Where Is Nano Today and Where Is It Headed? A Review of Nanomedicine and the Dilemma of Nanotoxicology
Abstract
Worldwide nanotechnology development and application have fueled many scientific advances, but technophilic expectations and technophobic demands must be counterbalanced in parallel. Some of the burning issues today are the following: (1) Where is nano today? (2) How good are the communication and investment networks between academia/research and governments? (3) Is there any spotlight application for nanotechnology? Nanomedicine is a particular arm of nanotechnology within the healthcare landscape, focused on diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of emerging (such as coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) and contemporary (including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer) diseases. However, it may only represent the bright side of the coin. In fact, in the recent past, the concept of nanotoxicology has emerged to address the dark shadows of nanomedicine. The nanomedicine field requires more nanotoxicological studies to identify undesirable effects and guarantee safety. Here, we provide an overall perspective on nanomedicine and nanotoxicology as central pieces of the giant puzzle of nanotechnology. First, the impact of nanotechnology on education and research is highlighted, followed by market trends and scientific output tendencies. In the next section, the nanomedicine and nanotoxicology dilemma is addressed through the interplay of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models with the support of omics and microfluidic approaches. Lastly, a reflection on the regulatory issues and clinical trials is provided. Finally, some conclusions and future perspectives are proposed for a clearer and safer translation of nanomedicines from the bench to the bedside.
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Toxicity induced by micro-nano particles is not only dose-dependent but also related to particle physicochemical characteristics and their effect on cellular interactions and uptake.
“As studies with engineered nanoparticles have suggested and investigations of plastic particles are starting to indicate, toxicity induced by micro-nano particles is not only dose-dependent but also related to particle physicochemical characteristics and their effect on cellular interactions and uptake (81, 82).”
From Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
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Cai, Y., Chai, T., Nguyen, W., Liu, J., Xiao, E., Ran, X., Ran, Y., Du, D., Chen, W., & Chen, X. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02140-y · Cited by 453 · see citing works
- Authors
- Domingues, C., Santos, A., Alvarez-Lorenzo, C., Concheiro, A., Jarak, I., Veiga, F., Barbosa, I., Dourado, M., & Figueiras, A.
- Affiliations
- Centro de Investigação em Meio Ambiente Genética e Oncobiologia (PT)
- Univ. Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galenic and Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- Univ. Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author
- Figueiras, Ana
- ORCID
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2022-06-22
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 9994-10041
- ISSN
- 1936-0851 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-086X
- OpenAlex
- W4283268012
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 349
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- ACS Nano (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci?n (PID2020-113881RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
- European Regional Development Fund
- Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia (2021.08095.BD, PTDC/NAN-MAT/1431/2021)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanotechnology research and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- nanomedicine, nanotoxicology, nanotechnology safety, nanomedicine translation, omics, microfluidics, nanomedicine regulation, clinical trials, COVID-19 pandemic, cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Humans, Neoplasms, Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles
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