Cited by 647Multiple Sclerosis Research StudiesNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsMesenchymal stem cell research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 224 of the 224 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Regenerating CNS myelin — from mechanisms to experimental medicines

Open access

Franklin, Robin J. M., ffrench-Constant, Charles·2017·Nature Reviews Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nrn.2017.136

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Although the core concept of remyelination - based on the activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation of CNS progenitors - has not changed over the past 20 years, our understanding of the detailed mechanisms that underlie this process has developed considerably. We can now decorate the central events of remyelination with a host of pathways, molecules, mediators and cells, revealing a complex and precisely orchestrated process. These advances have led to recent drug-based and cell-based clinical trials for myelin diseases and have opened up hitherto unrecognized opportunities for drug-based approaches to therapeutically enhance remyelination.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nrn.2017.136

Cites

224 of 224 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia
Liddelow, S. A., Guttenplan, K. A., Clarke, L. E., Bennett, F. C., Bohlen, C. J., Schirmer, L., Bennett, M. L., Münch, A. E., Chung, W.-S., Peterson, T. C., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21029 · Cited by 7,971
Multiple sclerosis
Compston, A., & Coles, A. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61620-7 · Cited by 4,699
Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis
The International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium & The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10251 · Cited by 2,697
A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium
RAFF, M. C., Miller, R. H., & Noble, M. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/303390a0 · Cited by 2,030
M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination
Miron, V. E., Boyd, A., Zhao, J.-W., Yuen, T. J., Ruckh, J. M., Shadrach, J. L., van Wijngaarden, P., Wagers, A. J., Williams, A., Franklin, R. J. M., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3469 · Cited by 1,777
Self-citation
Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration
Lee, Y., Morrison, B. M., Li, Y., Lengacher, S., Farah, M. H., Hoffman, P. N., Liu, Y., Tsingalia, A., Jin, L., Zhang, P.-W., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11314 · Cited by 1,664
Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy
Franklin, R. J. M., & ffrench-Constant, C. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2480 · Cited by 1,544
Self-citation
Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity
Fünfschilling, U., Supplie, L. M., Mahad, D., Boretius, S., Saab, A. S., Edgar, J., Brinkmann, B. G., Kassmann, C. M., Tzvetanova, I. D., Möbius, W., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11007 · Cited by 1,523
Update on the Autoimmune Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis: B-Cells as Disease-Drivers and Therapeutic Targets
von Büdingen, H. ‐., Palanichamy, A., Lehmann‐Horn, K., Michel, B., & Zamvil, S. S. (2015) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000377675 · Cited by 1,475
Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain
Gibson, E. M., Purger, D., Mount, C. W., Goldstein, A. K., Lin, G. L., Wood, L. S., Inema, I., Miller, S. E., Bieri, G., Zuchero, J. B., et al. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1252304 · Cited by 1,472

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 222 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Lucchinetti, C. et al. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann. Neurol. 47, 707–717 (2000). · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 647

High Dose Pharmaceutical Grade Biotin (MD1003) Accelerates Differentiation of Murine and Grafted Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells In Vivo
Levy, M. J. F., Garcia-Diaz, B., Sedel, F., Baron-Van Evercooren, A., & Mozafari, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415733 · Cited by 7
“The first approach involves stimulation of endogenous OPCs to form mature myelinating oligodendrocytes [16,17] and the second one, provides a new pool of myelin-competent cells via transplantation [18–20].”
Background
Impaired myelin ultrastructure is reversed by citalopram treatment in a mouse model for major depressive disorder
Israel‐Elgali, I., Pan, H., Oved, K., Pillar, N., Levy, G., Barak, B., Carneiro, A. M. D., Gurwitz, D., & Shomron, N. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.09.012 · Cited by 8
Rehabilitating the brain through meditation and electrical stimulation
Posner, M. I. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.022 · Cited by 7
Galectin-3 prospects as a therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis
Pasquini, L. A., & Thomas, L. (2019) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.253521 · Cited by 7
Ablation of neuronal ADAM17 impairs oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination
Fredrickx, E., Colombo, E., Canevazzi, P., Marca, R. L., Pellegatta, M., Dina, G., Podini, P., Nave, K. A., Quattrini, A., & Taveggia, C. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23765 · Cited by 9
“Since OPCs differentiation, rather than recruitment or migration, is the major hurdle hindering remyelination after demyelinating events (Franklin & Ffrench-Constant, 2017), it is impellent to identify novel means that could promote remyelination in the CNS after an injury insult or in…”
Background
Feline irradiated diet-induced demyelination; a model of the neuropathology of sub-acute combined degeneration?
