The effect of pioglitazone and resistance training on body composition in older men and women undergoing hypocaloric weight loss
Open accessAbstract
Age‐related increases in ectopic fat accumulation are associated with greater risk for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and physical disability. Reducing skeletal muscle fat and preserving lean tissue are associated with improved physical function in older adults. PPARγ‐agonist treatment decreases abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and resistance training preserves lean tissue, but their effect on ectopic fat depots in nondiabetic overweight adults is unclear. We examined the influence of pioglitazone and resistance training on body composition in older (65–79 years) nondiabetic overweight/obese men (n = 48, BMI = 32.3 ± 3.8 kg/m 2) and women (n = 40, BMI = 33.3 ± 4.9 kg/m 2) during weight loss. All participants underwent a 16‐week hypocaloric weight‐loss program and were randomized to receive pioglitazone (30 mg/day) or no pioglitazone with or without resistance training, following a 2 × 2 factorial design. Regional body composition was measured at baseline and follow‐up using computed tomography (CT). Lean mass was measured using dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Men lost 6.6% and women lost 6.5% of initial body mass. The percent of fat loss varied across individual compartments. Men who were given pioglitazone lost more visceral abdominal fat than men who were not given pioglitazone (−1,160 vs. −647 cm 3, P = 0.007). Women who were given pioglitazone lost less thigh subcutaneous fat (−104 vs. −298 cm 3, P = 0.002). Pioglitazone did not affect any other outcomes. Resistance training diminished thigh muscle loss in men and women (resistance training vs. no resistance training men: −43 vs. −88 cm 3, P = 0.005; women: −34 vs. −59 cm 3, P = 0.04). In overweight/obese older men undergoing weight loss, pioglitazone increased visceral fat loss and resistance training reduced skeletal muscle loss. Additional studies are needed to clarify the observed gender differences and evaluate how these changes in body composition influence functional status.
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Resistance training is effective for reducing the amount of muscle mass lost during hypocaloric weight loss in obese and overweight older adults, while aerobic exercise is not.
“Resistance training is also effective for reducing the amount of muscle mass lost during hypocaloric weight loss in obese and overweight older adults, while aerobic exercise is not [320,370].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [370]
In that program, normal-density muscles were relatively preserved, but the low-density component (indicating increased myosteatosis) was lost.
“While they experienced a loss of muscle mass, their muscle composition also changed, with their normal-density muscles relatively preserved, but the low-density component (indicting increased myosteatosis) lost during the program.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Shea et al., 2011
In a 4-month calorie restriction-induced weight loss program, obese individuals lost about 10% of body weight.
“In a 4-month, calorie restriction-induced weight loss program obese individuals lost about 10% of their body weight (Shea et al., 2011).”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Shea et al., 2011
In the OPTIMA study, average 6.5% total weight loss was achieved, with approximately 14% and 9.7% total body fat loss in men and women, respectively.
“Over the course of the intervention an average of 6.5% total weight loss was achieved, with approximately 14 and 9.7% total body fat loss in men and women, respectively.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Shea et al., 2011
In OPTIMA, pioglitazone doubled VAT loss in men, but no statistically significant difference in VAT loss was detected in women.
“When comparing pioglitazone/no-pioglitazone in men, the use of pioglitazone doubled the amount of VAT loss in men, but in women, no statistically significant difference in VAT loss was detected.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Shea et al., 2011
In OPTIMA, intramuscular fat in the thigh decreased in proportion to overall fat loss, but no significant change in muscle attenuation was seen.
“Intramuscular fat in the thigh decreased in proportion to overall fat loss, but no significant change in muscle attenuation was seen.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Shea et al., 2011
In OPTIMA, there was no statistically significant difference in myosteatosis changes with and without pioglitazone.
“There was not a strong benefit or harm from pioglitazone with regards to myosteatosis with no statically significant difference in changes with and without the drug.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Shea et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Shea, M. K., Nicklas, B. J., Marsh, A. P., Houston, D. K., Miller, G. D., Isom, S., Miller, M. E., Carr, J. J., Lyles, M. F., Harris, T. B., & Kritchevsky, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kritchevsky, Stephen B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1636-1646
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- PMC
- PMC3091968
- OpenAlex
- W2024892244
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG-21332, P30AG021332)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- pioglitazone, resistance training, body composition, older adults, visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, ectopic fat, PPARγ agonists, lean body mass, muscle mass loss, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Pioglitazone, Aged, Body Composition, Choristoma, Diet, Reducing, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Obesity, Thigh, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Weight Loss, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Muscle, Skeletal, Thiazolidinediones, PPAR gamma, Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal Fat, Resistance Training, Sarcopenia
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