Cited by 384Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal AbnormalitiesGenetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersGenetic Syndromes and Imprinting

Genes that escape from X inactivation

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Berletch, Joel B., Yang, Fan, Xu, Jun, Carrel, Laura, Disteche, Christine M.·2011·Human Genetics

Abstract

To achieve a balanced gene expression dosage between males (XY) and females (XX), mammals have evolved a compensatory mechanism to randomly inactivate one of the female X chromosomes. Despite this chromosome-wide silencing, a number of genes escape X inactivation: in women about 15% of X-linked genes are bi-allelically expressed and in mice, about 3%. Expression from the inactive X allele varies from a few percent of that from the active allele to near equal expression. While most genes have a stable inactivation pattern, a subset of genes exhibit tissue-specific differences in escape from X inactivation. Escape genes appear to be protected from the repressive chromatin modifications associated with X inactivation. Differences in the identity and distribution of escape genes between species and tissues suggest a role for these genes in the evolution of sex differences in specific phenotypes. The higher expression of escape genes in females than in males implies that they may have female-specific roles and may be responsible for some of the phenotypes observed in X aneuploidy.

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  • Some genes escape X-inactivation, remaining transcriptionally active in both the active and inactive X chromosome, resulting in higher expression of these genes in females.

    “However, some genes escape X-inactivation, remaining transcriptionally active in both the active and inactive X chromosome, resulting in higher expression of these genes in females. 88,89”
  • Most escape genes identified in mice play a role in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, dendritic outgrowth, and regulation of synaptic density.

    “Indeed, most escape genes identified in mice play a role in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, dendritic outgrowth, and regulation of synaptic density. 88,90”

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Authors
Berletch, J. B., Yang, F., Xu, J., Carrel, L., & Disteche, C. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Washington (US)
  • Tufts University (US)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
Venue
Human Genetics
Published
2011-05-26
Volume
130
Issue
2
Pages
237-245
ISSN
  • 0018-7348 (ISSN-L)
  • 0340-6717
  • 1432-1203
OpenAlex
W1982093053
Cited by
384
References
111
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 13
FWCI
2.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH083949, R01MH083949)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM079537, GM079537, GM046883, R01GM046883)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD056452, F32HD060402, R01HD056452, HD060402)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
Keywords
X chromosome inactivation, dosage compensation, X-linked genes, biallelic expression, inactive X chromosome, chromatin modification, sex differences, X chromosome evolution
MeSH terms
Aneuploidy, Animals, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Sex Factors, Species Specificity, Gene Dosage, X Chromosome Inactivation, Genes, X-Linked, Mice

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