Radcliff, A. B., Heidari, M., Field, A. S., & Duncan, I. D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228109 · Cited by 7
“Neither of the two older cats (9 yrs) in this study improved on Vitamin B12 treatment either because treatment was instigated too late or as a result of the diminished ability of the adult CNS to remyelinate [60,61].”
Background
Dynamics of Central Remyelination and Treatment Evolution in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis with Optic Coherence Tomography
Benítez‐Fernández, R., Melero‐Jerez, C., Gil, C., de la Rosa, E. J., Martı́nez, A., & de Castro, F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22052440 · Cited by 7
“However, because clinical MS reflects a combination of inflammation, degeneration, and regeneration, these techniques fail to detect the remyelination process [20].”
Background
Multi-scale neural homeostasis mechanisms: Insights into neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic approaches, including exercise
Wang, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, C., & Gao, S. (2025) · Advanced Exercise and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.aehs.2025.02.002 · Cited by 8
Oligodendroglia and Myelin: Supporting the Connectome
Niu, J., Verkhratsky, A., Butt, A. M., & Yi, C. (2025) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87919-7_1 · Cited by 7
Microglia-derived exosomes modulate myelin regeneration via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway in oligodendrocyte precursor cells in MS
He, J., Ji, X., Huang, B., Sun, Q., Zhang, Y., Gao, R., Fang, Z.-H., Wang, L., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106092 · Cited by 6
Targeting glial-orchestrated neuroinflammation in migraine pathophysiology
Lu, W., Zhang, Y., Shi, C., Tao, Y., Li, S., Sun, Y., Ji, F., Chen, G., Snutch, T., & Tao, J. (2026) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-026-02272-8 · Cited by 8
Glial dynamics in brain aging: Cellular heterogeneity and regional vulnerability
Suk, K. (2026) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2026.102915 · Cited by 6
Mutant HTT does not affect glial development but impairs myelination in the early disease stage
Yang, S., Ma, J., Zhang, H., Chen, L., Li, Y., Pan, M., Zhu, H., Liang, J., He, D., Li, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1238306 · Cited by 6
Visual outcome measures in clinical trials of remyelinating drugs
Riboni-Verri, G., Chen, B. S., McMurran, C. E., Halliwell, G. J., Brown, J. W. L., Coles, A. J., & Cunniffe, N. G. (2024) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2023-000560 · Cited by 8
Preventing production of new oligodendrocytes impairs remyelination and sustains behavioural deficits after demyelination
He, Y., Xu, Z., He, Y., Liu, J., Li, J., Wang, S., & Xiao, L. (2024) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150592 · Cited by 5
Identification of First-in-Class Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 That Promote Oligodendrocyte Differentiation
Amiri, S. A., Deboux, C., Soualmia, F., Chaaya, N., Louet, M., Duplus, E., Bétuing, S., Nait‐Oumesmar, B., Masurier, N., & Amri, C. E. (2021) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02175 · Cited by 8
Remyelination in multiple sclerosis, along with its immunology and association with gut dysbiosis, lifestyle, and environmental factors
Prajjwal, P., Inban, P., Natarajan, B., Gadam, S., Marsool, M. D. M., Tariq, H., Paras, P., Vora, N., Al-Aish, S. T., Marsool, A. D. M., et al. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000001127 · Cited by 6
A preclinical mice model of multiple sclerosis based on the toxin-induced double-site demyelination of callosal and cerebellar fibers
Vejar, S., Pizarro, I. S., Pulgar‐Sepúlveda, R., Vicencio, S., Polit, A., Amador, C. A., Río, R. D., Varas, R., Orellana, J. A., & Ortíz, F. C. (2024) · Biological Research · doi:10.1186/s40659-024-00529-7 · Cited by 6
“The myelin enables axons for fast saltatory conduction of action potentials and provides metabolic support to the neurons [11, 31].”
Background
Targeted Oligodendrocyte Apoptosis in Optic Nerve Leads to Persistent Demyelination
Pajoohesh‐Ganji, A., & Miller, R. H. (2019) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-019-02754-z · Cited by 7
TAPP1 Represses the Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte and its Deficiency Accelerates Myelin Regeneration after Demyelinating Injuries
Mei, R., Fu, J., Jiang, C., Yang, J., Zheng, K., Yang, A., Qiu, M. S., & Zhao, X. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00609-0 · Cited by 6
Glial Cell Development and Function in the Zebrafish Central Nervous SystemPreprint
Czopka, T., Monk, K. R., & Peri, F. (2024) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041350 · Cited by 7
How do different cell populations orchestrate myelin regeneration?
