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Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
Open accessAbstract
One aim of modern astronomy is to detect temperate, Earth-like exoplanets that are well suited for atmospheric characterization. Recently, three Earth-sized planets were detected that transit (that is, pass in front of) a star with a mass just eight per cent that of the Sun, located 12 parsecs away. The transiting configuration of these planets, combined with the Jupiter-like size of their host star-named TRAPPIST-1-makes possible in-depth studies of their atmospheric properties with present-day and future astronomical facilities. Here we report the results of a photometric monitoring campaign of that star from the ground and space. Our observations reveal that at least seven planets with sizes and masses similar to those of Earth revolve around TRAPPIST-1. The six inner planets form a near-resonant chain, such that their orbital periods (1.51, 2.42, 4.04, 6.06, 9.1 and 12.35 days) are near-ratios of small integers. This architecture suggests that the planets formed farther from the star and migrated inwards. Moreover, the seven planets have equilibrium temperatures low enough to make possible the presence of liquid water on their surfaces.
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“Better understanding the impact of environmental limitations on the origin and early evolution of life, such as UV flux, can help determine the habitability of planetary bodies that are even outside our own solar system, such as planets around stars with high UV fluxes, e.g., the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017;O'Malley-James and Kaltenegger 2017).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Gillon et al. 2017
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Fauchez, T. J., Ducrot, E., Rackham, B. V., Stevenson, K. B., Mayorga, L. C., & de Wit, J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf068 · Cited by 14
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BackgroundTESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M-dwarf star TOI-1680
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Self-citationThe Carbon-deficient Evolution of TRAPPIST-1c
Teixeira, K. E., Morley, C. V., Foley, B. J., & Unterborn, C. T. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0cec · Cited by 14
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BackgroundResonant Chains and the Convergent Migration of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks
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Self-citationMonitoring Telluric Absorption with CAMAL
Baker, A., Blake, C. H., & Sliski, D. H. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aa77ab · Cited by 14
“To model this, we assume stellar and planet parameters matching the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017) and assume a reference star of 4600 K, which is the average temperature of stars in the Tycho catalog (Hoeg et al. 1997).”
MethodTransiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). III. On the Relocation of the Kepler-9 b Transit
Wang, S., Wu, D.-H., Addison, B., Laughlin, G., Liu, H.-G., Wang, Y., Yang, T., Yang, M., Yisikandeer, A., Hong, R., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa253 · Cited by 14
“…the promise of the forward-looking analyses of Agol et al. (2005) and Holman & Murray (2005) and set the stage for many insights to emerge from the study of TTVs, culminating with mass estimates for the Earth-sized planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system by Gillon et al. (2017) and Wang et al. (2017b).”
BackgroundThe Hidden Depths of Planetary Atmospheres
Bétrémieux, Y., & Swain, M. R. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad80f · Cited by 14
“With the discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2016; de Wit et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017) – a system of at least seven terrestrial planets orbiting an M8 star – characterization of the composi- tion of atmosphere of terrestrial exoplanets is a reality that is taking shape now.”
BackgroundMethodFinding mountains with molehills: the detectability of exotopography
McTier, M. A. S., & Kipping, D. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty143 · Cited by 14
“Along these lines, the search for Earth-sized planets located within the surface liquid water zones of their stars has already yielded several discoveries (e.g. Quintana et al. (2014); Jenkins et al. (2015); Gillon et al. (2017)).”
BackgroundRobinson, T. D. (2005) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816540068-ch015 · Cited by 21
Díez-Alonso, E., Hernández, J. I. G., Gómez, S. L. S., Aguado, D. S., González-Gutiérrez, C., Mascareño, A. S., Cabrera-Lavers, A., González-Nuevo, J., Toledo-Padrón, B., Gracia, J., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sly102 · Cited by 14
“Detecting transiting planetary systems is of great value in terms of estimating the mass and density of their planets measuring transit timing variations (Gillon et al. 2017), which are stronger for compact systems in resonances.”
