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The neural basis of human moral cognition
Abstract
Moral cognitive neuroscience is an emerging field of research that focuses on the neural basis of uniquely human forms of social cognition and behaviour. Recent functional imaging and clinical evidence indicates that a remarkably consistent network of brain regions is involved in moral cognition. These findings are fostering new interpretations of social behavioural impairments in patients with brain dysfunction, and require new approaches to enable us to understand the complex links between individuals and society. Here, we propose a cognitive neuroscience view of how cultural and context-dependent knowledge, semantic social knowledge and motivational states can be integrated to explain complex aspects of human moral cognition.
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“Another area that is conjectured to be associated with the emotional response is the temporal cortex (Heekeren et al., 2005; Moll et al., 2005).”
From TMS affects moral judgment, showing the role of DLPFC and TPJ in cognitive and emotional processing (2014) · cites this paper as Moll et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“In earlier studies, the cingulate cortex was found to be involved in the emotional response (Greene et al., 2001; Moll et al., 2005).”
From TMS affects moral judgment, showing the role of DLPFC and TPJ in cognitive and emotional processing (2014) · cites this paper as Moll et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Moral emotion deficits are not unique to patients with ventromedial lesions.Patients with lesions to mesolimbic and basal forebrain regions may also exhibit morally inappropriate behaviour (Moll et al, 2005).”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Moll et al, 2005
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“Brain regions involved in moral judgments and behavior include the prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the superior temporal sulcus (Moll et al. 2005).”
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“Patients with lesions to mesolimbic and basal forebrain regions may also exhibit morally inappropriate behavior (Moll et al, 2005).”
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“Together with other areas, this region is highly important for moral reasoning (Moll et al., 2005).”
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“Brain regions involved in moral judgments and behavior include the prefrontal cortex, the orbitalfrontal cortex, and the superior temporal sulcus (Moll et al. 2005).”
BackgroundThe price of your soul: neural evidence for the non-utilitarian representation of sacred values
Berns, G. S., Bell, E., Capra, C. M., Prietula, M. J., Moore, S. E., Anderson, B., Ginges, J., & Atran, S. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0262 · Cited by 204
The role of prediction in social neuroscience
Brown, E. C., & Brüne, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00147 · Cited by 190
“This is confirmed in studies showing activity in the reward circuit when giving charitable donations (Moll et al., 2005; Harbaugh et al., 2007).”
BackgroundStress alters personal moral decision making
Youssef, F. F., Dookeeram, K., Basdeo, V., Francis, E., Doman, M., Mamed, D., Maloo, S., Degannes, J., Dobo, L., Ditshotlo, P., et al. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.017 · Cited by 195
“However there is also activation of the inferior parietal lobes, the anterior temporal lobes and the anterior cingulate gyrus (Moll et al., 2005; Robertson et al., 2007), all considered important in processing emotions.”
BackgroundCruelty's rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators
Nell, V. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06009058 · Cited by 198
Can Innate, Modular “Foundations” Explain Morality? Challenges for Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory
Suhler, C. L., & Churchland, P. S. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21637 · Cited by 205
Eslinger, P. J., Moore, P., Anderson, C., & Grossman, M. (2011) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.23.1.74 · Cited by 184
Zahn, R., Moll, J., Iyengar, V., Huey, E. D., Tierney, M., Krüeger, F., & Grafman, J. H. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn343 · Cited by 187
Self-citationThe role of emotions for moral judgments depends on the type of emotion and moral scenario.
Ugazio, G., Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024611 · Cited by 185
The medial prefrontal cortex mediates social event knowledge
Krüeger, F., Barbey, A. K., & Grafman, J. H. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.12.005 · Cited by 192
Self-citationThe Truth about Lying: Inhibition of the Anterior Prefrontal Cortex Improves Deceptive Behavior
Karim, A. A., Schneider, M., Lotze, M., Veit, R., Sauseng, P., Braun, C., & Birbaumer, N. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp090 · Cited by 190
“An increase in antisocial behavior following PFC impairment is supposed to result from a release of limbic areas from PFC executive control (Moll et al. 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKapogiannis, D., Sutin, A. R., Davatzikos, C. A., Costa, P. T., & Resnick, S. M. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22108 · Cited by 185
“A is primarily a dimension of interpersonal tendencies and its positive association with (R) OFC volume may relate to the region’s key role in social and moral cognition [Behrens et al., 2009; Moll et al., 2005] and trust [Phan et al., 2010].”
BackgroundConceptualizing and Measuring Intuition: A Review of Recent Trends
Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470745267.ch1 · Cited by 182
Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child
FLINN, M. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.003 · Cited by 173
“…basic neuroanatomical structures involved with human social aptitudes has increased dramatically (e.g., Allman, 1999; Damasio, 2003; Duvarci, Nader, & LeDoux, 2005; Gallese, 2005; Gallese, Keysers, & Rizzolatti, 2004; Moll et al., 2005), the mechanisms that guide their ontogeny remain uncertain.”
