. 2017) and Proxima Centauri b”
ResultCleaning Our Hazy Lens: Exploring Trends in Transmission Spectra of Warm Exoplanets
Dymont, A. H., Yu, X., Ohno, K., Zhang, X., Fortney, J. J., Thorngren, D., & Dickinson, C. B. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7f40 · Cited by 32
“Even though all the TRAPPIST-1 system planets (Gillon et al. 2017) fit in our Teq criterion, we do not include those with transmission spectra data in our present analysis due to large uncertainties in their transmission spectra (de Wit et al. 2016, 2018; Zhang et al. 2018).”
BackgroundLarge Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE)
Kammerer, J., Quanz, S. P., & Dannert, F. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243846 · Cited by 32
Evaporation of planetary atmospheres due to XUV illumination by quasars
Forbes, J. C., & Loeb, A. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1433 · Cited by 32
“The recent discoveries of the TRAPPIST1 planetary system (Gillon et al. 2017), LHS 1140b (Dittmann et al. 2017), and Proxima Centauri b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), each with planets in the putative habitable zone of their low-mass host stars, has generated intense interest in the susceptibility…”
BackgroundThe role of dissipative evolution for three-planet, near-resonant extrasolar systems
Pichierri, G., Batygin, K., & Morbidelli, A. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935259 · Cited by 32
“…than the estimated age of the system; in contrast, Tamayo et al. (2017) remarked that if an initial condition which results from capture into resonance through migration is chosen, then the system is stable over timescales two orders of magnitude longer then the ones found in Gillon et al. (2017).”
BackgroundResultA Neptune-mass exoplanet in close orbit around a very low-mass star challenges formation models
Stefánsson, G., Mahadevan, S., Miguel, Y., Robertson, P. M., Delamer, M. M., Kanodia, S., Cañas, C. I., Winn, J. N., Ninan, J. P., Terrien, R. C., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abo0233 · Cited by 31
Dreizler, S., Luque, R., Ribas, I., Koseleva, V., Ruh, H. L., Nagel, E., Pozuelos, F. J., Zechmeister, M., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348033 · Cited by 31
Self-citationWhy do we find ourselves around a yellow star instead of a red star?
Haqq-Misra, J., Kopparapu, R. K., & Wolf, E. T. (2017) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550417000118 · Cited by 31
Photospheric properties and fundamental parameters of M dwarfs
Rajpurohit, A. S., Allard, F. C., Teixeira, G. D. C., Homeier, D., Rajpurohit, S., & Mousis, O. J. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731507 · Cited by 32
“Recently, brown dwarfs and super earths were found around M dwarfs (Bonfils et al. 2012; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017) which makes them an important laboratory to study and understand their formation.”
BackgroundGround-based detection of G star superflares with NGTS
Jackman, J. A. G., Wheatley, P. J., Pugh, C. E., Gänsicke, B. T., Gillen, E., Broomhall, A.-M., Armstrong, D. J., Burleigh, M. R., Chaushev, A., Eigmüller, P., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty897 · Cited by 28
“03 37 7v 1 [ as tr o- zones of their host stars (e.g. TRAPPIST-1 and Proxima Centauri: Gillon et al. 2017; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016) has given renewed importance to these superflares, in particular their effects on exoplanet habitability (e.g. Lingam & Loeb 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTides Between the TRAPPIST-1 Planets
Hay, H. C. F. C., & Matsuyama, I. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0c21 · Cited by 31
“The seven planet extrasolar system, TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017), is the first system to be discovered where this is not the case.”
BackgroundDynamical Constraints on Mercury’s Collisional Origin
Clement, M. S., Kaib, N. A., & Chambers, J. E. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab164f · Cited by 34
“However, the number of known multi-planet systems of terrestrial exoplanets with semi-major axes less than Mercury’s (eg: Kepler-102, Kepler-11, Kepler-85 and TRAPPIST-1; Lissauer et al. (2013, 2014); Gillon et al. (2017)) seem to imply that this is not always the case.”
BackgroundProxima Centauri b is not a transiting exoplanet
Jenkins, J. S., Harrington, J., Challener, R. C., Kurtovic, N. T., Ramírez, R., Peña, J. M., McIntyre, K. J., Himes, M. D., Rodríguez, E., Anglada-Escudé, G., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1268 · Cited by 31
“But, the standardbearer in this class is the TRAPPIST-1 system, with seven small transiting exoplanets, at least three of which are in the HZ (Gillon et al. 2017b).”
