Cited by 298Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal AbnormalitiesSexual Differentiation and DisordersGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual differentiation

Carruth, Laura L., Reisert, Ingrid, Arnold, Arthur P.·2002·Nature Neuroscience

Abstract

Sex differences in the brain are caused by differences in gonadal secretions: higher levels of testosterone during fetal and neonatal life cause the male brain to develop differently than the female brain. In contrast, genes encoded on the sex chromosomes are not thought to contribute directly to sex differences in brain development, even though male (XY) cells express Y-chromosome genes that are not present in female (XX) cells, and XX cells may have a higher dose of some X-chromosome genes. Using mice in which the genetic sex of the brain (XX versus XY) was independent of gonadal phenotype (testes versus ovaries), we found that XY and XX brain cells differed in phenotype, indicating that a brain cell's complement of sex chromosomes may contribute to its sexual differentiation.

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Crossref · 10.1038/nn922

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Authors
Carruth, L. L., Reisert, I., & Arnold, A. P.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Universität Ulm (DE)
Corresponding author
Arnold, Arthur P.
Venue
Nature Neuroscience
Published
2002-09-16
Volume
5
Issue
10
Pages
933-934
ISSN
  • 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
  • 1546-1726
OpenAlex
W1993777450
Cited by
298
References
13
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
FWCI
7.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH59268, R01MH059268)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords
sex chromosome genes, sexual differentiation of the brain, sex differences in brain development, X chromosome, Y chromosome, gonadal hormones, testosterone, sex chromosome dosage, sex chromosome aneuploidy
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Female, Genotype, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Sex Characteristics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Differentiation, Mice

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