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The neural basis of human moral cognition
Abstract
Moral cognitive neuroscience is an emerging field of research that focuses on the neural basis of uniquely human forms of social cognition and behaviour. Recent functional imaging and clinical evidence indicates that a remarkably consistent network of brain regions is involved in moral cognition. These findings are fostering new interpretations of social behavioural impairments in patients with brain dysfunction, and require new approaches to enable us to understand the complex links between individuals and society. Here, we propose a cognitive neuroscience view of how cultural and context-dependent knowledge, semantic social knowledge and motivational states can be integrated to explain complex aspects of human moral cognition.
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“Another area that is conjectured to be associated with the emotional response is the temporal cortex (Heekeren et al., 2005; Moll et al., 2005).”
From TMS affects moral judgment, showing the role of DLPFC and TPJ in cognitive and emotional processing (2014) · cites this paper as Moll et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In earlier studies, the cingulate cortex was found to be involved in the emotional response (Greene et al., 2001; Moll et al., 2005).”
From TMS affects moral judgment, showing the role of DLPFC and TPJ in cognitive and emotional processing (2014) · cites this paper as Moll et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Moral emotion deficits are not unique to patients with ventromedial lesions.Patients with lesions to mesolimbic and basal forebrain regions may also exhibit morally inappropriate behaviour (Moll et al, 2005).”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Moll et al, 2005
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“For a deeper review see Moll et al. (2005).”
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“…processing and social cognition, such as STS, medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (mPFC; dlPFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and the amygdala as being important for various aspects of moral cognition (reviewed in Greene & Haidt, 2002 and Moll et al., 2005; Koenigs et al., 2007).”
Immordino-Yang, M. H., Yang, X.-F., & Damasio, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00728 · Cited by 67
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“…the neural mechanisms underlying these processes, functional imaging studies have explored a wide variety of moral processing, ranging from passive viewing of pictures depicting moral violations to the evaluation of complex moral dilemmas (for reviews see Greene and Haidt, 2002; Moll et al., 2005).”
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“Instead, it primarily mapped onto right anterior mesio-temporal regions associated with semantic appraisal and evaluation (Moll et al. 2005), which have also been found activated in theory of mind tasks (Carrington and Bailey 2009; Legrand and Ruby 2009; Mar 2011), and onto frontal insular regions…”
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“Rather, we interpret this activity as Moll et al. (2005, 2007) have done, by attributing it to " emotionally neutral but motivationally relevant action sequences and behavioral contingencies that take place during social navigation " .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan der Heiden, L., Scherpiet, S., Konicar, L., Birbaumer, N., & Veit, R. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.003 · Cited by 64
“Evidence from previous studies suggests that the STS is a key-area for social perception (Gallagher and Frith, 2003;Moll et al., 2005).”
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“Inhibiting neuronal activity in the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC), a region that has previously been linked to moral cognition (Greene et al., 2001; Moll et al., 2002, 2005), facilitated lying as evidenced by shorter RTs and decreased skin-conductance responses.”
BackgroundRoss, L. A., & Olson, I. R. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr274 · Cited by 66
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“Like the other two goal-frames, the normative goal-frame is also linked to a particular neural system (Mendez 2009; Moll et al. 2005).”
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“…main effect of moral vs. non-moral pictures revealed increased hemodynamic responses in regions previously implicated in moral judgment (Greene and Haidt, 2002; Moll et al., 2005; Raine and Yang, 2006) including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, temporo-parietal junction, and posterior cingulate.”
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“In recent years, several studies have been carried out to assess the cognitive and neural correlates that underlie human moral cognition (for reviews, see Young and Dungan (2012), Fumagalli and Priori (2012), Moll et al. (2005)).”
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“Third, recent evidence reveals that moral judgments of harm and purity violations rely on distinct cognitive processes, as suggested by neural data [25]-[28] and patterns of behavioral responses (for reviews, see 4,29).”
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“The precuneus (BA 7) is another crucial brain region associated with moral cognition (Greene & Haidt, 2002; Moll et al., 2005).”
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“Studies examining the neural correlates of moral judgment reveal regions that overlap with the same VMPFC areas implicated in lesion patients (Moll et al., 2005).”
