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Sensors and regulators of intracellular pH

Casey, Joseph R., Grinstein, Sergio, Orlowski, John·2010·Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

Abstract

Protons dictate the charge and structure of macromolecules and are used as energy currency by eukaryotic cells. The unique function of individual organelles therefore depends on the establishment and stringent maintenance of a distinct pH. This, in turn, requires a means to sense the prevailing pH and to respond to deviations from the norm with effective mechanisms to transport, produce or consume proton equivalents. A dynamic, finely tuned balance between proton-extruding and proton-importing processes underlies pH homeostasis not only in the cytosol, but in other cellular compartments as well.

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  • ApoE4 differs from ApoE3 by a single amino acid that increases its isoelectric point and promotes unfolding of ApoE4 upon endosomal vesicle acidification.

    “ApoE4 differs from the most common ApoE3 isoform by a single amino acid that increases its isoelectric point and promotes unfolding of ApoE4 upon endosomal vesicle acidification.”
  • The pH of early endosomes and recycling endosomes is approximately 6.4-6.5.

    “The pH of EEs and recycling endosomes is ∼6.4–6.5 (Casey et al., 2010).”
  • Endocytic subcompartments become progressively more acidic, and their pH is regulated by vATPase proton pumps and NHE proton leakage channels.

    “Endocytic subcompartments become progressively more acidic, and the pH of these compartments is regulated by the opposing functions of vesicular ATP-dependent proton pumps (vATPase) and proton leakage channels (Na+/H+ exchangers, NHEs).”
  • Early endocytic vesicles are slightly acidic at pH ~6.4, facilitating ligand/receptor dissociation, while lysosomes are highly acidic at pH 4-5, required for digestion of endocytosed biomolecules.

    “Early endocytic vesicles are slightly acidic (pH, ~6.4), which facilitates ligand/receptor dissociation. Lysosomes are highly acidic (pH 4–5), which is required for the digestion of endocytosed biomolecules (Figure 1A; Casey et al., 2010; Naslavsky and Caplan, 2018).”

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Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Casey, J. R., Grinstein, S., & Orlowski, J.
Venue
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Published
2009-12-09
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
50-61
ISSN
  • 1471-0072
  • 1471-0080
Cited by
2,218
References
2
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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