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Human primary liver cancer–derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening
Open accessAbstract
Human liver cancer research currently lacks in vitro models that can faithfully recapitulate the pathophysiology of the original tumor. We recently described a novel, near-physiological organoid culture system, wherein primary human healthy liver cells form long-term expanding organoids that retain liver tissue function and genetic stability. Here we extend this culture system to the propagation of primary liver cancer (PLC) organoids from three of the most common PLC subtypes: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and combined HCC/CC (CHC) tumors. PLC-derived organoid cultures preserve the histological architecture, gene expression and genomic landscape of the original tumor, allowing for discrimination between different tumor tissues and subtypes, even after long-term expansion in culture in the same medium conditions. Xenograft studies demonstrate that the tumorogenic potential, histological features and metastatic properties of PLC-derived organoids are preserved in vivo. PLC-derived organoids are amenable for biomarker identification and drug-screening testing and led to the identification of the ERK inhibitor SCH772984 as a potential therapeutic agent for primary liver cancer. We thus demonstrate the wide-ranging biomedical utilities of PLC-derived organoid models in furthering the understanding of liver cancer biology and in developing personalized-medicine approaches for the disease.
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“A greater degree of divergence may be attributed to intra-tumor spatial heterogeneity and sampling bias: tumors can be spatially diverse, and organoids generated from a specific portion may lack the representativeness of distant regions130,131.”
From Organoids (2022) · cites this paper as [131]
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“Furthermore, with recent technological advancements (e.g. organoid models and conditionally reprogrammed cell lines), a new generation of cancer cell models is being derived to allow full representation of the histopathological and molecular diversity of tumours (37–42).”
From Cell Model Passports-a hub for clinical, genetic and functional datasets of preclinical cancer models (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
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“…Primary Liver Cancer Chemotherapy SCH772984 inhibited the activation of the ERK protein and demonstrated to play a crucial role in the tumorigenesis Broutier et al. (2017) Cultured tumoroids in mice Human Primary Liver Cancer Chemotherapy SCH772984 reduced tumor growth in mice treated with this…”
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“Cells were subsequently counted and seeded into cell culture flasks in DMEM/F12 medium (Biowest) supplemented with defined growth factors [38, 41] for culture and further experiments.”
MethodLiver organoids: an in vitro 3D model for liver cancer study
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“[7, 8], brain [9], kidney [10], lung [11], prostate [12], colon [13], pancreas [14, 15], liver [16], and some cancer organoids, such as brain tumors [17], pancreatic cancer [18], and PLC [19].”
BackgroundInfluentialIntegration of organoids in peptide drug discovery: Rise of the high‐throughput screening
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BackgroundInfluentialOpportunities and challenges to engineer 3D models of tumor-adaptive immune interactions
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“In addition, PDTOs using adult stem cells have been used to establish organoids for a myriad of cancer types including but not limited to lung (90), colon (89), liver (91), pancreas (92, 93), prostate (94, 95), kidney (96), and breast (97) cancers.”
MethodExpansion of airway basal epithelial cells from primary human non‐small cell lung cancer tumors
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3D Hepatic Organoid-Based Advancements in LIVER Tissue Engineering
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“The given studies were in accordance with the drug sensitivity of tumors present in patients [57].”
ResultEstablishment of a patient-derived organoid model and living biobank for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Wang, X., Xia, T., Tang, H., Liu, X., Han, R., Zou, X., Zhao, Y.-T., Chen, M., & Li, G. (2022) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-22-1076 · Cited by 31
“Previous studies had found that several cytokines, including Wnt3a, R-spondin-1 (Rspo-1), EGF, Y27632, Noggin, and FGF2, were important for organoid generation (21-24).”
BackgroundIdentification of PRMT5 as a therapeutic target in cholangiocarcinoma
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“38 We observed that treatment with GSK3326595 potently reduced tumouroid growth, with the presence of smaller organoids filled with dying (figure 4).”
Self-citationLi, P., Huang, M., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., & Shi, C. (2024) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-024-03628-3 · Cited by 32
Suppression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Mycophenolic Acid in Experimental Models and in Patients
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“The organoid technology (culturing “mini-organ” in three dimension) has endowed the possibility of establishing stable cultures from primary tumors, including for liver tumors.(27,28,34) Our data support that MPA has potent inhibitory effects on HCC growth in vitro.”
