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Sensors and regulators of intracellular pH
Abstract
Protons dictate the charge and structure of macromolecules and are used as energy currency by eukaryotic cells. The unique function of individual organelles therefore depends on the establishment and stringent maintenance of a distinct pH. This, in turn, requires a means to sense the prevailing pH and to respond to deviations from the norm with effective mechanisms to transport, produce or consume proton equivalents. A dynamic, finely tuned balance between proton-extruding and proton-importing processes underlies pH homeostasis not only in the cytosol, but in other cellular compartments as well.
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ApoE4 differs from ApoE3 by a single amino acid that increases its isoelectric point and promotes unfolding of ApoE4 upon endosomal vesicle acidification.
“ApoE4 differs from the most common ApoE3 isoform by a single amino acid that increases its isoelectric point and promotes unfolding of ApoE4 upon endosomal vesicle acidification.”
From Reversal of ApoE4-induced recycling block as a novel prevention approach for Alzheimer’s disease (2018) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010
The pH of early endosomes and recycling endosomes is approximately 6.4-6.5.
“The pH of EEs and recycling endosomes is ∼6.4–6.5 (Casey et al., 2010).”
From NHE6 depletion corrects ApoE4-mediated synaptic impairments and reduces amyloid plaque load (2021) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010
Endocytic subcompartments become progressively more acidic, and their pH is regulated by vATPase proton pumps and NHE proton leakage channels.
“Endocytic subcompartments become progressively more acidic, and the pH of these compartments is regulated by the opposing functions of vesicular ATP-dependent proton pumps (vATPase) and proton leakage channels (Na+/H+ exchangers, NHEs).”
From NHE6 depletion corrects ApoE4-mediated synaptic impairments and reduces amyloid plaque load (2021) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010
Early endocytic vesicles are slightly acidic at pH ~6.4, facilitating ligand/receptor dissociation, while lysosomes are highly acidic at pH 4-5, required for digestion of endocytosed biomolecules.
“Early endocytic vesicles are slightly acidic (pH, ~6.4), which facilitates ligand/receptor dissociation. Lysosomes are highly acidic (pH 4–5), which is required for the digestion of endocytosed biomolecules (Figure 1A; Casey et al., 2010; Naslavsky and Caplan, 2018).”
From NHE6 depletion corrects ApoE4-mediated synaptic impairments and reduces amyloid plaque load (2021) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010
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Role of calcium ions in regulation of mammalian intramitochondrial metabolism
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Numata, M., & Orlowski, J. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m101319200 · Cited by 244
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Metadata
- Authors
- Casey, J. R., Grinstein, S., & Orlowski, J.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2009-12-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-61
- ISSN
- 1471-0072
- 1471-0080
- Cited by
- 2,218
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
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