BackgroundProperties of sub-Neptune atmospheres: TOI-270 system
Chouqar, J., Benkhaldoun, Z., Jabiri, A., Lustig‐Yaeger, J., Soubkiou, A., & Szentgyorgyi, A. H. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1198 · Cited by 14
“We use the approach of Lustig-Yaeger et al. (2019), applied for the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017), to see whether molecules might be detected by JWST in the atmospheres of either TOI-270c and TOI-270d.”
MethodSelf-citationMettler, J.-N., Quanz, S. P., & Helled, R. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abbc15 · Cited by 13
“…been found orbiting in the so-called habitable zone (HZ) of their host stars such as planets e, f, and g in the TRAPPIST-1 system, LHS 1140b, Proxima Centauri b, Kepler-442b, or TOI-700d (Montet et al. 2015; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Dittmann et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017; Gilbert et al. 2020).”
BackgroundGeneric frequency dependence for the atmospheric tidal torque of terrestrial planets
Auclair-Desrotour, P., Leconte, J., & Mergny, C. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834685/pdf · Cited by 14
Self-citationMinimum Units of Habitability and Their Abundance in the Universe
Cockell, C. S., Wordsworth, R., Whiteford, N., & Higgins, P. M. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2350 · Cited by 15
“1 would therefore depend on the early inventory of NH 3 (Kasting et al. , 1992), and this might be better known with improved modeling, showing how minimum units of habit-ability can provide motivation for filling in knowledge gaps of the abundance of specific chemical species.”
Valdés, E. A. M., Morris, B. M., & Demory, B.-O. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039629 · Cited by 14
Self-citationPhotodynamical analysis of the nearly resonant planetary system WASP-148
Almenara, J. M., Hébrard, G., Díaz, R. F., Laskar, J., Correia, A. C. M., Anderson, D. R., Boisse, I., Bonfils, X., Brown, D. J. A., Casanova, V., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142964 · Cited by 14
A giant planet shaping the disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
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Long-term tidal evolution of the TRAPPIST-1 system
Brasser, R., Pichierri, G., Dobos, V., & Barr, A. C. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1907 · Cited by 14
Nondetection of Helium in the Hot Jupiter WASP-48b
Bennett, K. A., Redfield, S., Oklopčić, A., Carleo, I., Ninan, J. P., & Endl, M. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acd34b · Cited by 14
Leto, P., Trigilio, C., Buemi, C. S., Umana, G., Ingallinera, A., & Cerrigone, L. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx995 · Cited by 14
“Direct confirmation of the existence of rocky planets around the UCDs is given by the recent discovery of Earth like planets orbiting around the M8 type dwarf 2MASS J23062928-0502285 (TRAPPIST-1) (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundAtmospheric mass-loss of extrasolar planets orbiting magnetically active host stars
Lalitha, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., & Dash, S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty732 · Cited by 14
“…planet within the stellar habitable zone, i.e., that zone which allows the presence of liquid water on the planet’s surface; that goal has been recently bolstered by the discovery of seven Earth-like planets around Trappist-1, three of which fall in the habitable zone (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundModeling the Protoplanetary Disks of Two Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
Rilinger, A. M., Espaillat, C. C., & Macías, E. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab211d · Cited by 14
“The formation of observed planets around BDs and very-lowmass stars (e.g., the TRAPPIST-1 system; Gillon et al. 2016, 2017) thus remains mysterious: If only a small fraction of protoplanetary disks are massive enough to form planets, why are planetary systems commonly observed?”