BackgroundSpheres of Influence: Insights into Salmonella Pathogenesis from Intestinal Organoids
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“Ifenprodil treatment enhances the efficacy of sorafenib in HCC patient-derived organoids and xenograft models Human primary liver cancer–derived organoid culture models the pathophysiology of a growing tumor in vivo (42).”
BackgroundLee, J. H., Kim, H., Lee, S. H., Ku, J., Chun, J. W., Seo, H., Kim, S., Paik, W. H., Ryu, J. K., Lee, S. K., et al. (2021) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl210166 · Cited by 34
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“92% of variants as seen in patient’s tissue were retained in the corresponding early tumouroid cultures (< 2 months), and > 80% after months of additional expansion [150].”
BackgroundOptofluidic imaging meets deep learning: from merging to emerging
Siu, D. M. D., Lee, K. C. M., Chung, B. M. F., Wong, J. S. J., Zheng, G., & Tsia, K. K. (2023) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d2lc00813k · Cited by 30
Organoids as preclinical models of human disease: progress and applications
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Toward reproducible tumor organoid culture: focusing on primary liver cancer
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“As previously discussed, Tüysüz et al. (83) demonstrated the successful serum-free generation of human organoids from healthy and diseased intestines and livers using stabilized Wnt3a.”
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Preclinical Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Utility, Limitations, and Challenges
Cigliano, A., Liao, W., Deiana, G. A., Rizzo, D., Chen, X., & Calvisi, D. F. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071624 · Cited by 32
“Human liver tumoroids could be sourced from surgical specimens, suitable for early-stage HCC that could be cured by surgical resection [45].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClinical Implementation of Precision Medicine in Gastric Cancer
Jeon, J., & Cheong, J. (2019) · Journal of the Korean Gastric Cancer Association · doi:10.5230/jgc.2019.19.e25 · Cited by 31
“PDOs generated from various cancer types retain the genetic and histologic features of the original tumor, including their microarchitecture and physiology [61-69].”
BackgroundIn Vitro Modeling of Non-Solid Tumors: How Far Can Tissue Engineering Go?
Trujillo, S. C., Ferrer, G. G., & Ribelles, J. L. G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21165747 · Cited by 34
“Scaffold-free models such as spheroids and organoids have achieved great in vitro results [15,19].”
BackgroundHuman cell transformation by combined lineage conversion and oncogene expression
Sahu, B., Pihlajamaa, P., Zhang, K., Palin, K., Ahonen, S., Cervera, A., Ristimaki, A. P., Aaltonen, L. A., Hautaniemi, S., & Taipale, J. (2021) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-021-01940-0 · Cited by 31
“Other recently developed experimental approaches for mechanistic studies of human cancers have used for example primary human epithelial cells [30] and primary liver cancer-derived organoids [63].”
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Studying Kidney Diseases Using Organoid Models
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“, 2016), liver tumour (Broutier et al., 2017), and ovarian tumour (Kopper et al.”
BackgroundMetabolic Studies in Organoids: Current Applications, Opportunities and Challenges
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“Major recent advances in 3D culture technology have led to the development of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTO) for a variety of cancer types, including breast [107], bladder [108], colorectal [109], head and neck [110], liver [111], pancreatic [112], gastrointestinal [113], glioblastoma [114], retinoblastoma [11…”
BackgroundUsing Biosensors to Study Organoids, Spheroids and Organs-on-a-Chip: A Mechanobiology Perspective
Yousafzai, M. S., & Hammer, J. A. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13100905 · Cited by 30
“…along with adult stem cells, have been used extensively to create organoid cultures for various tissues including intestine [56,125], stomach [130,131], kidney [132,133], lung [134,135], liver [136,137], pancreas [138,139], breast [140,141], brain [142,143], and optic cup [129,144] (Figure 5).”
BackgroundOrganoid Models of Cancer Explode with Possibilities
Muthuswamy, S. K. (2018) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.02.010 · Cited by 29
Identification of the best housekeeping gene for RT-qPCR analysis of human pancreatic organoids
Cherubini, A., Rusconi, F., & Lazzari, L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260902 · Cited by 26
“The main reasons for their considerable use are their plasticity and multiple applications, including as new models to study specific diseases [2], in regenerative medicine [3] and the screening of new drugs [4].”