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“In order to show the specificity of our findings we also included control regions involved in moral emotions more generally [33,34]: dorsolateral PFC, insula, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, anterior temporal lobes and the medial temporal lobes highlighted in cortico-limbic network models of MDD […”
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“…2005; Schwarzlose et al., 2005); representation of abstract social concepts/values and moral sentiments (Zahn et al., 2007), moral cognition (Moll et al., 2005), and social emotion processing (Wicker et al., 2003) in the aSTG; as well as social outcome monitoring (Amodio and Frith, 2006)…”
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“The event– features–emotion complexes model of moral judgment (Moll et al. 2005) posits that adequate moral processing relies on the integration between brain systems holding context-dependent and social knowledge (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and systems representing central motive and…”
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“…suggests that the network traditionally associated with the broad notion of “mentalizing” can be parcellated into more specific and informative functions (Moll et al. 2005a, b; Zahn et al. 2020), including social conceptual processing within the ATL (Binney and Ramsey 2020; Ross and Olson 2010).”
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“The amygdala, mPFC, PC, and ATC have been implicated in non-clinical studies of moral judgment (Greene & Haidt, 2002; Moll et al., 2005; Raine & Yang, 2006).”
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“The first tier was comprised of regions that have been associated with moral sentiments in the literature (Moll et al., 2005) but that we had no specific hypotheses about.”
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“Theory of mind refers to the cognitive ability that allows us to understand other people as intentional, perceptive, and emotional agents, or to interpret their minds in terms of intentional, perceptual, or feeling states (Moll et al., 2005).”
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Identification of psychopathic individuals using pattern classification of MRI images
Sato, J. R., de Oliveira‐Souza, R., Thomaz, C. E., Basílio, R., Bramati, I. E., Amaro, E., Tovar-Moll, F. F., Hare, R. D., & Moll, J. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.562687 · Cited by 44
“, 2008) that underlie moral cognition and behavior (Moll et al., 2005).”
Self-citationNegative emotions towards others are diminished in remitted major depression
Zahn, R., Lythe, K. E., Gethin, J. A., Green, S., Deakin, J. F. W., Workman, C. I., & Moll, J. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.02.005 · Cited by 44
“Recent work on the neural basis of moral emotions [26], however, has revealed that participants show distinctive neural signatures associated with stimuli subjectively reported as evocative of a particular moral emotion [49,17] and that subjectively reported shame and guilt exhibit partly distinct neural changes in re…”
BackgroundSelf-citationZahn, R., Green, S., Beaumont, H., Burns, A. S., Moll, J., Caine, D., Gerhard, A., Hoffman, P., Shaw, B., Grafman, J. H., et al. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.009 · Cited by 46
“…because patients with SD were shown to exhibit neurodegeneration in posterior ventral frontal areas (Liu et al., 2004; Mummery et al., 2000; Rosen et al., 2002) hypothesised to represent short-term (i.e., less complex) social consequences/ outcomes (Moll et al., 2005; Wood & Grafman, 2003).”
Self-citationWhy a Virtual Assistant for Moral Enhancement When We Could have a Socrates?
Lara, F. (2021) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-021-00318-5 · Cited by 51
Do Emotions Play a Constitutive Role in Moral Cognition?
Huebner, B. (2013) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-013-9223-6 · Cited by 45
“…also routinely trigger activity in vmPFC (Berthoz et al. 2002), an area that seems to play an important role in the acquisition of knowledge about social norms (Moll et al 2005), and an area that is commonly thought to play an important role in integrating affective and cognitive representations.”
BackgroundRijsdijk, F. V., Viding, E. M., Brito, S. A. D., Forgiarini, M., Mechelli, A., Bartoli, A. J., & McCrory, E. J. P. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.20 · Cited by 44
Moral Motivation and the Basal Forebrain
Zahn, R., de Oliveira‐Souza, R., & Moll, J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.022 · Cited by 45
Self-citationLooking under the bonnet of conservation conflicts: can neuroscience help?