BackgroundThe tidal parameters of TRAPPIST-1b and c
Brasser, R., Barr, A. C., & Dobos, V. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1231 · Cited by 14
“…the TRAPPIST-1 star is thought to be approximately 8 Gyr old, albeit with a large uncertainty (Burgasser & Mamajek 2017), initial N -body simulations of the system’s evolution have shown that the planets’ orbits may only be stable in their present configuration for ∼ 0.5 Myr (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialModelling the 3D climate of Venus with oasis
Mendonça, J. M., & Buchhave, L. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1618 · Cited by 15
“Recently, terrestrial planets orbiting M stars with potential habitable conditions have been detected, such as, the TRAPPIST-1 planet system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017), Proxima Centauri b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), LHS 1140b (Dittmann et al. 2017) and Ross 128b (Bonfils et…”
BackgroundTerminus: A Versatile Simulator for Space-based Telescopes
Edwards, B., & Stotesbury, I. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abdf4d · Cited by 13
“…accurate transit timings (e.g., Hadden & Lithwick 2017; Grimm et al. 2018; Petigura et al. 2018), verifying additional planets within systems (e.g., Gillon et al. 2017; Bonfanti et al. 2021), studying nontransiting planets by measuring the planetary infrared excess (Stevenson 2020), or even…”
BackgroundTaylor, J., Radica, M., Chatterjee, R. D., Hammond, M., Meier, T. G., Aigrain, S., MacDonald, R. J., Albert, L., Benneke, B., Coulombe, L.-P., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf894 · Cited by 15
Bower, D. J., Thompson, M., Hakim, K., Tian, M., & Sossi, P. A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae1479 · Cited by 30
“There is significant interest in probing the atmospheres of temperate Earth-sized rocky planets, such as the TRAPPIST-1 planets (Gillon et al. 2017), whose atmospheres are now being probed by JWST (Zieba et al. 2023; Ducrot et al. 2025; Piaulet-Ghorayeb et al. 2025), to understand the nature of…”
Simulating radial velocity observations of trappist-1 with SPIRou
Klein, B., & Donati, J. (2019) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1953 · Cited by 12
“This component of the SLS (called the SLS-TF for SLS transit follow-up) is expected to provide accurate mass measurements for the most attractive transiting planets to be unveiled by a wide range of photometric surveys (e.g. TESS; K2, Howell et al. (2014); MEarth, Nutzman & Charbonneau (2008); ExTrA, Bonfils et al. (2…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialActivity and Rotation of Nearby Field M Dwarfs in the TESS Southern Continuous Viewing Zone
Anthony, F., Núñez, A., Agüeros, M. A., Curtis, J. L., do Nascimento, J.-D., Jr., Machado, J. M., Mann, A. W., Newton, E. R., Rampalli, R., Thao, P. C., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac6110 · Cited by 13
“By contrast, Glazier et al. (2020) argued that the flare rate in TRAPPIST-1 is insufficient to catalyze chemical pathways thought to be required for ribonucleic acid synthesis, a key step in the chemical history of Earth.”
BackgroundInfluentialLower-than-expected flare temperatures for TRAPPIST-1
Maas, A. J., Ilin, E., Oshagh, M., Πάλλη, Ε., Parviainen, H., Molaverdikhani, K., Quirrenbach, A., Esparza-Borges, E., Murgas, F., Béjar, V. J. S., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243869 · Cited by 13
Theory and applications of fast Lyapunov indicators to model problems of celestial mechanics
Guzzo, M., & Lega, E. (2023) · Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10569-023-10152-5 · Cited by 13
Relative Abundances of CO 2 , CO, and CH 4 in Atmospheres of Earth-like Lifeless Planets
Watanabe, Y., & Ozaki, K. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad10a2 · Cited by 16
“Dozens of exoplanets have been discovered within the HZ ( Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017; Meadows et al. 2018; Hill et al. 2023 ) .”
BackgroundHabitable Zone and Atmosphere Retention Distance (HaZARD)
Looveren, G. V., Saikia, S. B., Herbort, O., Schleich, S., Güdel, M., Johnstone, C. P., & Kislyakova, K. G. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452998 · Cited by 22
Tidal Star-Planet Interactions: A Stellar and Planetary Perspective
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Shadow Imaging of Transiting Objects
Sandford, E., & Kipping, D. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf565 · Cited by 13
“We hope to recover an image of three transiting planets, analogous to the diagram presented in Gillon et al. (2017) Extended Data Figure 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFormation of exoplanetary satellites by pull-down capture
Hansen, B. M. S. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw8665 · Cited by 13
The GALAH Survey: using galactic archaeology to refine our knowledge of TESS target stars
Clark, J., Clerté, M., Hinkel, N. R., Unterborn, C. T., Wittenmyer, R. A., Horner, J., Wright, D. J., Carter, B., Morton, T. D., Spina, L., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1052 · Cited by 13
A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at 30 pc
Rodriguez, J. E., Vanderburg, A. M., Eastman, J. D., Mann, A. W., Crossfield, I. J. M., Ciardi, D. R., Latham, D. W., & Quinn, S. N. (2017) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 13
Climate Change of over 20 °C Induced by Continental Movement on a Synchronously Rotating Exoplanet
Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Li, W., Liu, H., & Man, K. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abebe6 · Cited by 13
“…exoplanets (Dressing & Charbonneau 2015; Morley et al. 2017), especially those nearby and potentially habitable such as Proxima Centauri b (Anglada-Escude et al. 2016), TRAPPIST-1e (Gillon et al. 2017), and LHS 1140b (Dittmann et al. 2017), has greatly expanded our understanding of the universe.”
