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A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature
Open accessAbstract
Cerebrovascular disease is the third most common cause of death in developed countries, but our understanding of the cells that compose the cerebral vasculature is limited. Here, using vascular single-cell transcriptomics, we provide molecular definitions for the principal types of blood vascular and vessel-associated cells in the adult mouse brain. We uncover the transcriptional basis of the gradual phenotypic change (zonation) along the arteriovenous axis and reveal unexpected cell type differences: a seamless continuum for endothelial cells versus a punctuated continuum for mural cells. We also provide insight into pericyte organotypicity and define a population of perivascular fibroblast-like cells that are present on all vessel types except capillaries. Our work illustrates the power of single-cell transcriptomics to decode the higher organizational principles of a tissue and may provide the initial chapter in a molecular encyclopaedia of the mammalian vasculature.
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In the citing paper
“many of which were well documented61–66.”
From A high-resolution transcriptomic and spatial atlas of cell types in the whole mouse brain (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“We identified endothelial ICs (Figure 2E) with strong contributions from genes with arterial (IC 5 and 20) and veinous (IC 3 and 12) expression, suggesting heterogeneity related to vessel type”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“These genes (e.g. Tm4sf1 and Slc38a5) showed continuous, reciprocal expression (Data S4G), consistent with the smooth molecular transitions described for endothelial cells associated with arteries or veins”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“IC 19 represented this difference in a graded rather than categorical way, as Rgs5/Acta2 expression and IC cell scores were continuously, rather than bimodally, distributed across these cells”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Among SMA cells, Acta2 expression correlates with a veinous versus arterial distribution”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“A single IC (IC 13) appeared to encode this distinction, with pericyte marker Vtn as the strongest loading gene”
From Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Like Vanlandewijck et al., we observed (Figure 5) distinct endothelial cell types carrying known arterial (e.g., Bmx; VECA) and venous (Slc38a5; VECV) markers, as well as capillary endothelial cells (VECC) expressing Meox1.”
From Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Vanlandewijck et al. described two brain fibroblast-like cell types expressing fibril-forming collagens (e.g., Col1a1, Col1a2), collagen fiber crosslinking proteins (Lum, Dcn), and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha, Pdgfra, which was interposed between astrocyte endfeet and vascular endothelial cells.”
From Molecular Architecture of the Mouse Nervous System (2018) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“In vivo, αSMA and calponin expression are restricted to mural cells along brain arterioles and arteries [38], however, these markers are often upregulated during culture [39], complicating identification of pericytes.”
From Role of iPSC-derived pericytes on barrier function of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells in 2D and 3D (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“APOE in the brain is primarily synthesized by astrocytes and microglia, as indicated by a recent single cell RNA-seq study in the mouse (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“Pericytes, SMCs, and endothelial cells express thousands of transcripts encoding different transporters, receptors, active efflux pumps, ion channels, and regulatory molecules (28, 72, 86, 129, 242, 358, 359, 610, 675, 678), whose expression pattern varies by zonation along the arteriocapillary-venous axis and cell type (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“In contrast to the BBB endothelium's gradual phenotypic change along the arteriovenous axis, mural cells formed two distinct groups comprising pericyte and venous SMCs, and arterial and arteriole SMCs (610).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“Briefly, this study is the first to report that at the BBB endothelium transcription factors predominated at arteries and arterioles, transporters predominated capillaries and veins, and ribosomal proteins indicative of protein synthesis were spread along the arteriovenous axis (610), yielding important insights to biological functions and endothelial specialization along the brain vasculature”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [610]
In the citing paper
“According to a transcriptomic analysis of cells in the vasculature, Plcg2 seems to be expressed in certain subtypes of endothelial cells, although at lower level than compared to microglia (http://betsholtzlab.org/VascularSingleCells/database.html [43]).”