BackgroundComplexity of magnetic fields on red dwarfs
Afram, N., & Berdyugina, S. V. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935793 · Cited by 30
“These can be detected even for lowluminosity M dwarfs (e.g., Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundFaherty, J., Goodman, S., Caselden, D., Colin, G., Kuchner, M., Meisner, A., Gagné, J., Schneider, A., Gonzales, E. C., Gagliuffi, D. B. B., et al. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5303 · Cited by 29
“04 60 0v 1 [ as tr o- able properties with the coolest stars like TRAPPIST-1 which hosts seven terrestrial worlds (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlanet Populations as a Function of Stellar Properties
Mulders, G. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_153 · Cited by 31
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
Quirrenbach, A., Passegger, V. M., Trifonov, T., Amado, P. J., Caballero, J. A., Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Aceituno, J., Béjar, V. J. S., Chaturvedi, P., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142915 · Cited by 31
Schwieterman, E. W., Olson, S. L., Pidhorodetska, D., Reinhard, C. T., Ganti, A., Fauchez, T. J., Bastelberger, S., Crouse, J., Ridgwell, A. J., & Lyons, T. W. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8cfb · Cited by 36
“…Telescope (JWST) will allow us to probe the atmospheres of a small number of these temperate terrestrial exoplanets, such as the TRAPPIST-1 planets (Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017; Morley et al. 2017; Lincowski et al. 2018; Fauchez et al. 2019; Lustig-Yaeger et al. 2019; Ducrot et al.…”
BackgroundTransit Photometry as an Exoplanet Discovery Method
Deeg, H. J., & Alonso, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_117 · Cited by 31
“Its outstanding discovery has been the TRAPPIST-1 system of seven planets, with some of them in the habitable zone, around an ultra-cool M8 dwarf at a distance of 12 parsec (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSchreier, F., Städt, S., Hedelt, P., & Godolt, M. (2018) · Molecular astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.molap.2018.02.001 · Cited by 31
The Feasibility of Detecting Biosignatures in the TRAPPIST-1 Planetary System with JWST
Meadows, V., Lincowski, A., & Lustig‐Yaeger, J. (2023) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/acf488 · Cited by 35
“…known TRAPPIST-1 planets ( d, e, f, and g ) are at a distance from their star where — depending on the presence and composition of their atmospheres — they may be able to support liquid water, and therefore biospheres, on their surfaces ( Gillon et al. 2017; Ducrot et al. 2020; Agol et al. 2021 ) .”
BackgroundDetecting transit signatures of exoplanetary rings using SOAP3.0
Akinsanmi, B., Oshagh, M., Santos, N. C., & Barros, S. C. C. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731215 · Cited by 30
“These transit techniques have been applied in the detection of multi-planetary systems (Gillon et al. 2017), study of planet oblateness (Carter & Winn 2010a,b; Zhu et al. 2014), investigation of exoplanetary atmospheres using transmission and occultation spectroscopy (Charbonneau et al. 2002;…”
MethodCaballero, J. A. (2018) · Geosciences · doi:10.3390/geosciences8100362 · Cited by 31
A Reanalysis of the Fundamental Parameters and Age of TRAPPIST-1
Gonzales, E. C., Faherty, J., Gagn'e, J., Teske, J., McWilliam, A., & Cruz, K. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab48fc · Cited by 29
“Also listed in Table 2 are literature values for derived fundamental parameters of TRAPPIST-1 from Filippazzo et al. (2015), Gillon et al. (2017), Burgasser & Mamajek (2017), and Van Grootel et al. (2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialImplications of different stellar spectra for the climate of tidally locked Earth-like exoplanets
Eager-Nash, J. K., Reichelt, D. J., Mayne, N. J., Lambert, F. H., Sergeev, D. E., Ridgway, R. J., Manners, J. C., Boutle, I., Lenton, T. M., & Kohary, K. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038089 · Cited by 34
“We performed simulations using the Met Office 3D climate model, the Unified Model (UM), based on the planetary parameters for TRAPPIST-1e, and a 1 bar N2 dominated atmosphere with 400 ppm CO2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSPECULOOS Exoplanet Search and Its Prototype on TRAPPIST
Burdanov, A., Delrez, L., Gillon, M., & Jehin, E. (2018) · Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) · Cited by 30
Self-citationIshikawa, H. T., Aoki, W., Hirano, T., Kotani, T., Kuzuhara, M., Omiya, M., Hori, Y., Kokubo, E., Kudo, T., Kurokawa, T., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac3ee0 · Cited by 30
“We examined the case of a cooler object, TRAPPIST-1 (Teff∼ 2400–2600 K; e.g., Gillon et al. 2017; Van Grootel et al. 2018), using the data observed by Hirano et al. (2020b).”
