Genes that escape from X inactivation
Open accessAbstract
To achieve a balanced gene expression dosage between males (XY) and females (XX), mammals have evolved a compensatory mechanism to randomly inactivate one of the female X chromosomes. Despite this chromosome-wide silencing, a number of genes escape X inactivation: in women about 15% of X-linked genes are bi-allelically expressed and in mice, about 3%. Expression from the inactive X allele varies from a few percent of that from the active allele to near equal expression. While most genes have a stable inactivation pattern, a subset of genes exhibit tissue-specific differences in escape from X inactivation. Escape genes appear to be protected from the repressive chromatin modifications associated with X inactivation. Differences in the identity and distribution of escape genes between species and tissues suggest a role for these genes in the evolution of sex differences in specific phenotypes. The higher expression of escape genes in females than in males implies that they may have female-specific roles and may be responsible for some of the phenotypes observed in X aneuploidy.
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Some genes escape X-inactivation, remaining transcriptionally active in both the active and inactive X chromosome, resulting in higher expression of these genes in females.
“However, some genes escape X-inactivation, remaining transcriptionally active in both the active and inactive X chromosome, resulting in higher expression of these genes in females. 88,89”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [88]
Most escape genes identified in mice play a role in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, dendritic outgrowth, and regulation of synaptic density.
“Indeed, most escape genes identified in mice play a role in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, dendritic outgrowth, and regulation of synaptic density. 88,90”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Berletch, J. B., Yang, F., Xu, J., Carrel, L., & Disteche, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Human Genetics
- Published
- 2011-05-26
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 237-245
- ISSN
- 0018-7348 (ISSN-L)
- 0340-6717
- 1432-1203
- PMC
- PMC3136209
- OpenAlex
- W1982093053
- Cited by
- 384
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH083949, R01MH083949)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM079537, GM079537, GM046883, R01GM046883)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD056452, F32HD060402, R01HD056452, HD060402)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
- Keywords
- X chromosome inactivation, dosage compensation, X-linked genes, biallelic expression, inactive X chromosome, chromatin modification, sex differences, X chromosome evolution
- MeSH terms
- Aneuploidy, Animals, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Sex Factors, Species Specificity, Gene Dosage, X Chromosome Inactivation, Genes, X-Linked, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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