From Alzheimer’s disease phospholipase C-gamma-2 (PLCG2) protective variant is a functional hypermorph (2019) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“we used an siRNA sequence targeting Ppib because this gene is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed across CNS cell types [27].”
From Elucidating brain transport pathways and cell type-dependent gene silencing of a durable lipid–siRNA conjugate administered into cerebrospinal fluid (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Here, we used an siRNA sequence targeting Ppib because this gene is abundantly and ubiquitously expressed across CNS cell types.34”
From Lipid-siRNA conjugate accesses a perivascular transport mechanism and achieves widespread and durable knockdown in the central nervous system (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“WAVE2 is expressed at high levels in microglia and vascular endothelial cells14,15.”
From The WAVE complex in developmental and adulthood brain disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“In addition to astrocytes and microglia, other cell types in the brain have been reported to produce ApoE under different conditions. These cells include oligodendrocytes, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, perivascular fibroblasts, and perivascular macrophages [107–109].”
From ApoE lipoproteins in the central nervous system under homeostasis and role in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (2026) · cites this paper as [108]
In the citing paper
“PDGFRβ expression in pericytes is noticeably higher than in SMCs18,25,26.”
From Blood–brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Based on marker gene enrichment (Table S1), Endo.1 may correspond to endothelial capillary cells, Endo.2 to venous endothelial cells, and Endo.3 to arterial endothelial cells (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
From Single-Cell Analysis of Regional Differences in Adult V-SVZ Neural Stem Cell Lineages (2019) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“We spatially mapped the developing arterio-venous zonation in the embryonic LV ChP in whole explants by combining the pan-endothelial marker PECAM1 with markers for arteries (Acta2+, Vwf+) and veins (Acta2−, Vwf+) (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Vanlandewijck et al., 2018
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“58,64 Thus, fibroblast-derived laminin-a 5 is also ablated in a 5-PKO mice.”
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“Even though LPL-mediated TRL processing is virtually absent in BBB capillaries of the mouse (5, 7, 16, 17), several rodent studies have raised the possibility that free fatty acids regulate hypothalamic orexigenic hormone expression and feeding behavior (18, 19).”
Self-citationEllis, L. V., Kong, C. S. L., & Chen, J. (2021) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10009820 · Cited by 3
Inocencio, I. M., Tran, N. T., Nakamura, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x211045848 · Cited by 3
“Indeed, there is also emerging evidence of functional segmentation of the cerebrovascular tree in various cortical regions, with gradual phenotypic change (zonation) and different signalling mechanisms responsible for vasodilation along the continuum of the arteriovenous network.(44,45) There is also structural divers…”
BackgroundWellens, S., Gosselet, F., & Culot, M. (2022) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105424 · Cited by 3
Critical Role of Neuronal Vps35 in Blood Vessel Branching and Maturation in Developing Mouse Brain
Zhao, Y., Lee, D., Zhu, X., & Xiong, W. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10071653 · Cited by 4
“The BV morphology was observed by coimmunostaining analysis using antibodies against PECAM-1 (a marker for ECs in all types of BVs) and SLC16A1 (solute carrier family 16 member 1) (a marker of ECs of veins and capillaries) [60,61].”
MethodDave, J. M., Saito, J., Mottola, G., & Greif, D. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822546-2.00015-0 · Cited by 3
Liu, W., Deng, W., Chen, M., Dong, Z., Zhu, B., Yu, Z., Tang, D., Sauler, M., Lin, C., Wain, L. V., et al. (2023) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010825 · Cited by 4
Wakid, M., Almeida, D. M., Aouabed, Z., Rahimian, R., Davoli, M. A., Yerko, V., Leonova-Erko, E., Richard, V. R., Zahedi, R. P., Borchers, C. H., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100684 · Cited by 4
An arrayed CRISPR knockout screen identifies genetic regulators of GLUT1 expression
Shi, Y., Katdare, K. A., Kim, H., Rosch, J. C., Neal, E. H., Vafaie-Partin, S., Bauer, J. A., & Lippmann, E. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48361-5 · Cited by 5
Iba, C., Abe, Y., & Tanaka, K. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1322250 · Cited by 3
“On the other hand, vSMCs are SMA-negative mural cells (Vanlandewijck et al., 2018), suggesting that these cells lack the ability to directly constrict the vasculature.”