MethodMAGRATHEA: an open-source spherical symmetric planet interior structure code
Huang, C., Rice, D. R., & Steffen, J. H. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1133 · Cited by 30
Evolutionary Models for Ultracool Dwarfs
Fernandes, C. S., Grootel, V. V., Salmon, S., Aringer, B., Burgasser, A., Scuflaire, R., Brassard, P., & Fontaine, G. (2019) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2333 · Cited by 20
“In this context, precise estimates of the mass, radius, luminosity, effective temperature, and age for a host star are important to thoroughly characterize its exoplanets (see, for TRAPPIST-1, Van Grootel et al. 2018).”
MethodSelf-citationDittmann, J., Irwin, J. M., Charbonneau, D., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., & Newton, E. R. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa855b · Cited by 29
“Subsequent monitoring with the Spitzer Space Telescope uncovered an additional four planets (Gillon et al. 2017).”
MethodReduced Diversity of Life around Proxima Centauri and TRAPPIST-1
Lingam, M., & Loeb, A. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa8860 · Cited by 29
“This field received a major impetus over the past year with the discovery of Proxima b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016) and the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017).”
Revised Exoplanet Radii and Habitability Using Gaia Data Release 2
Johns, D., Marti, C., Huff, M., McCann, J., Wittenmyer, R. A., Horner, J., & Wright, D. J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aae5fb · Cited by 29
“Some planets move in tightly packed planetary systems (e.g., MacDonald et al. 2016; Mills et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017b), while others move on extremely elongated orbits (e.g., Naef et al. 2001; Tamuz et al. 2008; Wittenmyer et al. 2017a).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gillon, M., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Demory, B.-O., Jehin, E., Agol, E., Deck, K. M., Lederer, S. M., de Wit, J., Burdanov, A., Ingalls, J. G., Bolmont, E., Leconte, J., Raymond, S. N., Selsis, F., Turbet, M., Barkaoui, K., Burgasser, A., Burleigh, M. R., Carey, S. J., Chaushev, A., Copperwheat, C. M., Delrez, L., Fernandes, C. S., Holdsworth, D. L., Kotze, E. J., Van Grootel, V., Almleaky, Y., Benkhaldoun, Z., Magain, P., & Queloz, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Cadi Ayyad University (MA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- South African Astronomical Observatory (ZA)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Gillon, Michaël
- ORCID
- Gillon, Michaël
- Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.
- Demory, Brice-Olivier
- Jehin, Emmanuël
- Agol, Eric
- Deck, Katherine M.
- Lederer, Susan M.
- Burdanov, Artem
- Ingalls, James G.
- Raymond, Sean N.
- Selsis, Franck
- Turbet, Martin
- Barkaoui, Khalid
- Burgasser, Adam
- Burleigh, Matthew R.
- Carey, Sean J.
- Delrez, Laetitia
- Holdsworth, Daniel L.
- Kotze, Enrico J.
- Benkhaldoun, Zouhair
- Queloz, Didier
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 542
- Issue
- 7642
- Pages
- 456-460
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5330437
- OpenAlex
- W2590741408
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 251 · 2019: 207 · 2018: 260 · 2017: 164
- FWCI
- 131.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1615315)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AF62G)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-BS05-0003)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (163967)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (1362676, ST/L001306/1, ST/L00061X/1, ST/P006892/1, ST/N000757/1, ST/J001465/1, ST/M000966/1, ST/N001524/1, ST/P002218/1, ST/M003035/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- TRAPPIST-1, exoplanets, Earth-sized planets, transit photometry, orbital resonance, planet migration, equilibrium temperature, habitability, liquid water, atmospheric characterization, planetary system architecture
- MeSH terms
- Extraterrestrial Environment, Temperature, Water, Planets, Exobiology, Stars, Celestial
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