Grassi, S., & Prinetti, A. (2025) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20231085 · Cited by 5
“Activated adult OPCs are usually regarded as the major source of new oligodendrocytes in the myelin regeneration process [93].”
Ageing and remyelination failure in people with multiple sclerosis
Mukherjee, T., McMurran, C. E., Holland, J., Daruwalla, C., Riboni-Verri, G., Brown, J. W. L., Franklin, R. J. M., Coles, A. J., & Cunniffe, N. G. (2025) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaf373 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Platelets regulate neural and oligodendroglial progenitors when infiltrating the brain parenchyma
Dimitriou, C., Anesti, M., Kaplanis, S. I., Mourtzi, T., Dimopoulou, A., Dimitrakopoulos, D., Katsaitis, F., Nousia, M., Mastori, K., Karassavidou, K., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-09028-1 · Cited by 5
“…consists of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs), that are scattered throughout the parenchyma, retaining a life-long mitotic activity and contributing to the generation of new oligodendrocytes, capable of myelinating and remyelinating axons, both in the grey and the white matter 17 .”
Self-citation
Dual-Targeting miR-219 and miR-146a in Multiple Sclerosis: Bridging Myelin Repair and Neuroinflammation for Novel Therapeutic Insights
Yadegari, A., Tahmasebi, F., Asl, E. R., Vahidinia, Z., & Barati, S. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-025-01661-y · Cited by 5
“It shows signif - icant dysregulation in active lesions and represents a plausible therapeutic target for modulating the immune response (Li et al. 2015; Franklin and Ffrench-Constant 2017).”
An In Silico Study on Withania somnifera Bioactives and Curcumin Analogs as Potential Inducers of Smoothened (Smo) Receptor of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) Pathway to Promote Oligodendrogenesis
Dwivedi, S., Modanwal, S., Ranjan, S., Mishra, A., Mishra, N., & Singh, S. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04489-7 · Cited by 5
“Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) respond to the demyelinated axon signals to differentiate into mature OLs which interact with and re-enwrap the axon with a thinner myelin sheath [7, 8].”
Microbiome depletion by broad-spectrum antibiotics does not influence demyelination and remyelination in cuprizone-treated mice
Murayama, R., Liu, G., Zhao, M., Xu, D., Zhu, T., Cai, Y., Yue, Y., Nakamura, H., & Hashimoto, K. (2024) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173946 · Cited by 6
Traumatic Brain Injury Promotes Neurogenesis and Oligodendrogenesis in Subcortical Brain Regions of Mice
Astakhova, O., Ivanova, A., Komoltsev, I., Gulyaeva, N., Enikolopov, G., & Lazutkin, A. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14020092 · Cited by 5
Interaction between Neurons and the Oligodendroglial Lineage in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Preclinical Models
Pantazou, V., Roux, T., Moreira, V. O., Lubetzki, C., & Desmazières, A. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11030231 · Cited by 6
A2B Adenosine Receptors and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling Cross-Talk in Oligodendrogliogenesis
Coppi, E., Cencetti, F., Cherchi, F., Venturini, M., Donati, C., Bruni, P., Pedata, F., & Pugliese, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.677988 · Cited by 5
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 as a novel regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation in the central nervous system remyelination
Uyeda, A., Quan, L., Kato, Y., Muramatsu, N., Tanabe, S., Sakai, K., Ichinohe, N., Kawahara, Y., Suzuki, T., & Muramatsu, R. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24060 · Cited by 5
Identification of potential functional peptides involved in demyelinating injury in the central nervous system
Dong, X., Sun, S., Li, J., Shen, S., Chen, W., Li, T., & Li, X. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15846 · Cited by 5
Anti‐inflammatory and remyelinating effects of fexagratinib in experimental multiple sclerosis
Gurski, F., Shirvanchi, K., Rajendran, V., Rajendran, R., Megalofonou, F., Böttiger, G., Stadelmann, C., Bhushan, S., Ergün, S., Karnati, S., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.17341 · Cited by 5
“Remyelination of lesions in MS is impaired (Franklin & Ffrench-Constant, 2017); migration of OPCs to lesions is insufficient, and differentiated oligodendrocytes are found less frequently in chronic lesions (Kuhlmann et al., 2008).”