Can, Ö. E., & Macdonald, D. W. (2018) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1514-1 · Cited by 42
Neural Correlates of Post-Conventional Moral Reasoning: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Prehn, K., Korczykowski, M., Rao, H., Fang, Z., Detre, J. A., & Robertson, D. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122914 · Cited by 48
“This research has identified roles for specific brain regions supporting moral cognition including numerous sectors of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), limbic regions such as the amygdala, the temporal poles, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) [7, 8].”
BackgroundResultIndividual differences in posterior cortical volume correlate with proneness to pride and gratitude
Zahn, R., Garrido, G. J., Moll, J., & Grafman, J. H. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst158 · Cited by 44
Self-citationStrikwerda‐Brown, C., Ramanan, S., Goldberg, Z.-L., Mothakunnel, A., Hodges, J. R., Ahmed, R. M., Piguet, O., & Irish, M. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa435 · Cited by 45
Chen, C., Decety, J., Huang, P., Chen, C., & Cheng, Y. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23249 · Cited by 44
“Scholars generally agree that moral judgments arise from the integration of cognitive, affective, and motivational systems, which involve the posterior superior temporal sulcus/temporoparietal junction (pSTS/TPJ), amygdala, anterior insular cortex (AIC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal…”
BackgroundMulti‐level analysis of cultural phenomena: The role of ERPs approach to prejudice
Ibáñez, A. M., Andrés Haye, M., González, R., Hurtado, E., & Henríquez-Ch, R. (2009) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2008.00391.x · Cited by 41
Brosch, T., Coppin, G., Schwartz, S., & Sander, D. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr036 · Cited by 56
“The concept of core values differs from the concept of ‘moral values’ or ‘moral judgments’ (Moll et al. , 2005), which are internalized abstract social norms or rules against which the appropriateness of one’s behavior is evaluated.”
A neuroanatomical and cognitive model of impaired social behaviour in frontotemporal dementia
Rouse, M. A., Binney, R. J., Patterson, K. E., Rowe, J. B., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2024) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awae040 · Cited by 43
Deontological and Altruistic Guilt Feelings: A Dualistic Thesis
Mancini, F., & Gangemi, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.651937 · Cited by 40
Linke, L. H. (2012) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-012-9146-1 · Cited by 45
Homo Socialis : An Analytical Core for Sociological Theory
Gintis, H., & Helbing, D. (2015) · Review of Behavioral Economics · doi:10.1561/105.00000016 · Cited by 61
Dulleck, U., Schaffner, M., & Torgler, B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108218 · Cited by 43
“Nevertheless, until recently neuroscience avoided exploring the complex aspects of moral emotions or moral values, other than providing systematic evidence on pride and embarassement from cases of frontal lobe damage [12,13] and showing that violations of moral norms can evoke moral revulsion or disgust [14].”
BackgroundMoral Enhancement Using Non-invasive Brain Stimulation
Darby, R. R., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00077 · Cited by 45
“…2011), functional neuroimaging (Greene et al., 2001, 2004; Young et al., 2007), and the study of neurological patients with antisocial behaviors (Moll et al., 2005; Ciaramelli et al., 2007, 2012; Koenigs et al., 2007; Mendez, 2009; Thomas et al., 2011; Fumagalli and Priori, 2012; Ibañez and…”
BackgroundHow Imagination and Memory Shape the Moral Mind
O’Connor, B. B., & Fowler, Z. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683221114215 · Cited by 41
“In evaluating a given moral action, be it right or wrong, we integrate input from multiple mental processes that are supported by distributed networks of brain regions recruited for cognition and decision-making more broadly (Greene & Haidt, 2002; Moll et al., 2005; Van Bavel et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGold, N., Pulford, B. D., & Colman, A. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00035 · Cited by 40
“This has led some psychologists to argue that ecological validity is crucial for studying moral judgment (Moll et al., 2005).”
BackgroundStrenziok, M., Krueger, F., Heinecke, A., Lenroot, R. K., Knutson, K. M., van der Meer, E., & Grafman, J. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp036 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Moll, J., Zahn, R., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grafman, Jordan
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 799-809
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W1568809335
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Keywords
- moral cognition, neural basis of morality, moral judgment, social cognition, brain dysfunction, cultural knowledge, motivational states, ethical decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Humans, Morals, Neural Pathways, Neurosciences
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