BackgroundKofman, V., & Villanueva, G. L. (2021) · Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2021.107708 · Cited by 13
The Dynamical Consequences of a Super-Earth in the Solar System
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“Examples include compact systems, such as the Kepler-11 (Lissauer et al. 2011; Gelino & Kane 2014) and TRAPPIST1 (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017; Agol et al. 2021; Kane et al. 2021a) systems, demonstrating that planetary systems may harbor multiple planetary orbits with long-term…”
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The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx)
Seager, S., Cahoy, K., Clarke, J. T., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Marois, C., Mawet, D. P., Tamura, M., Mouillet, D., Prusti, T., Robinson, T. D., et al. (2018) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave · doi:10.1117/12.2312278 · Cited by 13
TESS Discovery of a Super-Earth and Three Sub-Neptunes Hosted by the Bright, Sun-like Star HD 108236
Daylan, T., Pinglé, K., Wright, J., Günther, M. N., Stassun, K. G., Kane, S. R., Vanderburg, A. M., Jontof‐Hutter, D., Rodriguez, J. E., Shporer, A., et al. (2021) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 13
Self-citationRapid formation of super-Earths around low-mass stars
Zawadzki, B., Carrera, D., & Ford, E. B. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab603 · Cited by 13
Fundamentals of Interior Modelling and Challenges in the Interpretation of Observed Rocky Exoplanets
Baumeister, P., Miozzi, F., Guimond, C. M., Steinmeyer, M.-L., Dorn, C., Karato, S., Bolmont, É., Revol, A., Thamm, A., & Noack, L. (2025) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-025-01248-5 · Cited by 12
“The TRAPPIST-1 sys-tem, for example, harbours seven worlds around an ultracool red dwarf with equilibrium temperatures ranging from 400 K down to 170 K (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
Refining the properties of the TOI-178 system with CHEOPS and TESS
Delrez, L., Leleu, A., Brandeker, A., Gillon, M., Hooton, M. J., Cameron, A. C., Deline, A., Fortier, A., Queloz, D. P., Bonfanti, A., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245479 · Cited by 12
Self-citationAtmospheric Escape From Three Terrestrial Planets in the L 98-59 System
Fromont, E. F., Ahlers, J. P., do Amaral, L. N. R., Barnes, R., Gilbert, E. A., Quintana, E. V., Peacock, S., Barclay, T., & Youngblood, A. A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0e0e · Cited by 12
“The L 98-59 system resembles other multi-planet systems around M dwarfs, such as TRAPPIST-1 and Kepler-186 (Gillon et al. 2017; Quintana et al. 2014), in that M dwarfs frequently host compact, multi-planet systems (Kostov et al. 2019; Muirhead et al. 2015).”
BackgroundDetailed cool star flare morphology with CHEOPS and TESS
Bruno, G., Pagano, I., Scandariato, G., Florén, H.-G., Brandeker, A., Olofsson, G., Maxted, P. F. L., Fortier, A., Sousa, S. G., Sulis, S., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348951 · Cited by 15
Self-citationAriel stellar characterisation
da Silva, R., Danielski, C., Mena, E. D., Magrini, L., Turrini, D., Biazzo, K., Tsantaki, M., Rainer, M., Hełminiak, K. G., Benatti, S., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450604 · Cited by 12
Updated Spectral Characteristics for the Ultracool Dwarf TRAPPIST-1
Davoudi, F., Rackham, B. V., Gillon, M., de Wit, J., Burgasser, A. J., Delrez, L., Iyer, A. R., & Ducrot, E. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad5c6c · Cited by 12
“This fi nding aligns well with Gillon et al. ( 2017 ) , who calculated a metallicity of 0.040 ± 0.080 dex.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAn, Q., Lu, T., Brandt, G. M., Brandt, T. D., & Li, G. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad90b4 · Cited by 15
“Exoplanetary systems show a much wider range of planet masses and orbital separations than our own Solar system, from hot Jupiters and mini-Neptunes to packed planetary systems within the orbit of Venus (Gillon et al. 2017).”