Neuronal Membrane-Coated Mesoporous Ceria Nanoparticles for Blood–Brain Barrier Crossing and Mitigation of Neurodegeneration
Rana, R., Tripathi, S., Mishra, K., Yadav, P. K., Yadav, P. N., & Chourasia, M. K. (2025) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.5c00545 · Cited by 6
Microsecond molecular dynamics studies of cholesterol-mediated myelin sheath degeneration in early Alzheimer's disease
Gupta, M., & Weaver, D. F. (2021) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/d1cp03844c · Cited by 5
Interferon Beta-1a versus Combined Interferon Beta-1a and Oligodendrocyte-Specific FGFR1 Deletion in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Rajendran, R., Rajendran, V., Gupta, L., Shirvanchi, K., Schunin, D., Karnati, S., Giraldo‐Velásquez, M., & Berghoff, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232012183 · Cited by 5
“Taken together, EAE and in vitro findings result in increased pERK and BDNF signaling consequently creating a promyelinating and neuroprotective milieu in the CNS tissue, which manifests in an ameliorated EAE disease course.”
BackgroundInfluential
Transcriptomic analysis of loss of Gli1 in neural stem cells responding to demyelination in the mouse brain
Samanta, J., Silva, H. M., Lafaille, J. J., & Salzer, J. L. (2021) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-021-01063-x · Cited by 4
Single intracerebroventricular TNFR2 agonist injection impacts remyelination in the cuprizone model
Pegoretti, V., Boerema, A., Kats, K., Garcia, J. M. D., Fischer, R., Kontermann, R., Pfizenmaier, K., Laman, J. D., Eisel, U., & Baron, W. (2025) · Journal of molecular medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-025-02549-6 · Cited by 4
In silico screening and preclinical validation identify bavisant as a therapeutic candidate for multiple sclerosis
Gacem, N., Bezukladova, S., Windener, F., Karam, T., Ottoboni, L. K., Brambilla, E., Ruffini, F., Soman, K., García-Díaz, B., Levy, M. J. F., et al. (2026) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.ads0633 · Cited by 6
Very long chain sphingolipids govern brain myelination by regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation and membrane microdomain integrity
Sun, H., Mo, L., Cao, M., Tian, Y., Mo, L., Ni, Z., Zhang, S., Huang, X., Wang, Y., Lam, S. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-07881-0 · Cited by 4
“Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are present in the adult human nervous system and can differentiate into mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes [8], represent promising targets for regenerative therapies.”
Influential
Tunable hydrogel-based micropillar arrays for myelination studies
Lasli, S., Vinel, C., Agrawal, A., Javanmardi, Y., Pedarzani, P., García-Díaz, B., García‐León, J. A., Djordjevic, B., White, I. J., Sheridan, G. K., et al. (2026) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-026-03048-3 · Cited by 4
Glial Plasticity and Dysfunction: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurodegeneration
Correale, J. D. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70414 · Cited by 4
“Similarly, the mechanisms by which oligodendrocyte progenitor cells integrate competing immune and metabolic signals to either differentiate or enter dysfunctional, non-remyelinating states remain poorly understood (Franklin and Ffrench-Constant 2017; Cristobal and Lee 2022; Beiter et al. 2022).”
Harnessing therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem cell–derived endothelial cells for remyelination in the central nervous system
Ma, D., & Pop, N. (2024) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00209 · Cited by 4
Promoting remyelination: A case study in regenerative medicine
Beyer, B. A., & Lairson, L. L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102201 · Cited by 8
Myelin-Specific microRNA-23a/b Cluster Deletion Inhibits Myelination in the Central Nervous System during Postnatal Growth and Aging
Ishibashi, S., Kamei, N., Tsuchikawa, Y., Nakamae, T., Akimoto, T., Miyaki, S., & Adachi, N. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15040402 · Cited by 4
“The differentiation process from OPCs to premyelinating oligodendrocytes and then to myelinating oligodendrocytes is essential for normal myelin formation [1,27–30].”
