Cited by 582Immune Response and InflammationInvertebrate Immune Response MechanismsT-cell and B-cell Immunology

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Toll-like receptors — taking an evolutionary approach

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Leulier, François, Lemaitre, Bruno·2008·Nature Reviews Genetics

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Abstract

The Toll receptor was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster for its role in embryonic development. Subsequently, D. melanogaster Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been recognized as key regulators of immune responses. After ten years of intense research on TLRs and the recent accumulation of genomic and functional data in diverse organisms, we review the distribution and functions of TLRs in the animal kingdom. We provide an evolutionary perspective on TLRs, which sheds light on their origin at the dawn of animal evolution and suggests that different TLRs might have been co-opted independently during animal evolution to mediate analogous immune functions.

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Authors: Leulier, F., & Lemaitre, B.
Affiliations: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
ORCID: Leulier, François
Venue: Nature Reviews Genetics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-03
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 165-178
ISSN: 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
1471-0064
DOI: 10.1038/nrg2303
OpenAlex: W2070793039
Cited by: 581
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 2.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords: Toll-like receptors, immune system evolution, innate immunity, embryonic development, invertebrate immunity, vertebrate immunity, convergent evolution, animal evolution
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Evolution, Molecular, Toll-Like Receptors

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Toll-like receptors — taking an evolutionary approach

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