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Mitochondrial fusion and fission in cell life and death
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that constantly fuse and divide. These processes (collectively termed mitochondrial dynamics) are important for mitochondrial inheritance and for the maintenance of mitochondrial functions. The core components of the evolutionarily conserved fusion and fission machineries have now been identified, and mechanistic studies have revealed the first secrets of the complex processes that govern fusion and fission of a double membrane-bound organelle. Mitochondrial dynamics was recently recognized as an important constituent of cellular quality control. Defects have detrimental consequences on bioenergetic supply and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. These findings open exciting new directions to explore mitochondrial biology.
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“On the contrary, mitochondria fission promotes the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via an autophagic process termed mitophagy (Westermann, 2010).”
From Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet (2019) · cites this paper as Westermann, 2010
In the citing paper
“The maintenance of a healthy cellular mitochondrial network is dependent on the balance between fusion and fission cycles (Westermann, 2010)”
From Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet (2019) · cites this paper as Westermann, 2010
In the citing paper
“Indeed, mitochondria fusion allows the exchange of damaged mtDNA with intact mtDNA resulting from the intimate interaction between isolated mitochondria.”
From Mitochondrial (Dys)function and Insulin Resistance: From Pathophysiological Molecular Mechanisms to the Impact of Diet (2019) · cites this paper as Westermann, 2010
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“Within the mitochondrial dynamics highlights the importance of the fusion and fission processes in mitochondrial homeostasis [81].”
BackgroundAbrogating Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mouse Hearts Accelerates Mitochondrial Senescence
Song, M., Franco, A., Fleischer, J. A., Zhang, L., & Dorn, G. W. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.023 · Cited by 309
“The dynamic nature of mammalian mitochondria is accepted as both an observational fact (Lewis and Lewis, 1914) and an important determinant of cell, organ, and organism health (Westermann, 2010).”
Mitochondrial morphology transitions and functions: implications for retrograde signaling?
Picard, M. A., Shirihai, O. S., Gentil, B. J., & Burelle, Y. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00584.2012 · Cited by 334
Connecting Mitochondria, Metabolism, and Stem Cell Fate
Wanet, A., Arnould, T., Najimi, M., & Renard, P. (2015) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2015.0117 · Cited by 313
“Multiple post-translational modifications are involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial dynamic machinery [54,55].”
BackgroundPalmer, C. S., Elgass, K. D., Parton, R. G., Osellame, L. D., Stojanovski, D., & Ryan, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.479873 · Cited by 301
Baicalin induces ferroptosis in bladder cancer cells by downregulating FTH1
Kong, N., Chen, X., Feng, J., Duan, T., Liu, S., Sun, X., Chen, P., Pan, T. S., Yan, L., Jin, T., et al. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.036 · Cited by 303
Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Mitochondrial Function in Diabetic Nephropathy
Sifuentes-Franco, S., Padilla-Tejeda, D. E., Carrillo-Ibarra, S., & Miranda‐Díaz, A. G. (2018) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2018/1875870 · Cited by 309
“The fission gives, as a result, the production of strips or short mitochondrial spheres, and fusion promotes the production of a long filament [26].”
Muscle fiber type diversification during exercise and regeneration
Qaisar, R., Bhaskaran, S., & Van Remmen, H. (2016) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.025 · Cited by 283
“Fission is mainly controlled by dynaminrelated protein 1 (Drp1) and its recruitment factors fission 1 (Fis1) and mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) in the outer membrane [67].”
BackgroundMitochondrial E3 ligase MARCH5 regulates FUNDC1 to fine‐tune hypoxic mitophagy
Chen, Z., Liu, L., Cheng, Q., Li, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Sehgal, S. A., Siraj, S., Wang, X., et al. (2017) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201643309 · Cited by 299
Zhan, M., Usman, I. M., Sun, L., & Kanwar, Y. S. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2014050457 · Cited by 288
Cellular Pathways of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Blackstone, C. D. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150400 · Cited by 282
The regulation of mitochondrial morphology: Intricate mechanisms and dynamic machinery
Palmer, C. S., Osellame, L. D., Stojanovski, D., & Ryan, M. T. (2011) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.021 · Cited by 300
Kopeikina, K. J., Carlson, G. A., Pitstick, R., Ludvigson, A. E., Peters, A., Luebke, J. I., Koffie, R. M., Frosch, M. P., Hyman, B. T., & Spires‐Jones, T. L. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.004 · Cited by 281
“In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial trafficking defects would occur in vivo as a consequence of tau over-expression and/or its mislocalization and aggregation, and also asked whether defects in mitochondrial trafficking could be detected in human AD.”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, J. H., Park, A., Oh, K., Lee, S. C., Kim, W. K., & Bae, K. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20194924 · Cited by 280
“Recent studies have indicated that mitochondrial structural remodeling through mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion and fission, is important for mitochondrial function [94,95].”
BackgroundPARK2-mediated mitophagy is involved in regulation of HBEC senescence in COPD pathogenesis
Ito, S., Araya, J., Kurita, Y., Kobayashi, K., Takasaka, N., Yoshida, M., Hara, H., Minagawa, S., Wakui, H., Fujii, S., et al. (2015) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1017190 · Cited by 276
“Fusion has been shown to rescue damaged mitochondria by redistributing proteins and by maintaining mitochondrial DNA integrity.(15) In case of more extensive damage, segregation of irreversibly damaged mitochondria through fission is a prerequisite for appropriate engulfment and degradation via mitochondria selective…”
Mitochondrial dynamics modulate the expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators in microglial cells
Park, J., Choi, H., Min, J., Park, S., Kim, J., Park, H., Kim, B., Chae, J., Yim, M., & Lee, D. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12361 · Cited by 270
“Mitochondrial dynamics were recently recognized as an important constituent of cellular quality control and function (Westermann 2010).”