Background
The isoflavone puerarin promotes generation of human iPSC‐derived pre‐oligodendrocytes and enhances endogenous remyelination in rodent models
Xu, H., Zhang, H., Pop, N., Hall, J., Shazlee, I., Wagner‐Tsukamoto, M., Chen, Z., Gu, Y., Zhao, C., & Ma, D. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16245 · Cited by 4
Myelin ensheathment and drug responses of oligodendrocytes are modulated by stiffness of artificial axons
Yang, M., Martin, C. J. L., Kowsari, K., Jagielska, A., & Vliet, K. J. V. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290521 · Cited by 5
Therapeutic potential of pranlukast against cuprizone-induced inflammatory demyelination and sensory impairment in mice: Comparison with fingolimod
Pires, G. N., Laurindo, R. P., Heringer, L. D. S., da Silva, S. C., Portela, D. M., Cardoso, R., de Pádua, A. C., Sá, A. C. D. S. G., Cruz, S. A. A. D., Araújo, S. E. S., et al. (2025) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2025.01.004 · Cited by 4
Effect on Different Glial Cell Types of S100B Modulation in Multiple Sclerosis Experimental Models
Carluccio, M. D., Sante, G. D., Clementi, M. E., Ruggirello, M., Stabile, A. M., Pistilli, A., Marini, S., Spica, V. R., Rende, M., Ria, F., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26135948 · Cited by 4
“…death of mature oligodendrocytes and impaired differentiation of OPCs, underlies the failure of effective remyelination in MS. Inflammatory mediators released by activated microglia and astrocytes, including TNF-α and reactive oxygen species, are toxic to oligodendrocytes and their precursors [4].”
Deficiency of MicroRNA-23-27-24 Clusters Exhibits the Impairment of Myelination in the Central Nervous System
Tsuchikawa, Y., Kamei, N., Sanada, Y., Nakamae, T., Harada, T., Imaizumi, K., Akimoto, T., Miyaki, S., & Adachi, N. (2023) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2023/8938674 · Cited by 4
“During oligodendrocytes differentiation, OPCs differentiate into premyelinating oligodendrocytes, which further differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes, cells that initiate myelination [3].”
Background
Roles of Adenosine Receptor (subtypes A1 and A2A) in Cuprizone-Induced Hippocampal Demyelination
Adebiyi, O. E., & Bynoe, M. S. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03440-6 · Cited by 5
“These reactive astrocytes secrete several factors proposed to induce a drastic change in the environment of the demyelinated lesion, which is sensed by OPCs, to induce proliferation and differentiation [56].”
Neuroprotection induced by coumarins in central nervous system disease models
de Souza, S. B., Ferreira, R. S., dos Santos, C. C., Silva, J. H. C. E., Pereira, É. P. L., de Almeida, M. M. A., do Nascimento, R. P., Schitine, C., de Oliveira, J. V. R., dos Santos, B. L., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23763-8.00034-8 · Cited by 4
Combining imaging mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry to analyse the lipidome of spinal cord inflammation
Calvo, I., Montilla, A., Huergo, C., Martín‐Saíz, L., Martín‐Allende, J., Tepavčević, V., Domercq, M., & Fernández, J. A. (2024) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-024-05190-3 · Cited by 4
“Actually, activation of microglia/macrophages may represent one of the initial steps in demyelination in animal models of the pathology, preceding and possibly triggering T cell development and infiltration of blood-derived cells [4, 5].”
Seeing is believing: Identifying remyelination in the central nervous system
Hill, M. F. E., Cunniffe, N. G., & Franklin, R. J. M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2022.102269 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Deferiprone promoted remyelination and functional recovery through enhancement of oligodendrogenesis in experimental demyelination animal model
Rayatpour, A., Foolad, F., & Javan, M. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03314-1 · Cited by 3
“These processes include oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferation, migration, differentiation, process extension and interaction with axons they wish to wrap, and myelin compaction (Franklin 2017).”
Monocyte-secreted Wnt reduces the efficiency of central nervous system remyelination
Hill, B. M., Holloway, R. K., Forbes, L. H., Davies, C. L., Monteiro, J. K., Brown, C. M., Rose, J. L., Fudge, N. J., Plant, P. J., Mahmood, A., et al. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003073 · Cited by 6
“However, with aging and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), the efficiency of remyelination is decreased, leading to axonal dysfunction and/or loss [1,2].”
Neuroprotective Effects of Vesatolimod in EAE: Modulating Immune Balance and Microglial Polarization
Chen, X., Zhang, J., & Mu, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26199297 · Cited by 3
“These results suggest that VES enhances myelin repair, likely by facilitating the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), in line with the remyelination mechanisms described by Franklin et al. [34] and Fancy et al. [35].”
