Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage

Vitamin D Deficiency

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Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells

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The Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORγt Directs the Differentiation Program of Proinflammatory IL-17+ T Helper Cells

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A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-β– and retinoic acid–dependent mechanism

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Reciprocal T H 17 and Regulatory T Cell Differentiation Mediated by Retinoic Acid

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In vivo depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells abrogates priming of CD8+ T cells by exogenous cell-associated antigens.

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Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid

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Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells

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The differentiation of human TH-17 cells requires transforming growth factor-β and induction of the nuclear receptor RORγt

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Increased incidence of chronic GvHD and CMV disease in patients with vitamin D deficiency before allogeneic stem cell transplantation

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Effects of Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) and D3 (Cholecalciferol) on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Primary Macrophage Immune Response to Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Infection

Soto‐Dávila, M., Valderrama, K., Inkpen, S. M., Hall, J. R., Rise, M. L., & Santander, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.03011 · Cited by 61

Cytokine storm in aged people with CoV-2: possible role of vitamins as therapy or preventive strategy

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The Evidence for a Beneficial Role of Vitamin A in Multiple Sclerosis

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Noncardiovascular mortality in CKD: an epidemiological perspective

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Positive and negative regulation of T cell responses by fibroblastic reticular cells within paracortical regions of lymph nodes

Siegert, S., & Luther, S. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00285 · Cited by 63

Role of vitamin D in acquired immune and autoimmune diseases

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Diet and asthma: vitamins and methyl donors

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Rotavirus vaccines: progress and new developments

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New data and an old puzzle: the negative association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis

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Immunoregulation of Inflammatory and Inhibitory Cytokines by Vitamin D 3 in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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Vitamin D as a Principal Factor in Mediating Rheumatoid Arthritis-Derived Immune Response

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Macrophages Control the Bioavailability of Vitamin D and Vitamin D-Regulated T Cell Responses

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Dietary Component-Induced Inflammation and Its Amelioration by Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics

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Association between 25(OH)D Level, Ultraviolet Exposure, Geographical Location, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Latitude, Sunlight, Vitamin D, and Childhood Food Allergy/Anaphylaxis

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Vitamin D supplementation in older adults: Searching for specific guidelines in nursing homes

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Retinoid metabolism and its effects on the vasculature

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Adequate vitamin D status is associated with the reduced odds of prevalent diabetic retinopathy in African Americans and Caucasians

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Bacterial components plus vitamin D: The ultimate solution to the asthma (autoimmune disease) epidemic?

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Nuclear Receptors as Multiple Regulators of NLRP3 Inflammasome Function

Alatshan, A., & Benkő, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.630569 · Cited by 58

Dietary L-Tryptophan consumption determines the number of colonic regulatory T cells and susceptibility to colitis via GPR15

Vân, N. T. T., Zhang, K., Wigmore, R. M., Kennedy, A., DaSilva, C. R., Huang, J., Ambelil, M., Vilagomez, J. H., O’Connor, G. J., Longman, R., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43211-4 · Cited by 57

Vitamin D in Renal Transplantation – from Biological Mechanisms to Clinical Benefits

McGregor, R., Li, G., Penny, H. A., Lombardi, G., Afzali, B., & Goldsmith, D. J. A. (2014) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.12738 · Cited by 57

Serum vitamin D level is associated with disease severity and response to ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis

Guo, G., Shi, Y., Wang, L., Ren, X., Han, Z., Guo, C., Cui, L.-N., Wang, J.-B., Zhu, J., Wang, N., et al. (2015) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.13244 · Cited by 57

Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition

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Vitamin D and antiphospholipid syndrome

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Effects of vitamin D on immune disorders with special regard to asthma, COPD and autoimmune diseases: a short review

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CRTAM controls residency of gut CD4+CD8+ T cells in the steady state and maintenance of gut CD4+ Th17 during parasitic infection

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Lower levels of vitamin A are associated with increased gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease in children

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Importance of Dietary Changes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: How to Upgrade Your Immune Response

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All-trans retinoic acid overcomes solid tumor radioresistance by inducing inflammatory macrophages

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Retinoic acid suppresses growth of lesions, inhibits peritoneal cytokine secretion, and promotes macrophage differentiation in an immunocompetent mouse model of endometriosis

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Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and survival in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a population-based study

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Nutrition in chronic inflammatory conditions: Bypassing the mucosal block for micronutrients

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Associations between obesity and serum lipid-soluble micronutrients among premenopausal women

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Vitamin D Prevents the Intestinal Fibrosis Via Induction of Vitamin D Receptor and Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1/Smad3 Pathway

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MicroRNA-mediated mechanism of vitamin D regulation of innate immune response

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Regulation of intestinal homeostasis by dendritic cells

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Prevalence and Determinants of Suboptimal Vitamin D Levels in a Multiethnic Asian Population

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Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivity: The Health Benefits of Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium L.)