Zhu, E., & Preibisch, T. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452057 · Cited by 12
A Six-planet System around the Star HD 34445
Vogt, S. S., Butler, R. P., Burt, J., Tuomi, M., Laughlin, G., Holden, B. P., Teske, J. K., Shectman, S. A., Crane, J. D., Díaz, M. R., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8b61 · Cited by 12
“Interestingly, even if the HD 34445 system as presented here is scaled down in mass by a factor of ten (as one might envision occurring if the primary lay near the bottom of the main sequence, and assuming a constant planetary-to-stellar mass ratio), the planets would all be substantially more massive than a terrestri…”
BackgroundPolarization of Trappist-1 by the Transit of Its Planets
Sengupta, S. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac6da · Cited by 11
“These are derived by using the values of RP , a, P and i as given in Gillon et al. (2017).”
BackgroundMethodHabitability in the Omega Centauri Cluster
Kane, S. R., & Deveny, S. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad802 · Cited by 12
“An extreme example of such a system is TRAPPIST-1, which contains three planets within the HZ of the host star (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundObservability of hydrogen-rich exospheres in Earth-like exoplanets
Santos, L. A. D., Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., & Kameda, S. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833392 · Cited by 12
Terraforming: synthetic biology’s final frontier
Sleator, R. D., & Smith, N. J. (2019) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-019-01651-x · Cited by 12
Bustos, R. V. I., Buccino, A. P., Flores, M., & Mauas, P. J. D. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936030 · Cited by 12
“…have been detected orbiting M dwarf stars through both transit and radial velocity (RV) methods (Bonfils et al. 2005; Udry et al. 2007; Mayor et al. 2009; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2013, 2016; Crossfield et al. 2015; Gillon et al. 2017; Dittmann et al. 2017; Bonfils et al. 2018; Díaz et al. 2019).”
MethodThe MESAS Project: ALMA Observations of the F-type Stars γ Lep, γ Vir A, and γ Vir B
White, J. A., Tapia-Vázquez, F., Hughes, A. G., Moór, A., Matthews, B., Wilner, D., Aufdenberg, J., Hughes, A. M., la Luz, V. D., & Boley, A. C. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8467 · Cited by 12
“The smallest, coolest stars such as TRAPPIST-1 (M8V star with 7 terrestrial planets Gillon et al. 2017), have been found to be frequent hosts of terrestrial planets at small orbital radii (e.g., Dressing & Charbonneau 2015).”