BackgroundTang, F., Liu, W., Hu, J.-X., Erion, J., Ye, J., Mei, L., & Xiong, W. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.001 · Cited by 283
“The activity of Drp1 is regulated by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination (Westermann, 2010).”
Quirós, P. M., Ramsay, A. J., Sala, D., Fernández‐Vizarra, E., Rodríguez, F., Peinado, J. R., Fernández‐García, M. S., Vega, J. A., Enríquez, J. A., Zorzano, A., et al. (2012) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.70 · Cited by 269
“In this regard, there is growing evidence that a number of metabolic disorders are caused by alterations of mitochondrial function and dynamics (Detmer and Chan, 2007; Suen et al , 2008; Hyde et al , 2010; Westermann, 2010).”
The Functional Impact of Mitochondrial Structure Across Subcellular Scales
Glancy, B. C., Kim, Y., Katti, P., & Willingham, T. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.541040 · Cited by 268
“For detailed molecular mechanisms behind mitochondrial fusion and fission systems, see (Detmer and Chan, 2007; Westermann, 2010; Friedman and Nunnari, 2014; Chan, 2019; Dorn, 2019).”
BackgroundRecent advances into the understanding of mitochondrial fission
Elgass, K., Pakay, J. L., Ryan, M. T., & Palmer, C. S. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.002 · Cited by 274
Picard, M. A., White, K., & Turnbull, D. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01096.2012 · Cited by 273
“A unique and relatively recently discovered feature of mitochondria is their ability to fuse and divide, collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics (6, 39).”
BackgroundFlockhart, M., Nilsson, L. C., Tais, S., Ekblom, B. T., Apró, W., & Larsen, F. J. (2021) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.017 · Cited by 277
Mitochondrial division ensures the survival of postmitotic neurons by suppressing oxidative damage
Kageyama, Y., Zhang, Z., Roda, R. H., Fukaya, M., Wakabayashi, J., Wakabayashi, N., Kensler, T. W., Reddy, P. H., Iijima, M., & Sesaki, H. (2012) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201110034 · Cited by 256
“The central components that mediate mitochondrial dynamics are three conserved dynamin-related GTPases (Okamoto and Shaw, 2005; Hoppins and Nunnari, 2009; Chang and Blackstone, 2010; Westermann, 2010; Kageyama et al., 2011; Tamura et al., 2011).”
Mitochondrial Biogenesis through Activation of Nuclear Signaling ProteinsPreprint
Dominy, J. E., & Puigserver, P. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015008 · Cited by 261
“Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo constant division or fission and fusion (Twig et al. 2008; Westermann 2010; Corrado et al. 2012).”
BackgroundAMPK signaling and its targeting in cancer progression and treatment
Hsu, C.-C., Peng, D., Cai, Z., & Lin, H. (2021) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.006 · Cited by 265
Structure, function, and regulation of mitofusin‐2 in health and disease
Chandhok, G., Lazarou, M., & Neumann, B. (2017) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12378 · Cited by 259
“For instance, the rate of mitochondrial fusion in a neuron can be different to a muscle cell, given the specific role of mitochondrial activity in each tissue and the differences in cell polarization (Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundSerine Availability Influences Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function through Lipid Metabolism
Gao, X., Lee, K., Reid, M. A., Sanderson, S. M., Qiu, C., Li, S., Liu, J., & Locasale, J. W. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.017 · Cited by 256
“Mitochondrial morphology is highly dynamic and regulated by mitochondrial fusion and fission (Westermann, 2010).”
Mitochondrial quality control: An integrated network of pathways
Fischer, F., Hamann, A., & Osiewacz, H. D. (2012) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2012.02.004 · Cited by 248
Role of exercise in age-related sarcopenia
Yoo, S.-Z., No, M., Heo, J., Park, D., Kang, J., Kim, S. H., & Kwak, H. (2018) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.1836268.134 · Cited by 243
“Westermann identified the proteins involved in mitochondrial fission as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp 1) and fission protein (Fis 1) (Westermann, 2010).”
BackgroundPyakurel, A., Savoia, C., Hess, D., & Scorrano, L. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.021 · Cited by 244
“Conversely, it has been questioned whether the fragmen- tation observed during apoptosis is causal for cytochrome c release (see, for example, Westermann, 2010 for a review).”
Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease
Ho, H.-J., & Shirakawa, H. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12010088 · Cited by 255
“Further, to control and maintain mitochondria quality, damaged mitochondria are degraded by selective autophagy of mitochondria, which is termed mitophagy [80,81].”
BackgroundAn MTCH2 pathway repressing mitochondria metabolism regulates haematopoietic stem cell fate
Maryanovich, M., Zaltsman, Y., Ruggiero, A., Goldman, A., Shachnai, L., Levin‐Zaidman, S., Porat, Z., Golan, K., Lapidot, T., & Gross, A. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8901 · Cited by 247
Mechanisms of SNARE proteins in membrane fusion
Jahn, R., Cafiso, D. C., & Tamm, L. K. (2024) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-023-00668-x · Cited by 248
“Note, however, that members of the dynamin superfamily also mediate fusion, most notably in mitochondria 3 , suggesting that in certain cases fusion and fission may share structurally related steps in the reaction pathway.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Westermann, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Bayreuth (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Westermann, Benedikt
- ORCID
- Westermann, Benedikt
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2010-11-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 872-884
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- OpenAlex
- W2032234589
- Cited by
- 2,002
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 192 · 2020: 184 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 118
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ERef Bayreuth (University of Bayreuth) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial inheritance, mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial bioenergetics, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Membrane Fusion, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Cell Death, Cytokinesis, Cell Proliferation, Genes, Mitochondrial, Mitochondrial Membranes
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