Multiple sclerosis updates and the safety and efficacy of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in it: A systematic review
Prajjwal, P., Patel, P. V., Patel, Z. V., Inban, P., Patel, D., Mahato, P., Shamim, L., Godinho, N. J. S., & Tekuru, Y. (2025) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2025.102012 · Cited by 3
Force stimulation promotes nerve regeneration by restoring cellular energy
Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Cai, C., et al. (2025) · BMEMat · doi:10.1002/bmm2.70056 · Cited by 3
ACSS2 maintains oligodendrocyte progenitor cell pool and is required for myelination during development and aging
Gao, W., Chen, S., Huang, Y., (10164), X. W., Zhuang, L., Zheng, Y., Dai, X., Fu, Y., Chen, W., Ye, Q., et al. (2026) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-026-01071-9 · Cited by 4
Stem and progenitor cell-based therapy of myelin disorders
Goldman, S. A., Franklin, R. J. M., & Osório, M. J. (2024) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90120-8.00015-0 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Temporal progression of axonal degeneration in the visual system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Insights from high-resolution neuropathology
Liu, C., Alexandris, A. S., Gharagozloo, M., Garton, T. P., Calabresi, P. A., & Koliatsos, V. E. (2025) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlaf073 · Cited by 3
The role of oligodendroglial dysfunction in Huntington's disease
Li, X., Li, S., Li, X., Nguyen, H. P., Petersén, Å., & Pouladi, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Huntington s Disease · doi:10.1177/18796397251358017 · Cited by 3
Remyelination: what are the prospects for regenerative therapies in multiple sclerosis?
Moore, J. D. (2021) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20210164 · Cited by 3
Divergence between Neuronal and Oligodendroglial Cell Fate, in Postnatal Brain Neural Stem Cells, Leads to Divergent Properties in Polymorphic In Vitro Assays
Anesti, M., Magkafa, S., Prantikou, E., & Kazanis, I. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11111743 · Cited by 3
“Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), are broadly dispersed in the grey and white matter, exhibiting strong self-renewal capacity and supporting oligodendrocyte turnover and remyelination throughout the life-span of the rodent and human organisms [6,11,12].”
Background
Glutamate delta-1 receptor regulates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination in normal and demyelinating conditions
Gakare, S. G., Bhatt, J. M., Narasimhan, K. K. S., & Dravid, S. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294583 · Cited by 4
“Demyelination is observed in several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease as well as in spinal cord and traumatic brain injury and stroke [6–11].”
Zinc-Finger Protein ZFP488 Regulates the Timing of Oligodendrocyte Myelination and Remyelination
Cui, S., Chen, T., Xin, D. E., Chen, F., Zhong, X., Dong, C., Chen, X., Chen, H., Zhou, W., Lin, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0141-24.2024 · Cited by 3
[Mechanisms underlying remyelination with special focus on demyelination models of multiple sclerosis].
Zheng, S., & Zhao, J. (2020) · PubMed · doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.08.12 · Cited by 3
Signaling pathways that regulate glial development and early migration—oligodendrocytes
Fancy, S. P. J., & Miller, R. H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814405-3.00035-7 · Cited by 2
Pannexin 1-based channels activity as a novel regulator of multiple sclerosis progression
Puebla, C., & Ortíz, F. C. (2019) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.264450 · Cited by 3
“However, less attention has been paid to the putative role of pannexin (Panx)based channels, a functional equivalent of Cxs, usually involved in inflammatory processes, particularly in the CNS.”
BackgroundInfluential
Ageing impairs the regenerative capacity of regulatory T cells in central nervous system remyelinationPreprint
de la Fuente, A. G., Dittmer, M., Heesbeen, E. J., Gallardo, N. D. L. V., White, J. A., Young, A., McColgan, T., Dashwood, A., Mayne, K., Cabeza‐Fernández, S., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.25.525562 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Wrapped up: advancements in volume electron microscopy and application in myelin research
Schadt, L. C., Ruhwedel, T., Pape, C., Sasmita, A. O., Steyer, A. M., & Möbius, W. (2024) · Methods in microscopy · doi:10.1515/mim-2024-0013 · Cited by 3
Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cell load and disease severity are associated to an enhanced oligodendroglial production in a murine model of multiple sclerosis
Serrano‐Regal, M. P., Camacho-Toledano, C., Alonso-García, I., Ortega, M. C., Machín-Díaz, I., Lebrón‐Galán, R., García-Arocha, J., Calahorra, L., Nieto‐Díaz, M., & Clemente, D. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.106919 · Cited by 2
G Protein‐Coupled Receptor Signaling in CNS (Re)Myelination
McDonald, J. K., Ang, S. Y., Langmead, C. J., & Stewart, G. D. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70286 · Cited by 2
“…remye-lination following damage to the existing myelin network can restore neuronal network function, and prevents further axonal damage in the context of neurodegenerative diseases featuring demyelination as a pathological component (Franklin and Ffrench-Constant 2017; Cunniffe and Coles 2021).”
