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Recent advances in extracellular vesicles for therapeutic cargo delivery

Kim, Hyo In, Park, Jinbong, Zhu, Yin, Wang, Xiaoyun, Han, Yohan, Zhang, Duo·2024·Experimental & Molecular Medicine
DOI 10.1038/s12276-024-01201-6PMC PMC11059217
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Abstract

Exosomes, which are nanosized vesicles secreted by cells, are attracting increasing interest in the field of biomedical research due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility, cargo loading capacity, and deep tissue penetration. They serve as natural signaling agents in intercellular communication, and their inherent ability to carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids endows them with remarkable therapeutic potential. Thus, exosomes can be exploited for diverse therapeutic applications, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, and photothermal therapy. Moreover, their capacity for homotypic targeting and self-recognition provides opportunities for personalized medicine. Despite their advantages as novel therapeutic agents, there are several challenges in optimizing cargo loading efficiency and structural stability and in defining exosome origins. Future research should include the development of large-scale, quality-controllable production methods, the refinement of drug loading strategies, and extensive in vivo studies and clinical trials. Despite the unresolved difficulties, the use of exosomes as efficient, stable, and safe therapeutic delivery systems is an interesting area in biomedical research. Therefore, this review describes exosomes and summarizes cutting-edge studies published in high-impact journals that have introduced novel or enhanced therapeutic effects using exosomes as a drug delivery system in the past 2 years. We provide an informative overview of the current state of exosome research, highlighting the unique properties and therapeutic applications of exosomes. We also emphasize challenges and future directions, underscoring the importance of addressing key issues in the field. With this review, we encourage researchers to further develop exosome-based drugs for clinical application, as such drugs may be among the most promising next-generation therapeutics.

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Fig. 1 Classification of extracellular vesicles.
Fig. 1 Classification of extracellular vesicles.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Biogenesis of exosomes.
Fig. 2 Biogenesis of exosomes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Cellular uptake pathways of exosomes.
Fig. 3 Cellular uptake pathways of exosomes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Passive loading of therapeutic materials into exosomes.
Fig. 4 Passive loading of therapeutic materials into exosomes.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Active loading of therapeutic materials into exosomes.
Fig. 5 Active loading of therapeutic materials into exosomes.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Kim, H. I., Park, J., Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Han, Y., & Zhang, D.
Venue
Experimental & Molecular Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-04-01
Volume
56
Issue
4
Pages
836-849
ISSN
2092-6413
DOI
10.1038/s12276-024-01201-6
PMC
PMC11059217
Cited by
505
References
12
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R00HL141685)
  • Korea Health Industry Development Institute (HF23C0120)
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00213024)

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