BackgroundPan, M., Wang, S., & Ji, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1884 · Cited by 12
“From a viewpoint of statistics, for Kepler planetary candidates, there are two peaks at the distribution of period ratio of two adjacent terrestrial planets near 1.5 and 2.0, respectively (Lissauer et al. 2011b; Fabrycky et al. 2014; Gillon et al. 2017; Charalambous et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialMachine learning techniques in studies of the interior structure of rocky exoplanets
Zhao, Y., & Ni, D. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140375 · Cited by 12
Lignell, A., Tenelanda-Osorio, L. I., & Gudipati, M. S. (2021) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138814 · Cited by 12
Discovery of 16 New Members of the Solar Neighborhood Using Proper Motions from CatWISE2020
Kota, T., Kirkpatrick, J. D., Caselden, D., Marocco, F., Schneider, A. C., Gagné, J., Faherty, J. K., Meisner, A., Kuchner, M. J., Casewell, S. L., et al. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac4713 · Cited by 12
“…objects in the solar neighborhood is important to determine the low-mass cutoff for star formation (Kirkpatrick et al. 2019) and would allow researchers to conduct more precisely targeted searches for habitable exoplanets around these host objects (Zechmeister et al. 2009; Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundSPECULOOS Exoplanet Search and Its Prototype on TRAPPIST
teams, T. S. A. T., Burdanov, A., Delrez, L., Gillon, M., & Jehin, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_130-1 · Cited by 12
Self-citationDietrich, J., Apai, D., Schlecker, M., Hardegree-Ullman, K. K., Rackham, B. V., Kurtovic, N. T., Molaverdikhani, K., Gabor, P., Henning, T. K., Chen, W.-P., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acba0b · Cited by 12
“Arguably, the best-suited terrestrial planets for indepth spectroscopic studies, both due to their number and transit observability, are currently in the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundOn the degree of dynamical packing in the Kepler multiplanet systems
Obertas, A., Tamayo, D., & Murray, N. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1921 · Cited by 12
Kopparla, P., Natraj, V., Crisp, D., Bott, K., Swain, M. R., & Yung, Y. L. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aad9a1 · Cited by 12
“The discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 system, with several rocky planets tightly packed in a resonant chain of orbits around an ultracool dwarf star (effective temperature of about 2550 K), is the first of its kind (Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundDesign Considerations for a Ground-based Search for Transiting Planets around L and T Dwarfs
Tamburo, P., & Muirhead, P. S. (2019) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab3a1e · Cited by 12
“The TRAPPIST-1 system also serves as strong observational evidence for the presence of a population of Earth-sized planets around LTs (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodNo Snowball Cycles at the Outer Edge of the Habitable Zone for Habitable Tidally Locked Planets
Checlair, J., Salazar, A. M., Paradise, A., Kristen Menou, A., & Abbot, D. S. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab5957 · Cited by 12
Zanazzi, J. J., & Lai, D. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1076 · Cited by 12
“= 0.08M and a = 0.03 AU, appropriate for the “habitable” planets around TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017), then the numerical factor in front of Eq.”
BackgroundInfluentialMascareño, A., Hernández, J. I. G., Rebolo, R., Velasco, S., Toledo-Padr'on, B., Udry, S., Motalebi, F., S'egrasan, D., Wyttenbach, A., Mayor, M., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732042 · Cited by 8
“(Mayor et al. 2009; Lovis et al. 2011; Pepe et al. 2011; Santos et al. 2014; Affer et al. 2016; Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017; Astudillo-Defru et al. 2017; Suárez Mascareño et al. 2017a,b. Low-mass planets are particularly difficult targets when they are found in systems or in the…”
BackgroundLiu, Z., & Ni, D. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245387 · Cited by 11
Can comets deliver prebiotic molecules to rocky exoplanets?
Anslow, R. J., Bonsor, A., & Rimmer, P. B. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2023.0434 · Cited by 18
“TRAPPIST-1 is an example of a tightly packed planetary system around a low-mass M-dwarf (0.0898 M Sun [80]), with 3 planets in the habitable zone (e, f and g) [81].”
BackgroundInfluentialChapter 1: The Astrobiology Primer 3.0
Schaible, M. J., Szeinbaum, N., Bozdag, G. O., Chou, L., Grefenstette, N. M., Colón‐Santos, S. M., Rodriguez, L. E., Styczinski, M. J., Thweatt, J. L., Todd, Z. R., et al. (2024) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0129 · Cited by 13
“Thus, Pluto may be capable of sustaining habitable sub-surface environments. c, d, e, f, g, and h, with b the innermost and h the outermost (Gillon et al., 2017).”
