Efficient codes and balanced networks
Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing interest in inhibitory interneurons and their circuits. A striking property of cortical inhibition is how tightly it balances excitation. Inhibitory currents not only match excitatory currents on average, but track them on a millisecond time scale, whether they are caused by external stimuli or spontaneous fluctuations. We review, together with experimental evidence, recent theoretical approaches that investigate the advantages of such tight balance for coding and computation. These studies suggest a possible revision of the dominant view that neurons represent information with firing rates corrupted by Poisson noise. Instead, tight excitatory/inhibitory balance may be a signature of a highly cooperative code, orders of magnitude more precise than a Poisson rate code. Moreover, tight balance may provide a template that allows cortical neurons to construct high-dimensional population codes and learn complex functions of their inputs.
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Neural circuits are regulated by activity-dependent feedback systems that maintain a precise excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) balance.
“Neural circuits are regulated by activity-dependent feedback systems that act to maintain a precise excitatory-toinhibitory (E/I) balance. 1”
From Are hallucinations due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory influences on the brain? (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Denève, S., & Machens, C. K.
- Affiliations
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL (FR)
- Champalimaud Foundation (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Denève, Sophie
- Machens, Christian K
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-02-23
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 375-382
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2276533724
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-0087)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › stochastic dynamics and bifurcation
- Keywords
- cortical inhibition, excitation-inhibition balance, inhibitory interneurons, spike train variability, population coding, shot noise, cortical networks
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Models, Neurological, Neural Inhibition, Neurons, Poisson Distribution
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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