Influential
Remyelination and its association with increased oxygen extraction fraction in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
Elanghovan, P., Ding, L., Nguyen, T., Zhang, S., Wang, L., Gauthier, D. S. A., & Cho, J. (2026) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x261418928 · Cited by 2
Longitudinal myelin MR imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis: a narrative review
van den Boogaard, L. J. M., Bochman, A., Drenthen, G. S., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-026-13655-x · Cited by 2
“The remitting period may be attributed to a combination of resolution of inflammation, neuroplasticity, and remyelination processes [4], which thus appears significantly impaired in PMS [5].”
Glial D-serine modulates oligodendrocyte lineage progression under inflammatory conditions
Espinoza, J. P., Cisterna, I., Triviño, J. J., Arancibia, V., & Beltrán-Castillo, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1784678 · Cited by 2
Aloe-emodin promotes remyelination by driving microglial myelin debris clearance via the CD36-PPARγ axis
Yu, Q., Xiong, J., Cai, J., Zhang, Z., Ma, L., Yu, Y., Huang, M., Zhang, Y., & Ye, S. Y. (2026) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2026.116718 · Cited by 2
Spleen–brain axis regulates myelin integrity via TGF-β1 signaling in cuprizone-induced demyelination and remyelination model
Cai, Y., Zhu, T., Zhao, M., Xu, D., Murayama, R., Liu, G., Yue, Y., Yang, J.-J., Nakamura, H., & Hashimoto, K. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178915 · Cited by 2
Neuroglia in traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting
Suk, K. (2026) · Brain Network Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.bnd.2026.03.002 · Cited by 2
Glia cell-derived extracellular vesicles as modulators in spinal cord injury repair
Millesi, F., Millesi, E., Haertinger, M., Steinwenter, S., Rührnößl, A., Naghilou, A., & Radtke, C. (2026) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/s41393-026-01231-z · Cited by 2
“…bene ﬁ t remains limited, and the use of agents such as high-dose corticosteroids remains controversial due to inconsistent evidence of neurological improvement and an increased risk of complications such as infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, and sepsis [Supplementary references 13 – 17].”
Trials and tribulations on the path to remyelination
Calabresi, P. A. (2021) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00253-2 · Cited by 2
In-vivo characterization of macro- and microstructural injury of the subventricular zone in relapsing-remitting and progressive multiple sclerosis
Cellerino, M., Schiavi, S., Lapucci, C., Sbragia, E., Boffa, G., Rolla‐Bigliani, C., Tonelli, S., Boccia, V. D., Bruschi, N., Tazza, F., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1112199 · Cited by 3
Positive allosteric modulators of purinergic P2X4 receptors: design, synthesis and therapeutic potential of “click” ligands for multiple sclerosis
Mata, P., Sagartzazu‐Aizpurua, M., Berehova, N., Miranda, J. I., Montilla, A., Bosch-Juan, M., Sánchez‐Gómez, M. V., Matute, C., Pérez‐Samartín, A., Aizpurua, J. M., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.117862 · Cited by 2
Novel Galectin-3 interactions involved in oligodendroglial differentiation make inroads into therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases
Pasquini, L. A. (2020) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.290887 · Cited by 2
Neuroprotective tissue adaptation induced by IL-12 attenuates CNS inflammationPreprint
Andreadou, M., Ingelfinger, F., Feo, D. D., Friebel, E., Tuzlak, S., Cramer, T. L. M., Schreiner, B., Eede, P., Schneeberger, S., Geesdorf, M., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.14.506749 · Cited by 2
IRF5 regulates microglial myelin clearance and cholesterol metabolism after demyelinationPreprint
Montilla, A., Zabala, A., Calvo, I., Mata, P., Tomé, I., Koster, M., Sierra, A., Kooistra, S. M., Soria, F. N., Eggen, B. J. L., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.553274 · Cited by 2
Editorial: Myelin in white mater function and related diseases
Tian, Z., & Cheng, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1284273 · Cited by 2
“Oligodendrocytes are indispensable to myelin formation in the developing CNS and crucial for myelin regeneration following injury (Franklin and Ffrench-Constant, 2017).”