Davis, Y., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Freckelton, A. V., Mortier, A., Sebastian, D., Brahm, R., Baycroft, T. A., Dransfield, G., Duck, A., Henning, T. K., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae842 · Cited by 11
Self-citationGliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TESS and CHEOPS
Dholakia, S., Palethorpe, L., Venner, A., Mortier, A., Wilson, T. G., Huang, C. X., Rice, K., Eylen, V. V., Nabbie, E., Cloutier, R., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1152 · Cited by 11
“So far, the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017) and the TOI-700 system (Gilbert et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Gilbert et al. 2023) have been the most well-studied exoplanet systems harbouring Earth-sized, temperate planets ( ≲ 500K, ≲ 1 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Implications of Thermal Hydrodynamic Atmospheric Escape on the TRAPPIST-1 Planets
Gialluca, M. T., Barnes, R., Meadows, V., Garcia, R., Birky, J., & Agol, E. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ad4454 · Cited by 11
“The 7-planet TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017) provides an excellent, nearby (12 pc), and relatively observationally accessible example of a transiting M dwarf system with which we can explore and test the outcomes of enhanced atmospheric escape for terrestrial-sized planets.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHigh-resolution reflection spectra for Proxima b and Trappist-1e models for ELT observations
Lin, Z., & Kaltenegger, L. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3213 · Cited by 11
High-resolution Spectral Discriminants of Ocean Loss for M-dwarf Terrestrial Exoplanets
Leung, M., Meadows, V. S., & Lustig‐Yaeger, J. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9012 · Cited by 11
“Many of the already detected terrestrial planets orbit M dwarfs (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017; Berta-Thompson et al. 2015; Bonfils, X. et al. 2018; Dittmann et al. 2017).”
BackgroundHoyer, S., Bonfanti, A., Leleu, A., Acuña, L., Serrano, L. M., Deleuil, M., Bekkelien, A., Broeg, C. H., Florén, H.-G., Queloz, D. P., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243720 · Cited by 11
Self-citationA New Definition of Exoplanet Habitability: Introducing the Photosynthetic Habitable Zone
Hall, C., Stancil, P. C., Terry, J. P., & Ellison, C. K. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acccfb · Cited by 15
“…for JWST appears to be the O2 → X collisional induced adsorption band at 6.4 µm (Fauchez et al. 2020), but even for a target such as TRAPPIST 1-e (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017) this would require more than 700 transits, longer than the anticipated lifetime of JWST given that TRAPPIST 1-e has a 6…”
BackgroundInfluentialExoplanet Science in the Classroom: Learning Activities for an Introductory Physics Course
Della-Rose, D. J., Carlson, R. E., Harpe, K. D. L., Novotny, S. J., & Polsgrove, D. (2018) · The Physics Teacher · doi:10.1119/1.5025299 · Cited by 11
Exoplanetary atmosphere target selection in the era of comparative planetology
Morgan, J. S., Kerins, E. J., Awiphan, S., McDonald, I., Hayes, J. J. C., Komonjinda, S., Mkritchian, D., & Sanguansak, N. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz783 · Cited by 11
Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Number of Potentially Habitable Planets
Sandora, M. (2019) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe5060157 · Cited by 11
Grenfell, J. L., Godolt, M., Cabrera, J., Carone, L., Muñoz, A. G., Kitzmann, D., Smith, A. M. S., & Rauer, H. (2020) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-020-09660-1 · Cited by 18
Electric sails are potentially more effective than light sails near most stars
Lingam, M., & Loeb, A. (2019) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.12.013 · Cited by 11
Lisse, C. M., Desch, S. J., Unterborn, C. T., Kane, S. R., Young, P. R., Hartnett, H. E., Hinkel, N. R., Shim, S.-H. D., Mamajek, E. E., & Izenberg, N. R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9b91 · Cited by 11
“Masses should be derived from radial velocity (RV) or astrometry measurements, if possible, but are potentially much more precisely determined from transit timing variations (TTVs) for exoplanets in multiplanet transiting systems (e.g., TRAPPIST-1; Gillon et al. 2017; Grimm et al. 2018).”
BackgroundAtmospheric stability and collapse on tidally locked rocky planets
Auclair-Desrotour, P., & Heng, K. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037513/pdf · Cited by 12
Genest, F., Lafreniére, D., Boucher, A., Darveau-Bernier, A., Doyon, R., Artigau, É., & Cook, N. J. (2022) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac5e38 · Cited by 11
“…orbiting an early-M dwarf like the K2-18 system (Montet et al. 2015; Benneke et al. 2017) inspired by the recent HST/WFC3 water detection on K2-18 b (Benneke et al. 2019), and a terrestrial planet around a late active M dwarf as was discovered in the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundAtomic oxygen ions as ionospheric biomarkers on exoplanets
Mendillo, M. J., Withers, P. G., & Dalba, P. A. (2018) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0375-y · Cited by 12
Exploring exomoon atmospheres with an idealized general circulation model
Haqq-Misra, J. D., & Heller, R. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1630 · Cited by 11
“The recent detections of subEarth-sized planets around the M dwarf stars TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017), Proxima Centauri (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), and LHS 1140 (Dittmann et al. 2017) serve as impressive benchmark discoveries.”