BackgroundInfluentialWilsch‐Bräuninger, M., Peters, J., & Huttner, W. Β. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1344734 · Cited by 2
Li, H., Tang, Q., Yang, T., Wang, Z., Li, D., Wang, L., Li, L., Chen, Y., Huang, H. Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06039-2 · Cited by 4
Hagemann, N., Qi, Y., Yusuf, A. M., Li, A., Zhang, X., Spangenberg, P., Squire, A., Doeppner, T. R., Jin, F., Zhao, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x241270407 · Cited by 3
The hemostatic system in chronic brain diseases: A new challenging frontier?
Chéa, M., Bouvier, S., & Gris, J. (2024) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2024.109154 · Cited by 3
Qiu, J., Peng, S., Qu, R., Wu, L., Xing, L., Zhang, L., & Sun, J. (2024) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20241658 · Cited by 3
Shang, P., Wen, L., Zheng, R., Cheng, R., Gao, Y., Wen, M., & Lin, M. (2024) · Advanced technology in neuroscience . · doi:10.4103/atn.atn-d-24-00001 · Cited by 3
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Central Nervous System Disorders
Vaccaro, A., Pereira, B. D. A., van de Walle, T., & Dimberg, A. (2024) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4184-2_2 · Cited by 4
Zhong, R., Chernick, D., Hottman, D. A., Tan, Y., Kim, M., Narayanan, M., & Li, L. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-04859-9 · Cited by 4
Hart, S. N., Patel, S. P., Michael, F. M., et al. (2022) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2021.0042 · Cited by 3
“23,24 Analysis at the splicing level was first performed taking into account only exon (or intron) reads (‘‘EXON’’ analysis) to potentially detect new alternative events that could be differentially regulated (i.e., without taking into account known alternative events).”
Environmental and intrinsic modulations of venous differentiation
Pibouin-Fragner, L., Eichmann, A., & Pardanaud, L. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04470-4 · Cited by 3
Kofler, N. M., Naiche, L. A., Zimmerman, L. D., et al. (2019) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.9b00050 · Cited by 3
Two peptides targeting endothelial receptors are internalized into murine brain endothelial cells
Hudecz, D., Sigurdardóttir, S. B., Christensen, S. C., Hempel, C., Urquhart, A. J., Andresen, T. L., & Nielsen, M. S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249686 · Cited by 3
Changes in the vasculature of human brain tumors: Implications for treatment
Zhang, W., Talele, S., Sarkaria, J. N., & Elmquist, W. F. (2021) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab220 · Cited by 3
Optimized protocol for translatome analysis of mouse brain endothelial cells
Kim, N., Jun, M.-H., Jeong, J.-Y., & Oh, W. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275036 · Cited by 3
Huang, S., Ziegler, C. G. K., Austin, J., Mannoun, N., Vukovic, M., Ordovás-Montañés, J., Shalek, A. K., & von Andrian, U. H. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/833509 · Cited by 3
Spatial heterogeneity of glioblastoma cells reveals sensitivity to NAD + depletion at tumor edgePreprint
Yamashita, D., Botta, D., Cho, H. J., Guo, X., Ozaki, S., Flanary, V. L., Sirota, I., Gao, M., Yamaguchi, S., Nakano, M. A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.26.399725 · Cited by 2
Altered Heterogeneity of Ageing Lung Endothelium is a Hallmark of Idiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisPreprint
Faulkner, E. C., Moverley, A. A., Hart, S. P., & Nikitenko, L. L. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.08.22272025 · Cited by 3
“Following clustering and visualisation of the human aging lung clusters using UMAP, we categorized cell types based on expression profile of classical lineage markers reported by others in the IPF cell atlas covering lung from various ages (21-80) (23).”
MethodKucharz, K., Janiurek, M. M., Christoffersen, C., & Lauritzen, M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.11.487803 · Cited by 4
“For instance, S1PR1 is highly expressed in astrocytes [35], and recent evidence suggests that astrocyte presence at the BBB is important to ameliorate gcx loss in disease conditions [73].”
BackgroundInfluentialUlbrich, P., Morton, L., Briese, M., Lämmlin, N., Mattern, H., Hasanuzzaman, M., Westhues, M., Khoshneviszadeh, M., Appenzeller, S., Gündel, D., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.20.524921 · Cited by 3
Genetic dysregulation of an endothelial Ras signaling network in vein of Galen malformationsPreprint
Zhao, S., Mekbib, K. Y., van der Ent, M. A., Allington, G., Prendergast, A. E., Chau, J. E., Smith, H. L., Shohfi, J. P., Ocken, J., Durán, D., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.18.532837 · Cited by 3
The Tabulae Paralytica: Multimodal single-cell and spatial atlases of spinal cord injuryPreprint
Skinnider, M. A., Gautier, M., Teo, A. Y. Y., Kathe, C., Hutson, T. H., Laskaratos, A., de Coucy, A., Regazzi, N., Aureli, V., James, N. D., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.23.544348 · Cited by 3
“The cerebrovasculature comprises an arteriovenous axis of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins 51,93,94 .”
BackgroundZmiz1 is a novel regulator of lymphatic endothelial cell gene expression and functionPreprint
Rajan, K. C., Patel, N. R., Shenoy, A., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.22.550165 · Cited by 3
Richards, A. L., Khalil, A. S., Friesen, M., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.06.552160 · Cited by 3
Author response: Cortical Plasticity is associated with Blood-Brain-Barrier Modulation
Swissa, E., Monsonego, U., Yang, L. T., Schori, L., Kamintsky, L., Mirloo, S., Burger, I., Uzzan, S., Patel, R. A., Sudmant, P. H., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89611.3.sa0 · Cited by 2
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“Different markers were used to identify the cell types based on literature ( Vanlandewijck et al., 2018 ; Kalucka et al., 2020 ; Garcia-Bonilla et al., 2024 ; Figure 2B ) and found 10 major cell types: arterial ECs, venous ECs (2 types), capillary ECs, capillary-venous ECs, SMCs, pericytes,…”
News and Views on STAT3 Psychopathology
Sadok, S. H., Borges-Medeiros, R. L., Macêdo, P. V. B., de Oliveira, J. R. M., & High IgE Consortium (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.791201 · Cited by 2
Non-endothelial expression of Endomucin in the mouse and human choroid
Brookins, E., Serrano, S. E., Hyder, Z., et al. (2024) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2024.110054 · Cited by 2
A mathematical model of microglia glucose metabolism and lactylation with positive feedback
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“This may be due to an electrical perturbation of voltage-gated Ca 2 + channels, which are abundantly expressed in contractile VMCs [54] and have been shown to be altered by electrical stimulation [55].”
Stevenson, T. J., Lee, K., Li, S., Montgomery, J. M., Lee, K. Y., & Dragunow, M. (2025) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-025-01209-7 · Cited by 2
“Since endothelial cells produce NO via constitutive NOS3 (eNOS) activity, it is possible that human pericytes require endothelial-derived NO for signalling, rather than producing NO autonomously [15–17].”
The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Control of Vascular Checkpoints for Cancer Metastasis
Wong, F. C., & Rak, J. W. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17121966 · Cited by 3
“For example, recent insights from single-cell sequencing studies revealed major rearrangements within the vascular compartment [60,64–67].”