BackgroundBao, D., Wang, L., Zhou, X., Yang, S., He, K., & Xu, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1133090 · Cited by 29
“In recent years, an increasing variety of cancer organoid have been successfully established, including but not limited to liver and bile duct (Broutier et al., 2017), bladder (Lee et al.”
BackgroundKalla, J., Pfneissl, J., Mair, T., Tran, L., & Egger, G. (2024) · Cellular Oncology · doi:10.1007/s13402-024-00960-8 · Cited by 31
Takada, K., Aizawa, Y., Sano, D., Okuda, R., Sekine, K., Ueno, Y., Yamanaka, S., Aoyama, J., Sato, K., Kuwahara, T., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33315 · Cited by 28
“Organoid viability assays were conducted with some modification of previous report.(16) Organoids were dissociated by enzymatic dissociation before being resuspended in 50 μL of complete medium (14 000 organoids) and plated into 96-well cell-culture plate, after coating each well with GFR Matrigel.”
MethodGao, M., Harper, M. M., Lin, M., Qasem, S. A., Patel, R. A., Mardini, S. H., Gabr, M. M., Cavnar, M. J., Pandalai, P. K., & Kim, J. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.11.009 · Cited by 29
“Although there are reports utilizing different methods to manually scale the size of PDOs before drug testing[18, 34], this method can only be applied to an abundant volume of PDOs, which occurs at later passages.”
MethodOrganoid biobanks as a new tool for pre-clinical validation of candidate drug efficacy and safety.
Botti, G., Bonito, M. D., & Cantile, M. (2021) · PubMed Central · Cited by 27
Perspective: Extending the Utility of Three-Dimensional Organoids by Tissue Clearing Technologies
Susaki, E. A., & Takasato, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.679226 · Cited by 26
“Furthermore, the use of a waterabsorbing polymer for Expansion Microscopy (ExM) enables high-resolution imaging with a general microscopy setup (Chen et al., 2015; Ku et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodMiyabayashi, K., Nakagawa, H., & Koike, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.682872 · Cited by 28
Güney, T. G., Herranz, A. M., Mumby, S. E., Dunlop, I. E., & Adcock, I. M. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103061 · Cited by 31
Ek, F., Blom, K., Selvin, T., Rudfeldt, J., Andersson, C. R., Senkowski, W., Bréchot, C., Nygren, P., Larsson, R. L., Jarvius, M., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12519-4 · Cited by 27
Human lung organoid: Models for respiratory biology and diseases
Yang, W., Li, Y., Shi, F., & Liu, H. (2022) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.12.001 · Cited by 26
Liver Organoids as an In Vitro Model to Study Primary Liver Cancer
Siervi, S. D., & Turato, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054529 · Cited by 30
“Recent studies have shown that tumour-derived organoids are capable of retaining the morphological characteristics and biomarkers of the original tumour tissue while also preserving the patient-specific gene expression profile, even when cultivated for extended periods [23,62].”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, T., Tang, Y., Pan, W., Yan, B., Hao, Y., Zeng, Y., Chen, Z., Lan, J., Zhao, S., Deng, C., et al. (2023) · Diseases of the Colon & Rectum · doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000002511 · Cited by 28
Developing Liver Microphysiological Systems for Biomedical Applications
Wang, J., Wu, X., Zhao, J., Ren, H., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202302217 · Cited by 27
Giron‐Michel, J., Padelli, M., Oberlin, E., Guénou, H., & Duclos‐Vallée, J. (2025) · BioDrugs · doi:10.1007/s40259-024-00702-0 · Cited by 31
“This could be explained in part by the fact that CSCs are consistently maintained in PDOs even after long-term expansion in culture [80, 81].”
InfluentialZhu, Z., Cheng, Y., Liu, X., Ding, W., Liu, J., Ling, Z., & Wu, L. (2025) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897241303271 · Cited by 31
Eisenstein, M. S. (2018) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4538 · Cited by 27
Nguyen, R., Bae, S. D. W., Zhou, G., Read, S. A., Ahlenstiel, G., George, J., & Qiao, L. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188350 · Cited by 27
Trends in the development of human stem cell-based non-animal drug testing models
Lee, S.-J., & Lee, H. (2020) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.6.441 · Cited by 28
The promise of human organoids in the digestive system
Funata, M., Nio, Y., Erion, D. M., Thompson, W. L., & Takebe, T. (2020) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-020-00661-3 · Cited by 28
Ultrastructural analysis of breast cancer patient-derived organoids
Signati, L., Allevi, R., Piccotti, F., Albasini, S., Villani, L., Sevieri, M., Bonizzi, A., Corsi, F., & Mazzucchelli, S. (2021) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-021-02135-z · Cited by 28
Tumor organoids for cancer research and personalized medicine
Yang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, P., Zhang, N., & Wang, P. (2021) · Cancer Biology and Medicine · doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0335 · Cited by 29
In vitro models for head and neck cancer: Current status and future perspective
Moya‐Garcia, C. R., Okuyama, H., Sadeghi, N., Li, J., Tabrizian, M., & Li‐Jessen, N. Y. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.960340 · Cited by 28
“Frontiers in Oncology 02 incorporated into in vitro models, such as breast (14), lung (15), and liver (16) cancers.”
BackgroundGao, Z., Liu, X., Zhao, H., Xia, S., Liu, W., Bai, H., Lv, F., Zheng, X., Huang, Y., Gu, Q., et al. (2023) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11426-022-1472-6 · Cited by 27
Hallmark discoveries in the biology of Wilms tumour
Perotti, D., Williams, R. D., Wegert, J., Brzezinski, J. J., Maschietto, M. C., Ciceri, S., Gisselsson, D., Gadd, S., Walz, A. L., Furtwängler, R., et al. (2023) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-023-00824-0 · Cited by 29
“Protocols have been developed to culture organoids from a wide spectrum of different adult tumours, including colon 219 , breast 220 , ovarian 221 , pancreas 222 and liver 223 .”
Salas‐Silva, S., Kim, Y., Kim, T. H., Kim, M., Seo, D., Choi, J., Factor, V. M., Seo, H. R., Song, Y., Choi, G. S., et al. (2023) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122360 · Cited by 28
Castven, D., Becker, D., Czauderna, C., Wilhelm, D., Andersen, J. B., Strand, S., Hartmann, M., Heilmann‐Heimbach, S., Roth, W., Hartmann, N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32026 · Cited by 27
“A recent study extended the organoid culture system for PLC and derived organoids from HCC, CCA and mixed HCC/CCA and demonstrated that PLC organoids faithfully recapitulated the molecular profile of the original tumors.(31) Further, only few studies exploited the potential of PDx as well as PDCL as a model for liver…”
ResultHuman assembloids recapitulate periportal liver tissue in vitro
Yuan, L., Dawka, S., Kim, Y., Liebert, A., Rost, F., Arnes‐Benito, R., Baenke, F., Götz, C., Tsang, D., Schuhmann, A., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09884-1 · Cited by 31
“To explore this, we analysed expression profiles from human liver cancer organoids 35 and mouse partial hepatectomy 27 and compared them to those for human healthy and cancer tissues (Supplementary Data 1 and Methods).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEmerging trends in modeling human liver disease in vitro
Underhill, G. H., & Khetani, S. R. (2019) · APL Bioengineering · doi:10.1063/1.5119090 · Cited by 26
Epigenetic Regulation of Cell-Fate Changes That Determine Adult Liver Regeneration After Injury
Aloia, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.643055 · Cited by 25
Liver Organoids: Updates on Disease Modeling and Biomedical Applications
Caiazza, C., Parisi, S., & Caiazzo, M. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10090835 · Cited by 28
Willemse, J., van der Laan, L. J. W., de Jonge, J., & Verstegen, M. M. A. (2022) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering9030110 · Cited by 26
Self-citationYu, Y., Zhu, Y.-J., Xiao, Z., Chen, Y., Chang, X., Liu, Y., Tang, Q., & Zhang, H. (2022) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-022-00421-0 · Cited by 27
“The establishment of long-term BE PDOs was achieved in the condition with 20% R-spondin-1 conditioned medium and 50% Wnt-3A conditioned medium, and the addition of PGE2 [58].”
BackgroundInfluentialSun, H., Yang, H., & Mao, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1150151 · Cited by 28
“Furthermore, it is more important that HCC PDOs are highly concordant with original tumor biopsies in terms of growth pattern, degree of differentiation, expression of HCCspecific markers, genomic alterations, and ability to form tumors in xenograft models (Broutier et al., 2017; Nuciforo et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCheng, J., Xie, W., Chen, Y., Sun, Y., Gong, L., Wang, H., Li, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Drug Resistance Updates · doi:10.1016/j.drup.2024.101056 · Cited by 26
Precision oncology in liver cancer
Sullivan, K. M., Kenerson, H. L., Pillarisetty, V. G., Riehle, K. J., & Yeung, R. S. W. (2018) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2018.06.14 · Cited by 26
Wang, L., Koui, Y., Kanegae, K., Kido, T., Tamura-Nakano, M., Yabe, S., Tai, K., Nakajima, Y., Kusuhara, H., Sakai, Y., et al. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122621 · Cited by 25
Applications of Organoids in Advancing Drug Discovery and Development
Gopallawa, I., Gupta, C., Jawa, R., Cyril, A., Jawa, V., Chirmule, N. B., & Gujar, V. (2024) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.016 · Cited by 29
Liver organoids: updates on generation strategies and biomedical applications
Liu, S., Cheng, C., Zhu, L., Zhao, T., Wang, Z., Yi, X., Yan, F., Wang, X., Li, C., Cui, T., et al. (2024) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-024-03865-3 · Cited by 29
“[ 138 ] W i t h 129 c a n c e r d r u g s , g e n e r a t i n g 3 , 483 c e ll s u r v i v a l d a t a p o i n t s l a y t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r i n - d e p t h s t u d i e s o f p a n - e ff e c t i v e d r u g s , a s w e ll a s f o r f u n c t i o n a l p e r s o n a l - i z e d o n c o…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Broutier, L., Mastrogiovanni, G., Verstegen, M. M., Francies, H. E., Gavarró, L. M., Bradshaw, C. R., Allen, G. E., Arnes-Benito, R., Sidorova, O., Gaspersz, M. P., Georgakopoulos, N., Koo, B.-K., Dietmann, S., Davies, S. E., Praseedom, R. K., Lieshout, R., IJzermans, J. N. M., Wigmore, S. J., Saeb-Parsy, K., Garnett, M. J., van der Laan, L. J., & Huch, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute (GB)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Huch, Meritxell
- ORCID
- Broutier, Laura
- Mastrogiovanni, Gianmarco
- Verstegen, Monique MA
- Gavarró, Lena Morrill
- Bradshaw, Charles R
- Allen, George E
- Sidorova, Olga
- Gaspersz, Marcia P
- Georgakopoulos, Nikitas
- Koo, Bon-Kyoung
- Dietmann, Sabine
- Davies, Susan E
- Praseedom, Raaj K
- Lieshout, Ruby
- IJzermans, Jan N M
- Wigmore, Stephen J
- Garnett, Mathew J
- Huch, Meritxell
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2017-11-13
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1424-1435
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC5722201
- OpenAlex
- W2771057425
- Cited by
- 1,471
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 151 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 203 · 2023: 182 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 243 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 39.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (104151/Z/14/Z, C44943/A22536, 104151, 102696)
- Cancer Research UK (102696, C44943/A22536, 22536)
- University of Cambridge
- European Commission (656193, 608180)
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC/R001162/1)
- ZonMw
- Cambridge University Hospitals
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC/R001162/1)
- Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C-AACRDT1213)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (MSCA-IF-2014)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Keywords
- primary liver cancer, tumor organoids, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, organoid culture, disease modeling, drug screening, xenografts, metastasis, biomarker discovery, ERK inhibitor, SCH772984, personalized medicine
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Bile Duct Neoplasms, Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Male, Organoids, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Mice, SCID, Mice, Inbred NOD, Cholangiocarcinoma, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Precision Medicine, Transcriptome, Primary Cell Culture
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