BackgroundPlanet–Planet Tides in the TRAPPIST-1 System
Wright, J. T. (2018) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aae260 · Cited by 11
“…planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability, planets and satellites: terrestrial planets The star TRAPPIST-1 hosts a system of seven transiting, terrestrial exoplanets apparently in a resonant chain (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017), at least some of which are in or near the Habitable Zone.”
BackgroundThe Rossiter–McLaughlin Effect in Exoplanet Research
Triaud, A. H. M. J. (2017) · Handbook of Exoplanets · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30648-3_2-1 · Cited by 19
Self-citation3D simulations of TRAPPIST-1e with varying CO2, CH4, and haze profiles
Mak, M. T., Sergeev, D. E., Mayne, N. J., Banks, N., Eager-Nash, J. K., Manners, J. C., Arney, G., Hébrard, É., & Kohary, K. I. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae741 · Cited by 16
Looking for timing variations in the transits of 16 exoplanets
Yalçınkaya, S., Esmer, E. M., Baştürk, Ö., Muhaymin, A., Kutluay, A. C., Silistre, D. İ., Akar, F., Southworth, J. H., Mancini, L., Davoudi, F., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae854 · Cited by 10
Age Analysis of Extrasolar Planets: Insight from Stellar Isochrone Models
Swastik, C., Banyal, R. K., Narang, M., Unni, A., & Sivarani, T. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad40ae · Cited by 10
“We realized that planets are ubiquitous and their architecture and properties are considerably more diverse and complex (Carter et al. 2012; Gaudi et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017; Zhu & Dong 2021).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gillon, M., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Demory, B.-O., Jehin, E., Agol, E., Deck, K. M., Lederer, S. M., de Wit, J., Burdanov, A., Ingalls, J. G., Bolmont, E., Leconte, J., Raymond, S. N., Selsis, F., Turbet, M., Barkaoui, K., Burgasser, A., Burleigh, M. R., Carey, S. J., Chaushev, A., Copperwheat, C. M., Delrez, L., Fernandes, C. S., Holdsworth, D. L., Kotze, E. J., Van Grootel, V., Almleaky, Y., Benkhaldoun, Z., Magain, P., & Queloz, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Cadi Ayyad University (MA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- South African Astronomical Observatory (ZA)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Gillon, Michaël
- ORCID
- Gillon, Michaël
- Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.
- Demory, Brice-Olivier
- Jehin, Emmanuël
- Agol, Eric
- Deck, Katherine M.
- Lederer, Susan M.
- Burdanov, Artem
- Ingalls, James G.
- Raymond, Sean N.
- Selsis, Franck
- Turbet, Martin
- Barkaoui, Khalid
- Burgasser, Adam
- Burleigh, Matthew R.
- Carey, Sean J.
- Delrez, Laetitia
- Holdsworth, Daniel L.
- Kotze, Enrico J.
- Benkhaldoun, Zouhair
- Queloz, Didier
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 542
- Issue
- 7642
- Pages
- 456-460
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5330437
- OpenAlex
- W2590741408
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 251 · 2019: 207 · 2018: 260 · 2017: 164
- FWCI
- 131.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1615315)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AF62G)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-BS05-0003)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (163967)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (1362676, ST/L001306/1, ST/L00061X/1, ST/P006892/1, ST/N000757/1, ST/J001465/1, ST/M000966/1, ST/N001524/1, ST/P002218/1, ST/M003035/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- TRAPPIST-1, exoplanets, Earth-sized planets, transit photometry, orbital resonance, planet migration, equilibrium temperature, habitability, liquid water, atmospheric characterization, planetary system architecture
- MeSH terms
- Extraterrestrial Environment, Temperature, Water, Planets, Exobiology, Stars, Celestial
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