Kinetics of thromboxane A2 receptor-driven vascular tone in the cerebral cortex ex vivo
Woodruff, S., Zimmerman, B., Elk, K. J., et al. (2025) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2025.104835 · Cited by 2
Liu, F., Fu, H., Li, Z., Wu, Y., & Wang, T. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113332 · Cited by 3
“In accord with previous studies, 17,42,43 the EC4 sub-type highly expressed the arterial-EC markers Fbln5, Bmx, Efnb2 , and Vegfc (Figure 5D), while we found that EC3 overexpressed the venous-EC marker gene Nr2f2 .”
Deng, H., Weng, Q.-X., Zeng, M., Li, Y., & Pan, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1646993 · Cited by 2
“Clusters were identified and annotated using previously published data (He et al., 2018).”
InfluentialSorets, A. G., Schwensen, K. R., Francini, N., Kjar, A., Lyons, S., Park, J. C., Palmer, D., Abdulrahman, A. M., Cowell, R. P., Katdare, K. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114226 · Cited by 3
Aggressive prostate cancer is associated with pericyte dysfunction
Martínez-Romero, A., Martinez‐Larrinaga, A., Grego‐Bessa, J., Garcia‐Longarte, S., van Splunder, H., Astobiza, I., Ercilla, A., Bozal‐Basterra, L., Mendizabal, I., Villacampa, P., et al. (2025) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.70135 · Cited by 2
“As represented using UMAP, we identified a series of markers whose expression was enriched in prostate pericytes (i.e., DES, RGS5 , NOTCH3, PDGFRB, ACTA2, CSPG4 ), most of which are postulated as robust pericyte markers across tissues [10,37] (Fig.”
Neuronal migration depends on blood flow in the adult mammalian brain
Ogino, T., Saito, A., Sawada, M., Takemura, S., Hara, Y., Yoshimura, K., Nagase, J., Kawase, H., Sato, T., Inada, H., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99502.3 · Cited by 7
“We next compared the distribution of new neurons near arteriole-and venule-side vessels identified using SLC16A1, which is expressed in venules and venule-side capillaries ( Vanlandewijck et al., 2018 ).”
Pathophysiology of Primary Familial Brain Calcification
Keller, A. (2025) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-050624-092133 · Cited by 2
Self-citationKaya, M. Z., & Stranahan, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70291 · Cited by 2
JADE: Joint Alignment and Deep Embedding for Multi-Slice Spatial Transcriptomics
Guo, Y., Liu, J. S., Cheng, H., & Ma, Y. (2025) · neural information processing systems · doi:10.52202/085713-0867 · Cited by 2
“Notably, in the adult brain, JADE is the only method that successfully reconstructs the blue peripheral ring cluster, representing vascular leptomeningeal cells (VLMC) [63].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Vanlandewijck, M., He, L., Mäe, M. A., Andrae, J., Ando, K., Del Gaudio, F., Nahar, K., Lebouvier, T., Laviña, B., Gouveia, L., Sun, Y., Raschperger, E., Räsänen, M., Zarb, Y., Mochizuki, N., Keller, A., Lendahl, U., & Betsholtz, C.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (CN)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Betsholtz, Christer
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-02-14
- Volume
- 554
- Issue
- 7693
- Pages
- 475-480
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2786318872
- Semantic Scholar
- 237e37a314d2faef1d389b147614e8fa550a3087
- Cited by
- 1,892
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 197 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 234 · 2022: 258 · 2021: 271 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 65
- FWCI
- 74.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-06-20)
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (159514)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Keywords
- cerebral vasculature, blood-brain barrier, endothelial cells, mural cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells, single-cell transcriptomics, cerebrovascular disease, mouse brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arteries, Arterioles, Blood Vessels, Brain, Capillaries, Female, Fibroblasts, Male, Organ Specificity, Veins, Pericytes, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle, Endothelial Cells, Mice, Single-Cell Analysis, Transcriptome
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