Cited by 244Muscle Physiology and DisordersCytokine Signaling Pathways and InteractionsExercise and Physiological Responses

Skeletal Muscle Wasting and Renewal: A Pivotal Role of Myokine IL-6

Open access
Belizário, José E., Fontes-Oliveira, Cibely C., Borges, Janaina Padua, Kashiabara, Janete Akemi, Vannier, Edouard·2016·SpringerPlus

Abstract

Adult skeletal tissue is composed of heterogeneous population of cells that constantly self-renew by means of a controlled process of activation and proliferation of tissue-resident stem cells named satellite cells. Many growth factors, cytokines and myokines produced by skeletal muscle cells play critical roles in local regulation of the inflammatory process and skeletal muscle regeneration during different pathological conditions. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine released in large amount during infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Low levels of IL-6 can promote activation of satellite cells and myotube regeneration while chronically elevated production promote skeletal muscle wasting. These distinct effects may be explained by a crosstalk of the IL-6/IL-6 receptor and gp130 trans-signaling pathway that oppose to regenerative and anti-inflammatory of the classical IL-6 receptor signaling pathway. Here we discuss on potential therapeutic strategies using monoclonal antibodies to IL-6R for the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting and cachexia. We also highlight on the IL-6/JAK/STAT and FGF/p38αβ MAPK signaling pathways in satellite cell activation and the use of protein kinase inhibitors for tailoring and optimizing satellite cell proliferation during the skeletal muscle renewal. Future investigations on the roles of the IL-6 classical and trans-signaling pathways in both immune and non-immune cells in skeletal muscle tissue will provide new basis for therapeutic approaches to reverse atrophy and degeneration of skeletal muscles in cancer and inflammatory diseases.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s40064-016-2197-2

Cites

161 of 161 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • IL-6 is considered as a double-edged sword with proinflammatory (catabolic) and anti-inflammatory (anabolic) effects according to local immune cells and the cytokines' microenvironment.

    “Like TNF-α, IL-6 is considered as a “double-edged sword” with proinflammatory (catabolic) and anti-inflammatory (anabolic) effects (see the review in [46]) according to local immune cells and the cytokines’ microenvironment.”

    From Main Pathogenic Mechanisms and Recent Advances in COPD Peripheral Skeletal Muscle Wasting (2023) · cites this paper as [46]

    The Background and Final remarks describe IL-6 as promoting muscle repair in some conditions and muscle wasting in others; the Satellite cells and skeletal muscle renewal section also identifies regenerative and anti-inflammatory roles. The review discusses local immune cells and cytokines, but does not establish that those cells and the cytokine microenvironment determine which of IL-6’s opposing effects occurs. It instead emphasizes IL-6 levels, duration of release, and signaling pathways. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Baracos VE Mackenzie ML Investigations of branched-chain amino acids and their metabolites in animal models of cancer J Nutr 2006 136 1 Suppl 237S 242S 16365090

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Belizário, J. E., Fontes-Oliveira, C. C., Borges, J. P., Kashiabara, J. A., & Vannier, E.
Affiliations
  • Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
  • Tufts Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Vannier, Edouard
Venue
SpringerPlus
Published
2016-05-13
Volume
5
Issue
1
Pages
619-619
ISSN
2193-1801 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2388738573
Cited by
244
References
161
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1
FWCI
1.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • SpringerPlus (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2001/0100-7)
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (486048/2011)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords
skeletal muscle atrophy, cachexia, interleukin-6, myokines, satellite cells, muscle regeneration, JAK/STAT signaling, protein kinase inhibitors, muscle atrophy, muscle degeneration, cancer cachexia, inflammatory diseases

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review