Background
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells exacerbate acute CNS inflammation via macrophage and T cell activation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosisPreprint
Ohashi, K., Uemura, N., Nagayasu, K., Kaneko, S., Maki, T., & Shirakawa, H. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.596190 · Cited by 2
The phytohormone abscisic acid enhances remyelination in mouse models of multiple sclerosis
Gaever, F. V., Mingneau, F., Vanherle, S., Driege, Y., Haegman, M., Wonterghem, E. V., Xie, J., Vandenbroucke, R. E., Hendriks, J. J. A., Beyaert, R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1500697 · Cited by 1
Thinning of originally-existing, mature myelin represents a nondestructive form of myelin loss in the adult CNS
Lin, M. L., & Lin, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2025.1565913 · Cited by 1
Demyelination and Remyelination: General Principles
Niu, J., Verkhratsky, A., Butt, A. M., & Yi, C. (2025) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87919-7_9 · Cited by 2
Scaffold stiffness affects oligodendrocyte proliferation via cell traction forces
Watanabe, H., Uyeda, A., Quan, L., Iwai, S., Zhang, Z., Umezu, S., Suzuki, T., & Muramatsu, R. (2025) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d5bm00689a · Cited by 1
Modulation of the unfolded protein response with a C-terminal fragment of MANF facilitates recovery in models of multiple sclerosis
Koppinen, T. K., Reyes, C. R., Nam, J. H., Singh, A., Mandal, S., Beckett, L., Montedeoca, A., Kallionpää, T. A. E., Lindahl, M., Rivera, F. J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.10.023 · Cited by 1
Relationship of immune-inflammatory pathway and stress-induced depression with neural regeneration
Yu, Q., Chen, Z., Zhang, J., Cao, Y., Sun, M., Ye, S., Huang, Y., He, J., Wang, L., Li, K., et al. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-00324 · Cited by 1
Rebuilding the brain: A narrative review of glial transplantation in neurological diseases
Bonfoey, A. M., Li, L., Sun, B., Harris, O. A., & Luo, J. (2025) · Regenerative medicine reports . · doi:10.4103/regenmed.regenmed-d-25-00032 · Cited by 1
Targeted Drug Delivery in Animal Models of Demyelination: The Role of Plant-Based Nanoparticles with a Focus on Multiple Sclerosis
Ebrahimbabaei, A., Osanloo, M., Ghanbariasad, A., & Shojaeifard, M. B. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05632-8 · Cited by 1
“When delivered via NPs, these compounds can be directed to affected areas, reducing off-target effects [21, 96, 97].”
Endothelial Netrin‐4 regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation and differentiation via ET ‐1 signaling in preterm white matter injury
Dong, F., Yan, W., Meng, Q., Song, X., Cheng, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Ren, C., & Yao, R. (2026) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.70067 · Cited by 2
“Other studies have shown that there could be a critical time window for OPCs differentiation [57, 58], and our present results demonstrate that a prolonged increase in Netrin-4 levels is a major contributor to the OPCs differentiation failure under pathological conditions.”
The Hypothesis of Myelinodegeneration as an Initial Risk of Neuropathic Pain
Chen, J., & Wu, S. (2026) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-025-01576-0 · Cited by 1
Therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of current and emerging approaches
Machado, C., & Valado, A. (2026) · Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy · doi:10.37349/ent.2026.1004138 · Cited by 1

Authors: Franklin, R. J. M., & ffrench-Constant, C.
Affiliations: Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute (GB)
Corresponding author: Franklin, Robin J. M.
ORCID: Franklin, Robin J. M.
Venue: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-11-16
Volume: 18
Issue: 12
Pages: 753-769
ISSN: 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.136
OpenAlex: W2770653478
Semantic Scholar: 873fe364632a01af9b64b05352afae59ba7235e0
Cited by: 647
References: 222
Citations by year: 2026: 84 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 7.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
Apollo
Funders: Wellcome Trust (104783/Z/14/Z)
Medical Research Council (MC_PC_12009)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Mesenchymal stem cell research
Keywords: remyelination, central nervous system myelin, multiple sclerosis, demyelination, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, cell therapy, myelin diseases
MeSH terms: Animals, Cell Differentiation, Central Nervous System, Demyelinating Diseases, Humans, Myelin Sheath, Nerve Regeneration, Oligodendroglia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Regenerating CNS myelin — from mechanisms to experimental medicines

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks