Equalizing excitation-inhibition ratios across visual cortical neurons
Open accessAbstract
The relationship between synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I ratio), two opposing forces in the mammalian cerebral cortex, affects many cortical functions such as feature selectivity and gain. Individual pyramidal cells show stable E/I ratios in time despite fluctuating cortical activity levels. This is because when excitation increases, inhibition increases proportionally through the increased recruitment of inhibitory neurons, a phenomenon referred to as excitation-inhibition balance. However, little is known about the distribution of E/I ratios across pyramidal cells. Through their highly divergent axons, inhibitory neurons indiscriminately contact most neighbouring pyramidal cells. Is inhibition homogeneously distributed or is it individually matched to the different amounts of excitation received by distinct pyramidal cells? Here we discover that pyramidal cells in layer 2/3 of mouse primary visual cortex each receive inhibition in a similar proportion to their excitation. As a consequence, E/I ratios are equalized across pyramidal cells. This matched inhibition is mediated by parvalbumin-expressing but not somatostatin-expressing inhibitory cells and results from the independent adjustment of synapses originating from individual parvalbumin-expressing cells targeting different pyramidal cells. Furthermore, this match is activity-dependent as it is disrupted by perturbing pyramidal cell activity. Thus, the equalization of E/I ratios across pyramidal cells reveals an unexpected degree of order in the spatial distribution of synaptic strengths and indicates that the relationship between the cortex's two opposing forces is stabilized not only in time but also in space.
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PV interneuron output strength can correlate with the excitation received by the postsynaptic cell or with the type of postsynaptic projection neuron.
“Even if INs densely contact neighboring excitatory cells and vice versa, some evidence suggests that PV INs exhibit output strengths that correlate with the amount of excitation received by the postsynaptic cell (Xue et al., 2014) or the type of postsynaptic projection neuron (Lee et al., 2014a; Lee et al., 2014d).”
From GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits (2016) · cites this paper as Xue et al., 2014
Neuronal circuits can enforce coordination of E and I strength, even at the level of single dendritic branches.
“We utilize “E:I coordination” as a more faithful characterization of the neuronal state, amply supported by experimental evidence that neuronal circuits can enforce coordination of E and I strength (Xue et al., 2014)(Fig. 7B), even down at the level of single dendritic branches (Liu, 2004) (Fig. 7A).”
From Unifying Views of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Consideration of Autoregulatory Feedback Loops (2016) · cites this paper as Xue et al., 2014
All labeled neurons recorded in Scnn1a-Cre/Ai9 mice (n = 5) were morphologically confirmed as pyramidal neurons (100%, 30/30).
“all labeled neurons recorded in Scnn1a-Cre/Ai9 mice (n = 5), a transgenic mouse line that preferentially labels excitatory neurons in L436,37, were morphologically confirmed as PYRs (100%, 30/30).”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Xue, M., Atallah, B. V., & Scanziani, M.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Centro Champalimaud (PT)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xue, Mingshan
- Scanziani, Massimo
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2014-06-22
- Volume
- 511
- Issue
- 7511
- Pages
- 596-600
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC4117808
- OpenAlex
- W2077208091
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 11
- FWCI
- 24.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS047101)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- excitation-inhibition balance, primary visual cortex, pyramidal neurons, parvalbumin interneurons, somatostatin interneurons, layer 2/3, synaptic inhibition, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, cortical microcircuitry, mouse visual cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Neural Inhibition, Neurons, Synapses, Visual Cortex, Pyramidal Cells, Mice, HEK293 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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