Sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual differentiation
Abstract
Sex differences in the brain are caused by differences in gonadal secretions: higher levels of testosterone during fetal and neonatal life cause the male brain to develop differently than the female brain. In contrast, genes encoded on the sex chromosomes are not thought to contribute directly to sex differences in brain development, even though male (XY) cells express Y-chromosome genes that are not present in female (XX) cells, and XX cells may have a higher dose of some X-chromosome genes. Using mice in which the genetic sex of the brain (XX versus XY) was independent of gonadal phenotype (testes versus ovaries), we found that XY and XX brain cells differed in phenotype, indicating that a brain cell's complement of sex chromosomes may contribute to its sexual differentiation.
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Sex differences may arise from chromosomal sources wherein XX or XY complement genes drive brain development.
“Sex differences may, however, arise from chromosomal sources wherein XX or XY complement genes drive brain development. 86”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
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- Authors
- Carruth, L. L., Reisert, I., & Arnold, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Arnold, Arthur P.
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2002-09-16
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 933-934
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W1993777450
- Cited by
- 298
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH59268, R01MH059268)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- sex chromosome genes, sexual differentiation of the brain, sex differences in brain development, X chromosome, Y chromosome, gonadal hormones, testosterone, sex chromosome dosage, sex chromosome aneuploidy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Female, Genotype, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Sex Characteristics, Sex Chromosomes, Sex Differentiation, Mice
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