BackgroundPrehn, K., Wartenburger, I., Mériau, K., Scheibe, C., Goodenough, O. R., Villringer, A., van der Meer, E. E., & Heekeren, H. R. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm037 · Cited by 180
“…superior temporal sulcus (PSTS), that is, brain regions which are involved in emotional as well as in cognitive information processing (see Greene and Haidt, 2002; Casebeer, 2003; Casebeer and Churchland, 2003; Moll et al., 2003, 2005; Goodenough and Prehn, 2004; Lieberman, 2007 for reviews).”
Functional segregation of the human dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., Bzdok, D., & Hensel, L. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu250 · Cited by 159
“In contrast, moral judgments involve retrieval, manipulation, and binding of abstract social knowledge for probabilistic predictions (Moll et al. 2005; Bar 2007).”
BackgroundMoral emotions: A review and research agenda for management scholarship
Greenbaum, R. L., Bonner, J., Gray, T. W., & Mawritz, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2367 · Cited by 176
Binney, R. J., Hoffman, P., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw260 · Cited by 165
“…prefrontal cortex) with social-affective behavior (Olson et al. 2007; Zahn et al. 2007; Simmons and Martin 2009) including the attribution of mental states (also known as “Theory of Mind”; Frith and Frith 2003), moral cognition (Moll et al. 2005) and processing of affect (Wicker et al. 2003).”
BackgroundLimits on legitimacy: Moral and religious convictions as constraints on deference to authority.
Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Lytle, B. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015998 · Cited by 170
“Perhaps most important, researchers have begun to develop sophisticated theoretical approaches to morality that integrate previously disparate positions on these longstanding debates and explain how they can be incorporated into a single framework (e.g., Krebs, 2008; Moll, Zahn, de Oliveira-Souza, Krueger, & Grafman,…”
BackgroundParkinson, C. M., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P., Koralus, P., Mendelovici, A., McGeer, V., & Wheatley, T. P. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00017 · Cited by 168
“…dorsal medial pFC (DMPFC), an area implicated in self-referential processing (Northoffet al., 2006)andthinking about others(Amodio & Frith, 2006), especially in ambiguous circumstances (Jenkins & Mitchell, 2010), is most widely associated with morally relevant processing (Moll, Zahn, et al., 2005).”
BackgroundA Framework for Understanding Moral Distress among Palliative Care Clinicians
Rushton, C. H., Kaszniak, A. W., & Halifax, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2012.0490 · Cited by 157
The neural processing of moral sensitivity to issues of justice and care
Robertson, D., Snarey, J., Ousley, O., Harenski, K. A., Bowman, F. D., Gilkey, R., & Kilts, C. D. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.014 · Cited by 164
“…sensory association area implicated in social and emotional behavior (Adolphs, 2003, Anderson et al., 1999 and Brothers, 1990) and in the processing of social emotions (Decety & Chaminade, 2003; Moll et al., 2002; Moll et al., 2002b and Moll et al., 2005b) for sensitivity to care moral issues.”
BackgroundNeuroethology of primate social behavior
Chang, S. W. C., Brent, L. J. N., Adams, G. K., Klein, J. T., Pearson, J. M., Watson, K. K., & Platt, M. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1301213110 · Cited by 157
Neuroanatomy of Apathy and Disinhibition in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Massimo, L., Powers, C., Moore, P., Vesely, L., Avants, B., Gee, J., Libon, D. J., & Grossman, M. (2009) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000194658 · Cited by 156
“We found mOFC disease in both disinhibited and apathetic subgroups. One possible account may be related to the anatomic extent of atrophy that is greater in the apathetic subgroup than the disinhibited subgroup. Clinically, we have observed that patients who are disinhibited can become apathetic over time. From this p…”
BackgroundFeelings of shame, embarrassment and guilt and their neural correlates: A systematic review
Bastin, C., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Moll, J., & Whittle, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019 · Cited by 177
Self-citationThe Anatomy of Motivation: An Evolutionary-Ecological Approach
Aunger, R. V., & Curtis, V. A. (2013) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-013-0101-7 · Cited by 163
Lisofsky, N., Kazzer, P., Heekeren, H. R., & Prehn, K. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.001 · Cited by 158
The neural basis of intuitive and counterintuitive moral judgment
Kahane, G., Wiech, K., Shackel, N. A., Farias, M., Savulescu, J., & Tracey, I. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr005 · Cited by 158
“Since these areas were not previously noted as central to moral cognition (Moll et al., 2005), it seems plausible that the observed neural activity reflects not the processes directly underlying intuitive judgments, but the processes that trigger them by making aspects of a moral situation more…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Moll, J., Zahn, R., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grafman, Jordan
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 799-809
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W1568809335
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Keywords
- moral cognition, neural basis of morality, moral judgment, social cognition, brain dysfunction, cultural knowledge, motivational states, ethical decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Humans, Morals, Neural Pathways, Neurosciences
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