Interleukin-6 produced by enteric neurons regulates the number and phenotype of microbe-responsive regulatory T cells in the gut
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The immune and enteric nervous (ENS) systems monitor the frontier with commensal and pathogenic microbes in the colon. We investigated whether FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells functionally interact with the ENS. Indeed, microbe-responsive RORγ+ and Helios+ subsets localized in close apposition to nitrergic and peptidergic nerve fibers in the colon lamina propria (LP). Enteric neurons inhibited in vitro Treg (iTreg) differentiation in a cell-contact-independent manner. A screen of neuron-secreted factors revealed a role for interleukin-6 (IL-6) in modulating iTreg formation and their RORγ+ proportion. Colonization of germfree mice with commensals, especially RORγ+ Treg inducers, broadly diminished colon neuronal density. Closing the triangle, conditional ablation of IL-6 in neurons increased total Treg cells but decreased the RORγ+ subset, as did depletion of two ENS neurotransmitters. Our findings suggest a regulatory circuit wherein microbial signals condition neuronal density and activation, thus tuning Treg cell generation and immunological tolerance in the gut.
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Immune dysregulation constitutes a shared etiological mechanism in both neuropsychiatric and digestive pathologies.
“This supports the hypothesis [39] that immune dysregulation constitutes a shared etiological mechanism in both neuropsychiatric and digestive pathologies.”
From The hidden genetic and microbial networks connecting neuropsychiatric and digestive disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
The Discussion links enteric-neuron regulation of gut immune responses to the possible course of inflammatory bowel diseases. It does not address neuropsychiatric pathologies or propose immune dysregulation as a shared cause of both kinds of disease. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrior studies implicate T-cell activity and immune signaling in individual conditions, and accumulating evidence suggests their functional interplay with gut-innervating neurons in regulating immune tolerance and microbial homeostasis.
“While prior studies implicate T-cell activity and immune signaling in individual conditions, accumulating evidence suggests their functional interplay with gut-innervating neurons in regulating immune tolerance and microbial homeostasis [39], reinforcing their integrative role as elucidated in this study.”
From The hidden genetic and microbial networks connecting neuropsychiatric and digestive disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Yan, Y., Ramanan, D., Rozenberg, M., McGovern, K., Rastelli, D., Vijaykumar, B., Yaghi, O., Voisin, T., Mosaheb, M., Chiu, I., Itzkovitz, S., Rao, M., Mathis, D., & Benoist, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Benoist, Christophe
- ORCID
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 499-513.e5
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8133394
- OpenAlex
- W3135830535
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 8.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 373 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIAID
- NIDDK
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, enteric nervous system, regulatory T cells, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, gut microbiota, nitrergic neurons, peptidergic neurons, germ-free mice, immune tolerance
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Intestines, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neurons, Phenotype, Interleukin-6, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Enteric Nervous System, Mice, Knockout, Neurotransmitter Agents, Coculture Techniques, Cell Proliferation, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Mice, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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