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Vitamin A and D in allergy: from experimental animal models and cellular studies to human disease

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Effect of short‐term vitamin D supplementation after nonsurgical periodontal treatment: A randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled clinical trial

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Non-Musculoskeletal Benefits of Vitamin D beyond the Musculoskeletal System

Zhang, S., Miller, D. D., & Li, W. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22042128 · Cited by 57

Seasonality of mortality: the September phenomenon in Mediterranean countries

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Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapeutic mechanisms

Liu, H. F., Jiao, Y., Wang, P., Chen, Y., Xu, M., Zhang, X., Zheng, X., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2025.108962 · Cited by 61

Innate Signaling Networks in Mucosal IgA Class Switching

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Plasma‐mediated immune suppression: a neonatal perspective

Belderbos, M. E., Levy, O., Meyaard, L., & Bont, L. (2012) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12023 · Cited by 57

Impact of dietary factors and food processing on food allergy

Lepski, S., & Brockmeyer, J. (2012) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201200472 · Cited by 58

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Exerts Similar Immunosuppressive Effects as UVR but Is Dispensable for Local UVR-Induced Immunosuppression

Schwarz, A., Navid, F., Sparwasser, T. D., Clausen, B. E., & Schwarz, T. (2012) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2012.238 · Cited by 55

Effect of vitamin D on MS activity by disease-modifying therapy class

Rotstein, D., Healy, B. C., Malik, M. T., Carruthers, R. L., Musallam, A., Kivisäkk, P., Weiner, H. L., Glanz, B. I., & Chitnis, T. (2015) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000167 · Cited by 55

Interleukin 17A in atherosclerosis – Regulation and pathophysiologic effector function

Nordlohne, J., & von Vietinghoff, S. (2017) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2017.06.016 · Cited by 57

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with hepatic decompensation and inflammation in patients with liver cirrhosis: A prospective cohort study

Kubesch, A., Quenstedt, L., Saleh, M., Rüschenbaum, S., Schwarzkopf, K. M., Martinez, Y., Welsch, C., Zeuzem, S., Welzel, T. M., & Lange, C. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207162 · Cited by 55

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with greater all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling women

Semba, R. D., Houston, D. K., Ferrucci, L., Cappola, A. R., Sun, K., Guralnik, J. M., & Fried, L. P. (2009) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2009.07.007 · Cited by 54

Oral retinyl palmitate or retinoic acid corrects mucosal IgA responses toward an intranasal influenza virus vaccine in vitamin A deficient mice

Surman, S. L., Jones, B. G., Sealy, R. E., Rudraraju, R., & Hurwitz, J. L. (2014) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.025 · Cited by 54

Dietary and commensal derived nutrients: shaping mucosal and systemic immunity

Spencer, S. P., & Belkaid, Y. (2012) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2012.07.006 · Cited by 54

Vitamin D Status and 5‐Year Changes in Periodontal Disease Measures Among Postmenopausal Women: The Buffalo OsteoPerio Study

Millen, A. E., Andrews, C., LaMonte, M. J., Hovey, K. M., Swanson, M. K., Genco, R. J., & Wactawski‐Wende, J. (2014) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2014.130686 · Cited by 54

Vitamin D receptor agonists’ anti‐inflammatory properties

Vojinović, J. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12429 · Cited by 54

Prognostic Value of Vitamin D Level for All-cause Mortality, and Association With Inflammatory Markers, in HIV-infected Persons

Shepherd, L. C., Souberbielle, J., Bastard, J., Fellahi, S., Capeau, J., Reekie, J., Reiss, P., Blaxhult, A., Bickel, M., Leen, C. L. S., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu074 · Cited by 55

Vitamin D and Sjögren syndrome

García‐Carrasco, M., Jiménez-Herrera, E. A., Gálvez-Romero, J. L., de Lara, L. G. V., Pinto, C. M., Etchegaray‐Morales, I., Munguía‐Realpozo, P., Ruı́z-Argüelles, A., Rosas, J., Vera-Recabarren, M., et al. (2017) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.004 · Cited by 54

Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency: Immunoglobulin Dysregulation, Squamous Cell Metaplasia, Infectious Disease, and Death

Surman, S. L., Penkert, R. R., Sealy, R. E., Jones, B. G., Marion, T. N., Vogel, P., & Hurwitz, J. L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21155570 · Cited by 54

Vitamin B6 prevents excessive inflammation by reducing accumulation of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate in a sphingosine‐1‐phosphate lyase–dependent manner

Du, X., Yang, Y., Zhan, X., Huang, Y., Fu, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Wen, Q., et al. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.15917 · Cited by 54

Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with post‐stroke depression

Han, B., Lyu, Y., Sun, H., Wei, Y., & He, J. (2014) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.12607 · Cited by 53

Nutraceutical support in heart failure: a position paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)

Cicero, A. F. G., Colletti, A., von Haehling, S., Vinereanu, D., Bielecka-Dabrowa, A. M., Sahebkar, A., Toth, P. P., Reiner, Ž., Wong, N. D., Mikhailidis, D. P., et al. (2020) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422420000049 · Cited by 53

Role of Vitamin D in Prevention of Food Allergy in Infants

Giannetti, A., Bernardini, L., Cangemi, J., Gallucci, M., Masetti, R., & Ricci, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.00447 · Cited by 53

Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in children with iron deficiency anemia

Yoon, J. W., Kim, S. W., Yoo, E. G., & Kim, M. K. (2012) · Korean Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.3345/kjp.2012.55.6.206 · Cited by 53

Inflammation, Vitamin Deficiencies and Organ Failure in Critically Ill Patients

Corcoran, T. B., O'Neill, M. P., Webb, S. A. R., & Ho, K. M. (2009) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x0903700510 · Cited by 53

Potential Nonclassical Effects of Vitamin D in Transplant Recipients

Courbebaisse, M., Souberbielle, J., & Thervet, É. (2010) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c6910f · Cited by 52

Vitamin D/Vitamin D Receptor Signaling Is Required for Normal Development and Function of Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Gut

He, L., Zhou, M., & Li, Y. C. (2019) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.026 · Cited by 52

Influences of Vitamin A on Vaccine Immunogenicity and Efficacy

Penkert, R. R., Rowe, H. M., Surman, S. L., Sealy, R. E., Rosch, J. W., & Hurwitz, J. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01576 · Cited by 52

Retinoic Acid and Lymphotoxin Signaling Promote Differentiation of Human Intestinal M Cells

Ding, S., Song, Y., Brulois, K., Pan, J., Co, J. Y., Ren, L., Feng, N., Yasukawa, L. L., Sánchez-Tacuba, L., Wosen, J. E., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.053 · Cited by 52

Vitamin D3 treatment of Crohn’s disease patients increases stimulated T cell IL‐6 production and proliferation

Bendix, M., Bartels, L. E., Agnholt, J. S., Dige, A. K., Jørgensen, S. P., & Dahlerup, J. F. (2010) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04463.x · Cited by 52

Vitamin D analogs 17, 20S(OH)2pD and 17,20R(OH)2pD are noncalcemic and exhibit antifibrotic activity

Slominski, A. T., Li, W., Bhattacharya, S. K., Smith, R. A., Johnson, P. L., Chen, J., Nelson, K. E., Tuckey, R. C., Miller, D., Jiao, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.425 · Cited by 51

Diet and nutrition: An important risk factor in leprosy

Dwivedi, V. P., Banerjee, A., Das, I., Saha, A., Dutta, M., Bhardwaj, B., Biswas, S., & Chattopadhyay, D. (2019) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103714 · Cited by 54

Association Between Vitamin D Status and Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Genetic Risk

Millen, A. E., Meyers, K. J., Liu, Z., Engelman, C. D., Wallace, R. B., LeBlanc, E. S., Tinker, L. F., Iyengar, S. K., Robinson, J. G., Sarto, G. E., et al. (2015) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.2715 · Cited by 51

Vitamin D Receptor Activation Improves Allergen-Triggered Eczema in Mice

Hartmann, B., Riedel, R., Jörß, K., Loddenkemper, C., Steinmeyer, A., Zügel, U., Babina, M., Radbruch, A., & Worm, M. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2011.296 · Cited by 51

Folic acid supplementation at lower doses increases oxidative stress resistance and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans

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Immunomodulatory liposomes targeting liver macrophages arrest progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

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